新gre寫作技巧:十大論證

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gre考試改革后,新gre作文題目更加具體,考察考生時是否能夠融合評判性思維和分析寫作能力,每個人的新gre作文論述觀點各不相同。下面是十大論證技巧介紹:
    一、演繹推理論證法
    將一個具體的事例運用到一個一般性原則從而得出結論。
    論點:Demand for this product wii go up。
    論據(jù):The price of the product is sliding.
    推理依據(jù):Whenever prices of a product go down , demand for it rises.
    (說明:由論據(jù)“the price of the product is sliding ”推出論點“Demand for this product will go up”,這個過程是否有效取決于推理依據(jù)“whenever prices of a product go down , demand for it rises”是否成立。下面每一種論證方法都是如此)
    二、定義法
    界定一個概念的關鍵內涵;或者認定某個事物符合某個定義,從而得出結論。例如:
    論點:Radical feminists are not good citizens.
    論據(jù):Radical feminists lack family values.
    推理依據(jù):Family values characterize the good citizes.
    三、因果關系論證法
    將一個判斷放入一個因果關系中,指出它或者是原因,或者是結果。例如:
    論點:The internet may be causing depression.
    論據(jù):When a group of people increased their use of the Internet , they felt depressed.
    推理依據(jù):There are no other reasons for the group's depression.
    四、歸納推理論證法
    從若干個具體事例中推出共性的一般結論。如:
    論點:Everyone likes the movie.
    論據(jù):I know three people who like the movie.
    推理依據(jù):Three eaxmples are enough.
    五、列舉特征式論證法
    指出某事物發(fā)生或者生存的征候或者跡象。例如:
    論點:The child has chickenpox.
    論據(jù):The child has red spots.
    推理依據(jù):These spots are signs of chickenpox.
    六、類比論證法
    用我們已知的、熟悉的事物同未知的。不熟悉的事物加以比較,并用前者的情況解釋者 的情況。分為三種:縱向類比(過去的事物同現(xiàn)在的、同一類事物的類比)、橫向類比(同一 時期、同一事物之間的類比)、比喻式類比(不同類別事物之間的類比)。例如:
    1.縱向類比(Historical analogy)
    論點:Many people will die of SARS.
    論據(jù):Many people died of the Black Death.
    推理依據(jù):SARS and Black Death are similar.
    2.橫向類比(Literal analogy)
    論點:China should have its fighter carriers.
    論據(jù):A neighboring country has a powerful carrier fleet.
    推理依據(jù):The two countries are similar enough to draw such a comparison.
    3.比喻式類比(Metaphorical analogy)
    論點:Reading a difficult book should take time.
    論據(jù):Digesting a large metal takes time.
    推理依據(jù):Reading and eating are sufficiently alike to be compared.
    七、引用權威論證法
    引用公認的權威,或者論證自己就是權威從而對自己的觀點加以論證。例如:
    論點:China's economy will grow 8 poercent this year.
    論據(jù):Professors and scientists say so.
    推理依據(jù):These experts are reliable.
    八、訴諸嘗試法
    利用人們的常識【包括:普遍的價值觀念、人的普遍動機、生活常識】進行論證。例如:
    1.訴諸普遍性的價值觀念。
    論點:The university curriculum should be multicultural.
    論據(jù):A multicultural curriculum will contribute to equality and acceptance.
    推理依據(jù):You value equality and acceptance.
    2.訴諸普遍動機
    論點:You should support this candidate premier.
    論據(jù):The candidate can help you get job security and safe neighbourhoods.
    推理依據(jù):You want job security and safe neighbourhoods.
    3.訴諸生活常識
    論點:She was very kind to me.
    論據(jù):She treated me with the best tea she had.
    推理依據(jù):A treatment with the best tea is an expression of kindness.
    九、反證法
    假設一個觀點是正確的,然后卻推導出荒謬的結論。例如:
    論點:An industrious man must also be thrifty.
    論據(jù):With only industry but without thrift ,the person will end uo bankrupt.
    推理依據(jù):An industrious person ending up bankrupt sounds absurd.
    十、統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)論證法
    提供數(shù)據(jù),以資論證。例如:
    論點:We should end the current poverty-relief program.
    論據(jù):It costs $45 million per year.
    推理依據(jù):This is too much;it proves we should end it.
    只是一個詳細的結構上的分析說明,在具體運用時,我們經(jīng)常講推理依據(jù)和論據(jù)放在了一起,但只要合理即可。論據(jù)可以自己編造,也可以是大眾的例子,關鍵在于自己怎么樣建立論點和論據(jù)之間的橋梁。上面的這些技巧,可能我們只用到某種或某幾種,但我們必須得會至少一種。
    以上即是新gre作文十大論證技巧介紹,考生可以根據(jù)以上論證技巧,選擇一個適合自己的新gre作文寫作論證技巧,掌握了寫作技巧才能更好的應對新gre寫作。