對于很多準(zhǔn)備考托福的同學(xué)來說，不知道準(zhǔn)備得怎么樣呢？今天就和出國留學(xué)網(wǎng)的小編一起來了解一下托福閱讀素材：創(chuàng)新硅三角。
創(chuàng)新
歡迎來到硅三角
山寨商走了，創(chuàng)新者來了
Innovation
Welcome to Silicon Delta
Copycats are out， innovators are in
ON A RECENT weekend several hundred academics and lawyers gathered in a hotel ballroom in Shenzhen for a discussion on “Innovation， inclusion and order”， an event jointly organised by the law schools at Peking， Oxford and Stanford universities. Legal conferences can be soporific， especially in China， and a scholar from Beijing duly set the tone by asserting that “order is important in the market.” But one of the local speakers livened things up by delivering a surprisingly stout defence of disruptive innovation. Xu Youjun， vice-chairman of the Shenzhen division of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference， a government advisory body， said Shenzhen owed its success not to the government or the Communist Party but to its policy of allowing people to go “beyond the planned economy”. 最近的一個周末，數(shù)百位學(xué)者和律師齊聚深圳一家酒店的宴會廳，參加由北京大學(xué)、牛津大學(xué)和斯坦福大學(xué)的法學(xué)院聯(lián)合舉辦的“創(chuàng)新、包容與秩序”討論。法律會議，特別是中國的法律會議，往往讓人昏昏欲睡。不出所料，一位來自北京的學(xué)者聲稱“在市場中秩序很重要”，為會議定下了基調(diào)。不過，深圳當(dāng)?shù)氐囊晃话l(fā)言人為顛覆式創(chuàng)新做出了非常強(qiáng)有力的辯護(hù)，令現(xiàn)場氣氛活躍了起來。深圳市政協(xié)副主席徐友軍表示，深圳的成功不是因為政府或共產(chǎn)黨，而是它的政策讓人們得以“超越計劃經(jīng)濟(jì)”。
The city imposes few limits on freedom of movement （though only a minority of its population has an official hukou， or household-registration certificate）， is relaxed about employment contracts and does not discriminate against outsiders. “People are the greatest source of our growth，” Mr Xu concluded. The contrasting views of the boffin from Beijing and the local apparatchik help explain how disruptive entrepreneurs turned Shenzhen into one of the world’s most innovative cities. 深圳市對于自由流動的限制很少（雖然只有少數(shù)人具有正式戶口），對就業(yè)合同較為寬松，也不歧視外地人?！叭耸俏覀冊鲩L的最大源泉?！毙煊衍娍偨Y(jié)道。來自北京的學(xué)究和當(dāng)?shù)毓賳T的觀點大相徑庭，這有助于解釋顛覆性創(chuàng)業(yè)者如何讓深圳躋身世界上最具創(chuàng)新力的城市之列。
Between 1980 and 2016 Shenzhen’s GDP in real terms grew at an average annual rate of 22% and today stands at 2trn yuan. The city’s Nanshan district， home to about 125 listed firms with a combined market value of nearly $400bn， has a higher income per person than Hong Kong. Unlike Beijing， which has many top-flight universities， Shenzhen has only a handful of lacklustre institutions of higher learning； but so many graduates from all over China flock to the city that they make up a greater share of its population than do graduates in Beijing. 從1980年到2016年間，深圳的實際GDP以年均22%的速度增長，如今已達(dá)2萬億元人民幣。該市南山區(qū)有約125家上市公司，合計市值約4000億美元，該區(qū)人均收入超過香港。和擁有很多頂級學(xué)府的北京不同，深圳只有幾家乏善可陳的高等院校，但來自全國各地的大量高校畢業(yè)生蜂擁而至，占人口的比例甚至比北京更高。
Shenzhen spends over 4% of its GDP on research and development （R&D）， double the mainland average； in Nanshan the share is over 6%. Most of the money comes from private firms. Companies in Shenzhen file more international patents （which are mostly high quality， unlike many of the domestic Chinese ones） than those in France or Britain （see chart）. 深圳花費在研發(fā)上的開支超過GDP的4%，是內(nèi)地平均水平的兩倍；而在南山區(qū)這一比例超過了6%。大部分資金來自私人公司。深圳公司提交的國際專利數(shù)量（與很多中國國內(nèi)專利不同，這些大多是高質(zhì)量專利）比法國和英國都要多（見圖表）。
The official story attributes Shenzhen’s success to brave party leaders and far-sighted policies. Deng Xiaoping islaudedfor liberalising the region’s economy. Later political leaders receive praise for investments in infrastructure that enabled rapid growth. That is an incomplete version of history. 官方說法將深圳的成功歸功于勇敢的黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人和有遠(yuǎn)見的政策。鄧小平因解放了該地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)而備受稱贊。后來的政治領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人則因投資于基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，促成高速增長而受到好評。而這一版本的歷史并不完整。
