GRE閱讀長難句的語法難點及應(yīng)該注意的翻譯技巧分析(二)

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    對于考生來說,GRE閱讀最困難的就是長難句的翻譯,下面列舉了一些GRE閱讀長難句的語法難點和應(yīng)該注意的翻譯技巧??忌梢宰鳛閰⒖紒韽?fù)習(xí)。
    13.But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.
    [句子主干]But he talked as well about …, and he announced that…
    [語法難點]該句沒有從句結(jié)構(gòu),而是由and連接的兩個并列成分構(gòu)成。用would是因為表達了某人的主觀態(tài)度和意愿。
    [句子翻譯] 但他也談到了創(chuàng)作自由與社會責(zé)任之間要“努力保持均衡”這一問題。他宣布公司將盡力對可能招致大眾反對的音樂制定各種發(fā)行和標(biāo)識的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
    [翻譯技巧]雖然沒有從句結(jié)構(gòu),但是由于句子太長,有眾多的修飾成分,所以建議還是拆為兩句較好。
    14.Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July.
    [句子主干]Average inflation…fell to a mere…, close to its…, before
    [語法難點]有省略。close to分句是非限定性定語從句,省略了which was。Before后面的成分是對全句的補充說明,是狀語成分。狀語成分可以置句首,也可以置句末,并無定規(guī)。之所以用rising,是因為這里需要一個名次性的結(jié)構(gòu)the inflation which was,這樣顯得簡潔得多。
    [句子翻譯]七大工業(yè)國家的通貨膨脹率去年下降到了2.3%,接近30年來最低水平,今年7月才小幅上漲到2.5%,比許多國家70年代和80年代兩位數(shù)低了很多。
    [翻譯技巧]the big seven industrial economies是指西方七大工業(yè)國。close to是靠近的意思。fall to是“跌落至……”的意思。
    15.Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack.
    [句子主干]Economists have been…surprised by…and…, since…,and especially…, have …
    [語法難點]主句用現(xiàn)在完成時have been…是因為經(jīng)濟學(xué)家長時間以來關(guān)注,現(xiàn)在也在關(guān)注,是一個從過去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作。Since引導(dǎo)的是表原因的狀語從句。
    [句子翻譯] 特別讓經(jīng)濟學(xué)家感到詫異的是,英美兩國的通貨膨脹帶來的是良性的結(jié)果,因為傳統(tǒng)的分析方法表明,兩國尤其是美國的經(jīng)濟生產(chǎn)幾乎沒有出現(xiàn)滑坡。
    [翻譯技巧]favorable表示的是“非常好的”,不是“非常喜歡的”,與個人取向沒有關(guān)系。productive slack是“生產(chǎn)滑坡”的意思。
    16.Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is
    something the world does not have.
    [句子主干]Actually it isn’ t, because it assumes that…, which is…
    [語法難點]有套合從句。本句為主從復(fù)合句。主句很簡單,而because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句中,又有一個that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。這個從句中,主語 an agreed account of human rights由一個which引導(dǎo)的飛行定性定語從句修飾,而這個非限定性定語從句中又有一個限定性定語從句the world does not have來修飾something。
    [句子翻譯] 事實并非如此,因為這種問法是以人們對人的權(quán)利有共同的認(rèn)識為基礎(chǔ)的,而這種共同認(rèn)識并不存在。
    [翻譯技巧]agree為“約定的”意思,agreed account直譯為“約定的看法”,意譯為“共同的認(rèn)識”??梢姺g中一定要結(jié)合漢語的語言習(xí)慣靈活轉(zhuǎn)換。an agreed account of human rights不可譯為“有同意的人權(quán)記錄”。此外,將不定代詞具體化,也更符合漢語習(xí)慣。
    17.Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.
    [句子主干]Some philosophers argue that…, as part of an exchange of…
    [語法難點]該句仍為主從復(fù)合句。that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中,as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements充當(dāng)了補充語的角色。
    [句子翻譯] 有些哲學(xué)家論證說,權(quán)利只存在社會契約中,是責(zé)任與利益相交換的一部分。
    [翻譯技巧]要正確選擇contract的詞義,不要譯成從此“收縮,縮小”。argue不要譯成“爭論”,而要靈活處理成“論證說”。
    18.It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.
