4. 英國actress地位
V1有個講17世紀actress的長閱讀，說什么當時女的actress是沒什么地位的...(11.11)
4道題目：1個主旨3個細節(jié)，好像吧。。。記不得了。
V2是講actress in England的，包括1660年前后的一些時間發(fā)生的事情。(11.11)
V3有一個是講actress逐漸被接納的，原因是17世紀初和17世紀末英國政治權利的變化。17世紀初，theater分成court和 commercial兩種，court的那種是只有男演員的，而且只供貴族等觀看，平民商人是無法進入的(court的那種 theater 反對actress的原因有幾個：其中一是男演員比較專業(yè)，從莎士比亞的喜劇開始，所有的角色包括女性角色都是由男演員擔任。另外的兩個記不清楚了。)commercial的在當時就已經(jīng)可以接納actress了，但actress能演的角色也不多。(具體好像不是這么說的，但意思大致相同)后來到17世紀末，英皇XX 二世掌政，為了穩(wěn)固地位還是怎樣的，就接受了新的attitude，就是actress也能演戲，而且國王還會親自去commercial 的theater看戲，許多貴族也就跟風一起來了，actress從而漸漸被接受。
V4有一個講English Actress的長閱讀。大致是分析為什么1860(?記不清什么時候了)之后English Actresses were accepted by the audiences. 第一段都是在講幾種解釋，然后一一否定掉。第二段就給出了作者支持的解釋：好像是...差異來著忘了。第三段就記到說King通過影響 aristocrats從而影響了audiences對Actresses的態(tài)度。有個題問道King的意義。
V5. 長文共3段，討論的是16世紀英國女演員artress的地位問題，有個題還考到了第三段提及亨利二世的例子有什么作用吧，還有什么意大利劇院的比較，定位還是比較容易。
In the past, only men could become actors in some societies. In the ancient Greece and Rome and the medieval world, it was considered disgraceful for a woman to go on the stage, and this belief persisted until the 17th century, when in Venice it was broken. In the time of William Shakespeare, women's roles were generally played by men or boys.
When an eighteen-year Puritan prohibition of drama was lifted after the English Restoration of 1660, women began to appear on stage in England. Margaret Hughes is credited by some as the first professional actress on the English stage. This prohibition ended during the reign of Charles II in part due to the fact that he enjoyed watching actresses on stage. The first occurrence of the term actress was in 1700 according to the OED and is ascribed to Dryden.
In Japan, men (onnagata) took over the female roles in kabuki theatre when women were banned from performing on stage during the Edo period. This convention has continued to the present. However, some forms of Chinese drama have women playing all the roles.
In modern times, women sometimes play the roles of prepubescent boys. The stage role of Peter Pan, for example, is traditionally played by a woman, as are most principal boys in Britishpantomime. Opera has several "breeches roles" traditionally sung by women, usually mezzo-sopranos. Examples are Hansel in Hänsel und Gretel, Cherubino in The Marriage of Figaro and Octavian in Der Rosenkavalier.
Women in male roles are uncommon in film with the notable exceptions of the films The Year of Living Dangerously and I'm Not There. In the former film Linda Hunt played the pivotal role of Billy Kwan, for which she received the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. In the latter film Cate Blanchett portrayed Jude Quinn, a representation of Bob Dylan in the sixties, for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Women playing men in live theatre is particularly common in presentations of older plays, such as those of Shakespeare, that have large numbers of male characters in roles where the gender no longer matters in modern times.
Having an actor dress as the opposite sex for comic effect is also a long-standing tradition in comic theatre and film. Most of Shakespeare's comedies include instances of overt cross-dressing, such as Francis Flute in A Midsummer Night's Dream. The movie A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum stars Jack Gilford dressing as a young bride. Tony Curtisand Jack Lemmon famously posed as women to escape gangsters in the Billy Wilder film Some Like It Hot. Cross-dressing for comic effect was a frequently used device in most of the thirty Carry On films. Dustin Hoffman and Robin Williams have each appeared in a hit comedy film (Tootsie and Mrs. Doubtfire, respectively) in which they played most scenes dressed as a woman.