An incisive new book， “Learning from Shenzhen”， edited by Mary Ann O’Donnell， Winnie Wong and Jonathan Bach， reveals that many of the advances seen since the city was opened up in 1980 came disruptively from below. For example， early reformers pushed ahead with unauthorised investment deals with non-mainland companies and retroactively逆動/追溯 developed the legal framework needed to protect foreign firms. Time and again， grassroots innovators hit on better ways of doing things， even though strictly speaking they were not permitted. When their risk-taking proved successful， communist leaders typically took the credit. So the best way to study innovation in Shenzhen is to examine it through the eyes of its entrepreneurial firms. 由瑪麗·安·奧多奈爾（Mary Ann O’Donnel）、黃韻然（Winnie Wong）和喬納森·巴赫（Jonathan Bach）合編的新書《向深圳學(xué)習(xí)》（Learning from Shenzhen）一針見血地揭示了這座城市自1980年設(shè)立特區(qū)以來的諸多發(fā)展都是從底層顛覆性地發(fā)生。例如，非內(nèi)地企業(yè)的投資協(xié)議尚未獲批，早期的改革者就推進(jìn)項目，之后才開發(fā)出保護(hù)外國公司所需的法律框架。草根創(chuàng)新者一次又一次發(fā)現(xiàn)了更好的做事方法，即便嚴(yán)格來說它們是不被允許的。當(dāng)他們的冒險取得成功之后，共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人通常會歸功于自己。因此，要研究深圳創(chuàng)新的最好辦法，就是以創(chuàng)業(yè)企業(yè)的視角去觀察它。
The common perception that China is incapable of innovation needs re-examining. According to a widely quoted study published earlier this decade， the value added on the mainland to Apple’s iPods （nearly all of which are assembled there） represents less than 5% of the total， reinforcing the stereotype of Chinese factories as low-end sweatshops. However， a more recent study by Britain’s University of Sussex and others for the European Commission concludes that the iPod example “is far from representative”. These researchers calculate that the average value China adds to its exports is 76% （the EU’s is 87%）. The World Bank reaches similar conclusions. 認(rèn)為中國沒有創(chuàng)新能力的普遍看法需要重新審視。根據(jù)幾年前發(fā)表的一份被廣泛引用的研究，中國內(nèi)地為蘋果公司的iPod播放器（幾乎全部在內(nèi)地組裝）增加的價值不到其總價值的5%，這強(qiáng)化了中國廠家是低端血汗工廠的刻板印象。然而，英國薩塞克斯大學(xué)和歐盟其他大學(xué)最近做的一項研究稱iPod的例子“遠(yuǎn)不具有代表性”。這些研究人員計算出，中國對其出口品的平均附加值達(dá)到了76%（歐盟為87%）。世界銀行也得出了類似的結(jié)論。
The PRD’s companies， which account for a huge chunk of China’s innovation， have been moving up the value chain. Local firms that used to rely entirely on imported know-how and parts have started to work on their own inventions and methods. Foreign firms that used to come to the delta to harness its brawn肌肉 are now tapping into its brains as well. Today， Shenzhen is attracting many entrepreneurs keen to develop new ways of making things. The innovators are transforming the entire delta into an advanced manufacturing cluster. Many multinationals have a listening post in the city to stay close to the latest trends. 為中國創(chuàng)新貢獻(xiàn)巨大的珠三角企業(yè)已經(jīng)在向價值鏈的上游邁進(jìn)。本地企業(yè)以前完全依賴進(jìn)口專業(yè)知識和零件，但現(xiàn)在已開始研究自己的發(fā)明和方法。外企來到珠三角一度是沖著這里的體力，如今也開始利用其腦力。今天，深圳吸引了許多熱衷于開發(fā)新生產(chǎn)方法的創(chuàng)業(yè)者。創(chuàng)新者們正將整個珠三角變成一個先進(jìn)制造集群。許多跨國公司都在深圳設(shè)有“情報站”以跟上最新的趨勢。
Making it， better
Foxconn， a Taiwanese contract manufacturer which employs over 1m workers on the mainland， is sometimes represented as a low-tech sweatshop； in fact， it holds international patents in areas ranging from electrical machinery to computing to audio-video technology. It is expanding its Shenzhen facility to support rapid prototyping by Apple’s new R&D centre in the city. Its joint venture with Japan’s Sharp is investing $8.8bn in Guangzhou to make advanced liquid-crystal displays. It is also developing industrial robotics in Shenzhen.
