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28"Students should memorize facts only after they have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts. Students who have learned only facts have learned very little."
1、memorize facts只是rote learning 學(xué)習(xí)效果不好
不理解含義,記憶效果不好,不會(huì)知識(shí)遷移和應(yīng)用
在學(xué)習(xí)ideas, trend and concepts 之后,對(duì)事實(shí)的理解和記憶都有很大幫助 chemistry experiment, the result of the reaction; elements
2、不一定要在學(xué)習(xí) ideas, trend and concepts 之后記憶事實(shí)
事實(shí)的作用是說(shuō)明概念,可以加深概念的理解;直接學(xué)概念會(huì)比較抽象;在了解事實(shí)基礎(chǔ)上歸納出概念、原理、趨勢(shì),不僅有利于培養(yǎng)分析綜合能力,而且對(duì)概念原理的理解更深入,可以應(yīng)用到其他事實(shí)當(dāng)中examine real-world facts
the dynamics of supply and demand
3、學(xué)習(xí)的重心應(yīng)該放在概念原理、學(xué)習(xí)能力上,不是記憶事實(shí)上
學(xué)習(xí)的目的是能夠把所學(xué)的東西應(yīng)用到工作生活中,并能不斷學(xué)習(xí)新的東西加以應(yīng)用
學(xué)習(xí)事實(shí)并不是最終目的,更重要的是通過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)事實(shí)的過(guò)程掌握原理和能力
事實(shí)太豐富,不可能都記住,獲取方便,不需要都記住;no need to memorize every single detail of industrial revolution, but have to understand the trend of hi storical development and the following influeces indicated by the facts
understand how to generalize the essence from the complex facts
* 在背事實(shí)之前,學(xué)生應(yīng)該先學(xué)習(xí)有助于解釋那些事實(shí)的想法、趨勢(shì)和概念。孤立學(xué)習(xí)事實(shí)是學(xué)不到什么東西的。
教育的首要目的并不是向?qū)W生灌輸一些他們并不理解的知識(shí),而是幫助學(xué)生們形成自己的性格并為未來(lái)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)社會(huì)做準(zhǔn)備。從這個(gè)意義上說(shuō)通過(guò)讓學(xué)生們了解事實(shí)的背景、趨勢(shì)以及概念從而讓學(xué)生們欣賞知識(shí),遠(yuǎn)比讓他們單純的記憶知識(shí)要重要的多。
1. 多數(shù)的事實(shí)背后都隱藏有比事實(shí)本身更有價(jià)值的原理。盡管各種事件每天都會(huì)發(fā)生,但是引起這些事件的原理卻是有限的,教會(huì)學(xué)生事件背后的原理不光能夠讓他們具備深入分析事實(shí)的能力,還可以幫助他們?cè)谖磥?lái)碰到他們從未遇到的問(wèn)題時(shí),能夠使用學(xué)到的基本原理進(jìn)行解決。比如,當(dāng)需要學(xué)生了解一個(gè)他們從未接觸過(guò)的文化時(shí),讓他們了解這個(gè)文化的起源、歷史以及背景,比起讓他們背誦包含在這個(gè)文化里的各種復(fù)雜的名詞重要的多,因?yàn)榍罢卟还饽軌蜃寣W(xué)生們更深入的理解這個(gè)文化中的各種概念,更重要的是,學(xué)生們?cè)谝院笈龅狡渌奈幕瘯r(shí),也能夠運(yùn)用所學(xué)到的原理進(jìn)行分析和理解。此外,許多事實(shí)相對(duì)乏味,而這些事實(shí)背后的故事和軼事則更能激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)積極性。
2. 在教育中強(qiáng)調(diào)理解,并不意味著學(xué)生不需要記憶任何名詞和概念,而是通過(guò)讓學(xué)生們了解概念的背景幫助他們記憶。對(duì)于需要在未來(lái)的世界里運(yùn)用他們所學(xué)的知識(shí)來(lái)謀生的大部分學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō),只有記住許多事實(shí)和概念,他們才能夠更熟練的運(yùn)用和操縱他們學(xué)到的知識(shí)。比如說(shuō),如果學(xué)生們記不住乘法表(multiplication table),即便是他們理解了乘法的基本原理,他們?nèi)耘f無(wú)法熟練的進(jìn)行乘法計(jì)算(multiplicative calculation)。此外,許多的傳統(tǒng)和道德觀念是需要在早期教育中需要學(xué)生不斷記憶的,因?yàn)槟菚r(shí)的學(xué)生還很小,他們不可能理解過(guò)深的道理,但是道德觀念卻需要在很小的時(shí)候就灌輸給學(xué)生,這時(shí)候就需要讓學(xué)生記憶這些準(zhǔn)則,以便于克服人類本質(zhì)上的不良方面
3. 先理解在記憶的方式是目前最佳的教育方法之一。一方面,過(guò)度強(qiáng)調(diào)理解會(huì)導(dǎo)致學(xué)生忽視概念和事實(shí)的重要性,并可能最終導(dǎo)致當(dāng)他們未來(lái)無(wú)法熟練的運(yùn)用他們所學(xué)的知識(shí);另一方面,過(guò)分注重記憶,又會(huì)讓學(xué)生對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)失去興趣,并失去解決未知問(wèn)題的能力。所以,通過(guò)理解讓學(xué)生進(jìn)行記憶,之后通過(guò)記憶來(lái)加深學(xué)生的理解,是最佳的教育方法之一。