Occasionally, the issue is further complicated, for example, by a woman playing a woman acting as a man pretending to be a woman, like Julie Andrews in Victor/Victoria, or Gwyneth Paltrow in Shakespeare in Love. In It's Pat: The Movie, filmwatchers never learn the gender of the androgynous main characters Pat and Chris (played by Julia Sweeney and Dave Foley).
A few roles in modern films, plays and musicals are played by a member of the opposite sex (rather than a character cross-dressing), such as the character Edna Turnblad in Hairspray—played by Divine in the original film, Harvey Fierstein in the Broadway musical, and John Travolta in the 2007 movie musical. Linda Hunt won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for playing Billy Kwan in The Year of Living Dangerously. Felicity Huffman was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress for playing Bree Osbourne (a male-to-female transsexual) in Transamerica.
5. 美洲最早定居的亞洲和非洲人
V1短閱讀是關于歷史上11000年亞種與非洲來到美洲的早期定居者問題，文章基本是駁論基調，隸屬證據(jù)證明這個歷史學家認為正確的結論缺乏可信，然后舉證在13000+年前已經(jīng)有，以及一些證據(jù)可能被后人因素干擾等等。
V2還有一篇文章講美國和澳大利亞土著人的歷史。有個什么四萬和兩萬五千年，里面有的詞匯還有coastal，建議去各大數(shù)據(jù)庫鎖定這篇原文，關鍵詞the United States, Australia, 25000,40000，coastal(當然我也不確定能不能搜到).這篇也讀的不是很懂。
V3講美國大陸上開始有人大概是什么時間。作者用了澳大利亞來佐證。一開始是說有觀點認為可以推到40000-25000年前。而作者認為不可信，因為沒有找到很多rite，而澳大利亞有很多rite。后來就開始讀不懂了。澳大利亞的干旱、密度低、后冰川時期海平面上升、美國的內流河神馬神馬的。說真的這篇東西挺打擊我的，讓我的閱讀水平仿佛一夜回到解放前。三道題也不都太懂。沒讀出來后面的海平面上升跟前面的rite有什么聯(lián)系，于是“讀懂大意就能做題”的方法就不管用了ORZ。
V4還有一篇閱讀講America的移民問題，拿Australia作對比，作為反駁American的移民可能在20，000年就已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)的說法;
V5還有一篇短閱讀講的是澳大利亞25000年前沒有人類活動的痕跡，是因為那之前沒有人類在那篇土地上生存。然后比較了一下澳大利亞和美國吧。涉及到coastal area的問題，大家注意一下。這個記得不是很清楚了，大家就當著一看吧。
Recent discoveries in New World archaeology along with new scientific methods for analyzing data have led to new ideas regarding the origin of the first peoples of the Americas and their time of arrival.
The traditional theory held that the first Americans crossed the land bridge from Siberia to Alaska around 11,500 years ago and followed an "ice-free corridor" between two large Canadian ice sheets (the Laurentide and Cordilleran) to reach unglaciated lands to the south. These first inhabitants, whose archaeological sites are scattered across North and South America, were called the Clovis people, named after the town in New Mexico where their fluted spear points used for hunting mammoth were first found in 1932.
There is now convincing evidence of human habitation sites that date earlier than the Clovis culture including sites located in South America. Monte Verde, a well-studied site located along a river near southern central Chile, dates 12,500 years ago. This site contains the buried remnants of dwellings, stone tools including large bifacial projectile points, and preserved medicinal and edible plants. How did people manage to settle this far south at such an early date? A coastal migration route is now gaining more acceptance, rather than the older view of small bands moving on foot across the middle of the land bridge between Siberia and Alaska and into the continents. Emerging evidence suggests that people with boats moved along the Pacific coast into Alaska and northwestern Canada and eventually south to Peru and Chile by 12,500 years ago—and perhaps much earlier. Archaeological evidence in Australia, Melanesia, and Japan indicate boats were in use as far back as 25,000 to 40,000 years ago. Sea routes would have provided abundant food resources and easier and faster movement than land routes. Many coastal areas were unglaciated at this time, providing opportunities for landfall along the way. Several early sites along the coast of Canada, California, Peru, Ecuador, and Chile date between 10,000 and 12,000 years ago. Many potential coastal sites are now submerged, making investigation difficult.
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