制造，做更好
臺灣合同制造商富士康在內(nèi)地雇用了超過100萬名工人，它有時會被描繪成低技術(shù)含量的血汗工廠。事實上，它擁有的國際專利涵蓋了從電氣機(jī)械到計算再到音頻視頻技術(shù)等領(lǐng)域。它正在擴(kuò)建位于深圳的工廠，用以支持蘋果公司新的深圳研發(fā)中心進(jìn)行快速原型設(shè)計。它與日本夏普的合資企業(yè)正在廣州投資88億美元制造先進(jìn)的液晶顯示器。它還在深圳開發(fā)工業(yè)機(jī)器人。
BGI， formerly known as the Beijing Genomics Institute， moved to Shenzhen to get away from northern bureaucrats. Seven years ago it was declared a “DNA superpower” by Nature， a science journal， after it bought so many genome-sequencing machines that it ended up owning more than half the world’s total. It is due to go public shortly. 原名北京華大基因研究中心的華大基因遷至深圳以擺脫北方的官僚。七年前，它購買了大量基因測序機(jī)器，最終擁有的機(jī)器數(shù)量占全世界總數(shù)的一半以上，被科學(xué)雜志《自然》稱為“DNA超級強(qiáng)權(quán)”。該公司將于近期上市。
Mindray， a devices firm with $1bn in global sales， is developing new technologies for ventilators， digital operating rooms and surgical robots. The firm’s experience of managing both American and Chinese researchers is revealing. Its researchers in Silicon Valley are not just tutoring their counterparts in Shenzhen， it turns out， but also learning from them. Cheng Minghe， the firm’s president， observes that Westerners produce high-quality research but take a long time over it， whereas the locals are better at speedy development of new kit. 擁有10億美元全球銷售額的設(shè)備廠商邁瑞（Mindray）正在開發(fā)用于通風(fēng)、數(shù)字化手術(shù)室和外科手術(shù)機(jī)器人的新技術(shù)。該公司管理美國和中國研究人員的經(jīng)驗引人深思。它在硅谷的研究人員不只是在指導(dǎo)深圳的同行，事實證明，他們也在向深圳學(xué)習(xí)。公司總裁程明和發(fā)現(xiàn)，西方人能夠做出高質(zhì)量的研究但需要的時間更長，而本地人則更善于迅速開發(fā)新的組件。
Huawei spends more on R&D than Apple does. The privately held Shenzhen firm made its name as a telecoms-equipment vendor， but is now a big force in smartphones and cloud computing too. Its revenues for 2016 are estimated at 520bn yuan， a 32% increase on a year earlier. It devotes an impressive 15% of its revenues and 82，000 of its 180，000 employees to R&D.