*死記硬背和相關(guān)知識(shí)
一、讓步承認(rèn),但不見(jiàn)得要先學(xué),因?yàn)椴灰?jiàn)得能懂,作者把 order 搞反了
二、確實(shí),重復(fù)題目。
1.No one can deny that merely rote memorization brings nothing constructive except for practicing memorizing skills.
2.醫(yī)學(xué)背病征,入門,不能 professional training, 如果不加深,,不能診斷、開(kāi)藥
3.套用公式
三、但是不見(jiàn)得先學(xué)
1.是advanced knowledge,不見(jiàn)得能懂,學(xué)要更高的理解能力
2.不懂供需曲線的學(xué)生不能懂經(jīng)濟(jì)各學(xué)派爭(zhēng)論
3.沒(méi)背元素周期表學(xué)生不能理解物質(zhì)構(gòu)成對(duì)化學(xué)反應(yīng)的影響
4.就像爬 skyscraper,引起反感,失去興趣
四、應(yīng)該后學(xué) since the knowledge that helps explain those facts serve to develop students' comprehension of a phenomenon an d enlarge their ken, the ideas, trends and concepts should be studied after
1.學(xué)習(xí)是個(gè)漫長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程
2.Memorization 不僅是 necessity to approach the academic world,而且 pave the way for further study只有掌握好基礎(chǔ)才能更進(jìn)步 pave the way
3. 只有打好堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ),高深知識(shí)才能 effectively play their role in reinforcing, stimulating
28T"Students should memorize facts only after they have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts. Students who have learned only facts have learned very little."
* 學(xué)生們只有在學(xué)習(xí)了事實(shí)的來(lái)龍去脈后才有必要記住這些事實(shí)。只學(xué)習(xí)事實(shí)本身的學(xué)生是學(xué)不到多少東西的
① In the process of studying, no matter in whatever disci pline, we are required to memorize facts that are indispensable for us to master the knowledge. Only through reciting most of the concepts and information of the facts can individuals possess the capability to turn the knowledge they have acquired to practical account. :記住最基本的語(yǔ)法,否則無(wú)法寫(xiě)文章。Under this circumstance, the memorizing is necessary and should be served as the main methods of education.
② Compared with memorizing only facts, learning the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts can do much more. A 事實(shí)背后的故事和軼事則更能激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)積極性,先記住一些基本 principle便于理解和掌握 facts with a conceptual framework already in place, a student as better able to understand the meaning of a fact to begin with, and to appreciate its significance. More likely to memorize the fact to begin with, le ss likely to forget it as time passes. B以不變應(yīng)萬(wàn)變。provide them with the ability to solving the problems before in the class in the future.
③ Conceding that students must learn ideas and concepts, as well as facts relating to them, in order to learning anything meaningful, I nevertheless disagree that the former should always precede the latter. Strict adherence to the speaker’s advi ce would surely lead to ill-conceived ideas, concepts and theories.如:講授地理時(shí),先記住國(guó)家和民族名稱,再講述歷史發(fā)展。另一方面,刻意遵循先后原則,不能及時(shí)了解學(xué)科前沿動(dòng)態(tài) the advancement of knowledge 。
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