對(duì)于初入托福的考生來說，都會(huì)感受到托福閱讀的一個(gè)難點(diǎn)，那就是文章內(nèi)容長(zhǎng)、信息量大，如果不能準(zhǔn)確的找到關(guān)鍵詞，將會(huì)為閱讀速度和解題準(zhǔn)確率帶來很大的影響。和出國留學(xué)網(wǎng)小編一起來看看托福閱讀中如何利用并列和遞進(jìn)關(guān)系詞。
說到并列詞，and一定是最先浮現(xiàn)在腦海中的；那么not also...肯定是遞進(jìn)關(guān)系詞的榜首。在托福閱讀的解題過程中，我們把并列和遞進(jìn)歸為一類，這些詞的前后一定句型結(jié)構(gòu)相同，詞性一樣，方向一致。當(dāng)我們知道這個(gè)規(guī)律之后，我們至少可以在詞匯題上可以大幅度運(yùn)用，利用方向幫助我們排除錯(cuò)誤答案。下面就舉例為大家講解一下。
例題1：
Paragraph 5： There is little doubt， however， that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicateecological balance andare limitedin their potential to adjust to increased environmental nding populations are subjecting the land to increasing pressures to provide them with food and fuel.
The word delicatein the passage is closest in meaning to
Afragile
Bpredictable
Ccomplex
Dvaluable
在做詞匯題時(shí)，如果我們認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)詞，就可以瀏覽選項(xiàng)，直接選出它的同義詞，再把答案帶入原文，看是否合適，這樣做不僅快速并且保證正確率；如果這個(gè)單詞我們不認(rèn)識(shí)，亦或是不確定它的意思，我們可以分析這個(gè)單詞所在的這句話，看看是否可以通過邏輯關(guān)系詞來解答這道題。
這句話我們看到有and，所以是并列結(jié)構(gòu)，and連接了什么成分，從and之后開始看會(huì)更容易，這句話接的是are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures，所以并列兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞短語，和前面的exist in a delicate ecological balance。and之后的方向明顯是負(fù)的，因?yàn)橛袀€(gè)表示“有限的”的形容詞，所以and之前的信息也是負(fù)方向，我們?cè)倏纯催x項(xiàng)，除了fragile，predictable表示“可以預(yù)測(cè)的”中性詞；complex“復(fù)雜的”中性詞；valuable“寶貴的”正方向的詞，所以答案是A。
提醒廣大考生們，表示并列的詞還有：as well as， 表示遞進(jìn)的關(guān)系詞有：besides， in addition to， additionally， moreover， furthermore， apart from。
下面我們來看一道修辭目的題：
Paragraph 3： The first wells were drilled into the Ogallala during the drought years of the early 1930’s. The ensuing rapid expansion of irrigation agriculture， especially from the 1950’s onward， transformed the economy of the region. More than 100，000 wells now tap the Ogallala. Modern irrigation devices， each capable of spraying 4.5 million liters of water a day， have produced a landscape dominated by geometric patterns of circular green islands of crops. Ogallala water has enabled the High Plains region to supply significant amounts of the cotton， sorghum， wheat， and corngrown in the United States. In addition，40 percent of American grain-fed beef cattleare fattened here.
In paragraph 3， why does the author provide the information that 40 percent of American cattle are fattened in the High Plains？
ATo suggest that crop cultivation is not the most important part of the economy of the High Plains
BTo indicate that not all economic activity in the High Plains is dependent on irrigation
CTo provide another example of how water from the Ogallala has transformed the economy of the High Plains
DTo contrast cattle-fattening practices in the High Plains with those used in other region of the United States
修辭目的題相對(duì)于事實(shí)信息題和推斷題來說，其實(shí)不算難，題干定位的信息相對(duì)明確，容易找，而且題干的信息在段落中大多數(shù)情況下都在充當(dāng)例子，答案都在定位的信息前面。但是提醒大家的是，答案不一定在定位的信息的前一句。以這道題為例，定位的句子之前有信號(hào)詞：in addition“除此之外”，說明定位的信息和in addition的前面一句都是舉例，所以答案還要再往前，我們退到倒數(shù)第三句，這句話說的是“現(xiàn)代的灌溉設(shè)備能夠噴灑莊稼”，而倒數(shù)第二句提到了“cotton， corn， sorghum， wheat”，很明顯是crops的例句，所以倒數(shù)第三句也是例子。所以答案還要再往前，這時(shí)我們發(fā)現(xiàn)一句TS：irrigation agriculture transformed the economy of the region，所以答案是C。
接下來，我們?cè)賮砜匆坏乐复}：
The Freudian perspective， in a sense： sees us as “steam engines”. By holding in rather than venting “steam，” we set the stage for future explosions. Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressedtoward parents in indirect ways such as destroying furniture， ortheymay be expressedtoward strangers later in life.
The word ”they” in the passage refers to
Afuture explosions
Bpent-up aggressive impulses
Coutlets
Dindirect ways
我們發(fā)現(xiàn)they之前出現(xiàn)or， 并列連詞，表示兩者選其一，or的后面接的是：they may be expressed...可見or并列了兩個(gè)句子，前一個(gè)句子的主語仍然是they， 所以they指代的詞在上一句話中，我們知道they在這句話中是主語，所以它指代的詞應(yīng)該就是上句話的主語“pent-up aggressive impulses”， 答案是B。提醒廣大考生：指代題現(xiàn)在出現(xiàn)的頻率很低，但是做好指代題，能迅速準(zhǔn)確地找出代詞所指代的名詞，我們能為句子插入題的解答節(jié)省非常多的時(shí)間。什么時(shí)候會(huì)用到代詞？一定是上文提到，為了避免重復(fù)，為了提高句子的多樣性，才會(huì)使用到代詞，所以指代題的答案都在代詞所在的句子本身，或是上一句話。
最后，我們以一道句子插入題結(jié)束。
Paragraph 3： Leatherbacks keep their body heat in three different ways. The first， and simplest， is size. The bigger the animal is， the lower as surface-to-volume ratio； for every ounce of body mass， there is proportionately less surface through which heat can escape. Anadult leatherback is twice the size of the biggest cheloniid sea turtles and will therefore take longer to cool off. Maintaining a high body temperature through sheer bulk is called gigantothermy. █It works for elephants， for whales， and， perhaps， it worked for many of the larger dinosaurs. █It apparently works， in a smaller way， for some other sea turtles. █Large loggerhead and green turtles can maintain their body temperature at a degree or two above that of the surrounding water， and gigantothermy is probably the way they do it. █Muscular activity helps， too， and an actively swimming green turtle may be 7°C（12.6°F） warmer than the waters it swims through.
However， these animals have additional means of staying warm.
拿到這個(gè)句子，首先我們注意到主語出現(xiàn)“代詞+名詞”these animals， 表示上文提到過的動(dòng)物，但是我們發(fā)現(xiàn)除了第一處之外，其他的句子都有動(dòng)物，所以我們接下來尋找第二處線索，帶插入句子中出現(xiàn)信號(hào)詞“additional means of staying warm”， additional這個(gè)信號(hào)表示上文有一種保持體溫的方法，下文提到另外一種。第一個(gè)框框之前，提到了通過龐大的體積保持體溫，后面的每一句都是supporting details， 舉了具體動(dòng)物的例子，并且給出了具體數(shù)據(jù)來顯示出溫度具體提高了多少，直到最后一個(gè)框框的后面提到了muscular activity， 可以看出是第二種方法，所以答案是D。