    [句子主干]It leads the discussion…: it invites you to think that…, or with…
    [語法難點]有并列從句和省略。冒號把句子分成兩部分,后一部分對前面部分作進一步解釋說明。前面部分是簡單句。后面部分是復(fù)合句。that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中,主語是animals,謂語是should be treated,either… or…引導(dǎo)兩個介詞短語作狀語,either引導(dǎo)的介詞短語中,humans extend to other humans是一個省略引導(dǎo)詞that的定語從句。
    [句子翻譯] 這種說法從一開始就將討論引向兩個極端,它使人們認(rèn)為應(yīng)這樣對待動物:要么像對人類自身一樣關(guān)切體諒,要么完全冷漠無情。
    [翻譯技巧]it 的所指要明確。leads the discussion to extremes譯成“將討論引向兩個極端”,at the outset譯成“從一開始”。注意把被動句譯為主動句,更合乎漢語習(xí)慣。
    19.Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
    [句子主干]Arguing from the view that humans are…, extremists of this…
    [語法難點]有套和從句。逗號前面是一個現(xiàn)在分詞短語,作狀語,里面又有一個that從句作the view的同位語,逗號后面的that從句是一個賓語從句。
    [句子翻譯] 這類人持極端看法,認(rèn)為人與動物在各相關(guān)方面都不相同,對待動物無須考慮道德問題。
    [翻譯技巧]in every relevant respect譯成“各相關(guān)方面”,不要把respect 譯成“尊重”;extremists為極端主義者;let outside the area of moral choice譯成“不在道德范圍內(nèi),不關(guān)乎道德”。
    20.When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
    [句子主干]When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is ….instinct…, an instinct that should be…
    [語法難點]以冒號為界,將全句分成兩個復(fù)合句。前面的復(fù)合句里,時間狀語從句when that happens敘述的是前一句to see…的情形的出現(xiàn)。That修飾這種行為,主句表明這種行為并不錯。冒號后面的復(fù)合句解釋為什么。這里有一個that從句,作instinct的定語。
    [句子翻譯] 這種反應(yīng)并不錯,這是人類用道德觀念進行推理的本能在起作用,這種本能應(yīng)得到鼓勵而不應(yīng)遭到嘲弄。
    [翻譯技巧]將that,it等代詞具體化,使譯文表達明確;reasoning不能譯成“原因”,而應(yīng)譯為“推理,推論”;in action不能譯成“在行動中”,而譯成“在起作用”,action在此是“作用,性能”的意思;翻譯被動語態(tài)時,使用“得到”,“遭到”等,使譯文流暢自然
    21.The Aswan Dam, for example stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left - all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.
    [句子主干]The Aswan Dam, …stopped the Nile flooding…but…
    [語法難點]有插入語。for example是個插入結(jié)構(gòu),不是句子的主要成分。but后面省略了the Aswan Dam。注意so…that…結(jié)構(gòu),是“如此……以至于”的意思。
    [句子翻譯] 以阿斯旺大壩為例,它擋住了尼羅河的洪水,但也使埃及失去了洪水沖積的肥沃土壤,換回來的卻是一個病態(tài)的大水庫?,F(xiàn)在水庫積滿泥沙,幾乎不能用于發(fā)電了。
    [翻譯技巧]the Nile是尼羅河。All in return意思是“換回來的全部則是”。
    22.The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend.
    [句子主干]The trouble is that…is due to …, and so is not …
    [語法難點]有套和從句。the trouble is that…是表語從句結(jié)構(gòu)。后一個that引導(dǎo)的是修飾rebound的定語從句。
    [句子翻譯] 問題在于,近期的增長一定程度上是因為商業(yè)運作周期漲落的結(jié)果,因此還不能得出經(jīng)濟已經(jīng)呈現(xiàn)復(fù)蘇態(tài)勢這一結(jié)論。
    [翻譯技巧]part of the recent acceleration不可譯為“一部分的最近的加速”,而是“最近加速部分是由于”。business cycle是指“商業(yè)周期”。
    23.New ways of organizing the workplace all that reengineering and downsizing - are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.
    [句子主干]New ways of …workplace…are only one contribution to…, which is…, and…
    [語法難點]有插入語。兩個破折號中間的成分為插入結(jié)構(gòu),可以視為括號里面的內(nèi)容。Such as后面的內(nèi)容是對many other factors的列舉。在閱讀的時候基本可以跳過不看,除非后面有細節(jié)題考查這里的內(nèi)容。
    [句子翻譯] 組織工作場所的新方法——包括機構(gòu)重組和縮小規(guī)模——只是促進某個經(jīng)濟實體的綜合生產(chǎn)率提高的一項措施,還有其他許多因素促進生產(chǎn)率的提高,比如對機械設(shè)備的聯(lián)合投資、采用新技術(shù)、對教育培訓(xùn)投資等。
    [翻譯技巧]all that譯為“這一切包括”。overall productivity譯為“綜合生產(chǎn)力水平”。Joint investment譯為“聯(lián)合投資”。Drive譯為“驅(qū)動”。
    24.His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long term profitability.
    [句子主干]His colleague,…, says that… ,chopping out costs without giving…
    [語法難點]有省略。chopping out costs without giving sufficient …分句是非限定性定語從句。修飾的是前一分句的整體意思。without后面要跟現(xiàn)在分詞giving。
    [句子翻譯] 他的同時邁克爾·比爾說,為數(shù)眾多的公司以簡單機械的方式進行機構(gòu)重組,降低了成本,但卻未能充分考慮長期贏利。
    [翻譯技巧]far too many譯為“太多的(比實際需要)”。re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion應(yīng)譯為“以簡單機械的方式”。chop out譯為“削減”。
    以上是GRE閱讀長難句語法難點與翻譯技巧解析的第二部分,希望能夠?qū)Ω魑豢忌鷤淇糋RE閱讀有所幫助。小編祝大家都能取得理想的GRE考試成績!