華為在研發(fā)上的投入比蘋果還多。這家私人所有的深圳公司過去作為電信設(shè)備供應(yīng)商而揚名，但如今在智能手機(jī)和云計算方面也實力雄厚。其2016年收入估計達(dá)5200億元，較去年同期增長32%。它將營收的15%以及18萬名員工中的8.2萬人投入研發(fā)，這一點令人印象深刻。
Huawei is innovating as it is globalising. Dieter Ernst of the East-West Centre， an American think-tank， praises the company for creating a “global innovation network” of the sort that only Western multinational companies used to have， with more than two dozen R&D centres the world over and a number of collaborative hubs run with leading multinationals and universities.
華為在全球化過程中不斷創(chuàng)新。美國智庫東西方中心（East-West Centre）的迪特·埃恩斯特（Dieter Ernst）稱贊該公司建立了只有西方跨國公司曾經(jīng)有過的“全球創(chuàng)新網(wǎng)絡(luò)”，在全球擁有20多家研發(fā)中心，并和領(lǐng)先的跨國公司和大學(xué)建立了若干合作樞紐。
This has paid dividends. Huawei is one of the world’s most prolific generators of high-quality international patents. Along with Sweden’s Ericsson it is at the forefront of 5G， which will replace the current 4G networks for mobile telephony. Its narrow-band internet-of-things protocol， a cheap and low-energy way to connect machines to the cloud， was recently approved as a global standard.
這已經(jīng)帶來了回報。華為是世界上最多產(chǎn)的優(yōu)質(zhì)國際專利來源之一。它與瑞典的愛立信一起站在5G的最前沿，而這即將取代目前移動電話的4G網(wǎng)絡(luò)。其窄帶物聯(lián)網(wǎng)協(xié)議——一種廉價而低能耗地將機(jī)器連接到云端的方式——最近被批準(zhǔn)為國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
Another way Shenzhen is rewriting the rules is by embracing open innovation. In the West， corporate innovation has generally been a secretive， top-down affair. Many factories in the city started by making clever imitations of Western goods， which led foreigners to dismiss the locals as mere copycats. That was a mistake. David Li of Shenzhen’s Open Innovation Lab argues that the copycats have since morphed into a powerful ecosystem of collaborative， fast-learning suppliers and factories. “Anybody can come to Shenzhen with an idea and get it prototyped， tested， made and put on the market at a decent price，” he says. Silicon Valley is obsessed with rich-world problems， he thinks， but China’s open innovators work on affordable solutions for the masses on everything from health care to pollution to banking. 深圳改變規(guī)則的另一種方式是擁抱開放式創(chuàng)新。在西方，企業(yè)創(chuàng)新一般都是遮遮掩掩、自上而下的活動。深圳的許多工廠靠巧妙地模仿西方商品起家，這導(dǎo)致外國人將當(dāng)?shù)厝藘H僅視為山寨商。這是一個錯誤。深圳開放創(chuàng)新實驗室的李大維認(rèn)為，山寨商已經(jīng)演變成了由善于合作、快速學(xué)習(xí)的供應(yīng)商和工廠構(gòu)成的強(qiáng)大生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。他說，“任何人都可以帶著一個想法來到深圳，制作原型、進(jìn)行測試、制造產(chǎn)品，并以合理的價格投放市場?！彼J(rèn)為，硅谷癡迷于解決富裕世界的問題，但中國的開放創(chuàng)新者致力于為大眾提供他們負(fù)擔(dān)得起的解決方案，涵蓋從醫(yī)療保健到污染治理再到銀行業(yè)務(wù)的方方面面。
Mr Li says the already frenetic pace of Chinese innovation is speeding up further. Dealmaking used to involve long banquets and vast quantities of baijiu， a local firewater. Now introductions are made at the flick of a finger on WeChat， a remarkable messaging and payments app with more than 800m users. As soon as a WeChat group is formed， there is little need for phone calls or meetings. Tencent， the internet and online-gaming giant that invented WeChat， is also based in Shenzhen. Worth some $250bn， it is one of Asia’s most valuable firms. Its snazzy and green new headquarters in Nanshan towers over a modern neighbourhood of startups， incubators and funky coffee shops.
