在托福閱讀考試中,對(duì)我們來說困難的點(diǎn)一方面是詞匯,另一方面就是長(zhǎng)難句的理解了。很多同學(xué)因?yàn)殚L(zhǎng)難句讀不懂耗費(fèi)很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間來回讀和劃分結(jié)構(gòu)。和出國(guó)留學(xué)網(wǎng)小編一起來看看托福閱讀中的四大邏輯關(guān)系。
其實(shí)長(zhǎng)難句在考試中最直接的運(yùn)用就是考察插入句子題和解釋句子題。對(duì)于這樣的題目,我們?cè)诓荒茏x懂句子的情況下,能夠把握的就是句子的內(nèi)在關(guān)系,即邏輯。邏輯在解釋句子題中的運(yùn)用尤為重要,之前有考生反映,在考試中其實(shí)句子根本就不能讀懂,而利用邏輯就能迅速排除選項(xiàng),從而找到正確的答案。所以說,邏輯是我們托福閱讀中的隱形解題幫手,考生們一定要尤為關(guān)注。
下面是托福閱讀中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的四大邏輯關(guān)系,把握了它們就等于掌握了托福閱讀解題技巧的一個(gè)重要部分。
1.因果關(guān)系
因:because,because of,for,as,since,in that,on account of,with
果:so,so that,therefore,there by,as a result,hence,thus,consequently,accordingly
因果關(guān)系除了傳統(tǒng)意義上的顯性因果表達(dá)詞外,隱性的因果同樣是不可忽略的一個(gè)重要部分。
隱性因果:
A導(dǎo)致(因-果):cause,reason,lead to,give rise to,result in,render,make,let,ask,support,push,stimulate,spark,spur,fuel,produce,be responsible for
如The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to there moval of woody plants so that many citiesand towns are surrounded by large areascom pletely lacking in trees and shrubs.
在這段話中,有l(wèi)ead to,表示了導(dǎo)致的意思,即結(jié)果;而so that更進(jìn)一步表示了后面的結(jié)果,所以可以充分判定這段話有因果關(guān)系的邏輯。
B由…而來(果-因):result from,derive from,originate from,initiate from,stem from,be responsive to,be attributable to
如“The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vastareas of land and tremendous numbers of people affected,as well as from the great difficulty of rever singor even slowing the process.”
在這段話中,根據(jù)result from可以推斷出有因果關(guān)系,那如果是解釋句子題時(shí),選項(xiàng)中有因果關(guān)系就可以優(yōu)先考慮。
C反映,體現(xiàn)(果-因):reflect,present,demonstrate,suggest,imply,show
This result demonstrates that…
D考慮到:given,considering,inview of,thanks to,according to
He succeeded thanks to(inview of)his effort.
E依賴于:relyon,depend on,resort to,
He resorted to books when he had problems.
F條件關(guān)系:when,once,as soon as,as long as
As soon as he got the money,he would leave the country at once.
G分詞短語,不定式做狀語
Failing in the final exam,she cried.
2.對(duì)比轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系
A對(duì)比:while,where as,on the other hand
在解釋句子題,插入句子題中,一旦出現(xiàn)對(duì)比關(guān)系,學(xué)生在掌握的基礎(chǔ)上就能非??焖俚呐卸ň溟g和句內(nèi)的關(guān)系。While,whereas前后連接的是平行結(jié)構(gòu),on the other hand前必定有on one hand,可以用來把握句間關(guān)系。
B轉(zhuǎn)折:but,although,despite,inspite of,never the less,however
轉(zhuǎn)折是托福閱讀的一個(gè)經(jīng)典考點(diǎn)之一,掌握這些轉(zhuǎn)折詞對(duì)考試非常有幫助。
3.比較關(guān)系
A同級(jí)比較as…as
B比較級(jí):more…than,-erthan,less…than
C變化:change,alter,vary,modify,revise,increase,decrease,enhance,diminish,develop,progress,advance,improve,retreat,degenerate,continue,remain
D差異:different,distinguish,separate,same,similar,comparable,compare…to
E超越:surpass,exceed,excel,over
F最高級(jí)
1)本身有最高級(jí)含義:maximum,minimum,peak,outstanding,top
2)本身程度比較深:amazing,surprising,astonishing,prohibitively high
3)否定+比較=最高級(jí)
Noone is more outstanding than him.
從這句話中可以看出,否定加比較表示的是一種最高級(jí)關(guān)系。
4.否定關(guān)系
顯性否定:no,not,never,nor,none neither
隱形否定:failto,refuse,remove,miss,reject,absence of,lack of
否定前綴:a-,ab-,dis-,il-,im-,in-,non-,un-
否定前綴是詞匯題中經(jīng)常出的一個(gè)考點(diǎn),把握否定前綴可以幫助考生把握一些生詞,依靠否定前綴對(duì)選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行一個(gè)排除。
雙重否定;not fail to,not illegal,not uncommon,not unavailable
雙重否定是英文中經(jīng)常運(yùn)用的表達(dá)方式,由于在平時(shí)中文對(duì)話中用的很少,隨意對(duì)雙重否定的把握就顯得特別的重要。
考生如果能夠把握住這四個(gè)邏輯關(guān)系,就等于部分掌握了托??荚嚨男C(jī),幫助小伙伴們解決閱讀讀不懂也能作對(duì)題目的問題。