李大維說，中國已然狂熱的創(chuàng)新步伐還在進(jìn)一步加快。談生意以前要吃很久的宴席并灌下大量白酒，現(xiàn)在只要在微信（一個擁有八億用戶的杰出的訊息和支付應(yīng)用）上劃劃手指就可以引薦某人。一旦形成微信群，就不再需要電話或會議了。發(fā)明了微信的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和在線游戲巨頭騰訊也把總部設(shè)在深圳。它市值約2500億美元，是亞洲市值最高的公司之一。它位于南山區(qū)的時髦綠色新總部俯視著附近由初創(chuàng)企業(yè)、孵化器和時尚咖啡館構(gòu)成的現(xiàn)代社區(qū)。
One of Shenzhen’s most daring startups， Royole， is expanding its output of an extraordinary product： the world’s thinnest foldable full-colour touchscreen display. Liu Zihong， a mainlander， earned his doctorate in electrical engineering at Stanford University， where he dreamt of radical new ways for machines and humans to interact. When he started Royole， he says， he knew it had to be based in Shenzhen. Getting from early-stage research to manufactured product would require a massive amount of what he calls integrated innovation： “Materials， process， device design， circuit design—all needed to be innovated…if you changed one material， you had to change the process.” His team had to develop entirely new materials and factory tools， including custom-built robots， to make his screens， accumulating over 600 patents along the way. He insists this could not have been done even in Silicon Valley， because California cannot match Shenzhen’s ecosystem of “makers”.
深圳最大膽的創(chuàng)業(yè)公司之一柔宇（Royole）正在擴(kuò)大生產(chǎn)一款卓越的產(chǎn)品——全球最薄的折疊式全彩觸摸屏。劉自鴻是中國內(nèi)地人，在斯坦福大學(xué)獲電氣工程博士學(xué)位，在那里他夢想著機(jī)器和人類互動的顛覆性新途徑。他說，創(chuàng)辦柔宇時，他知道必須立足于深圳。從早期研究到制成品，這需要大量他稱之為“集成創(chuàng)新”的東西?！安牧?、工藝、設(shè)備設(shè)計、電路設(shè)計，一切都需要創(chuàng)新……如果你改了一個材料，你就得改工藝。”為了生產(chǎn)屏幕，他的團(tuán)隊必須開發(fā)全新的材料和包括定制機(jī)器人在內(nèi)的工廠工具，并在此過程中積累了600多項專利。他堅持認(rèn)為，這即使在硅谷也不可能完成，因為深圳的“制造者”生態(tài)系統(tǒng)是加州無法比擬的。
With $280m in venture-capital investment， Royole is valued at $3bn. It is investing $1.8bn to build a heavily automated factory and integrated R&D complex which should propel sales past $3bn. But Mr Liu has even grander ambitions. He thinks his screens could be deployed more widely， in places such as cups， clothes， desks， even walls. “Last year the display industry was worth $150bn，” he says， “but flexible displays will double that.”
柔宇手握2.8億美元的風(fēng)險資本投資，估值達(dá)30億美元。它正在投資18億美元來建設(shè)一個高度自動化的工廠和集成研發(fā)園區(qū)，這預(yù)計會推動銷售額超越30億美元。但劉自鴻的雄心還不止于此。他認(rèn)為他的屏幕可以應(yīng)用在更廣泛的地方，比如杯子、衣服、桌子甚至墻壁。“去年，顯示行業(yè)價值1500億美元，”他說，“但柔性屏?xí)屗俜环??！?BR> Hacking the future
Shenzhen has become the world capital for hardware entrepreneurs. Navi Cohen is the co-founder of Revols， a Canadian startup developing affordable， custom-fitted headphones. His firm raised a fortune on Kickstarter， a crowdfunding site. When it tried to develop its product in Montreal， it found things slow and expensive， so it moved to Shenzhen， where supplies were cheap and factories made prototypes quickly. It is now in production.
破解未來
深圳已成為硬件創(chuàng)業(yè)者的全球中心。內(nèi)維·科恩（Navi Cohen）是開發(fā)經(jīng)濟(jì)型定制耳機(jī)的加拿大創(chuàng)業(yè)公司Revols的聯(lián)合創(chuàng)始人。他的公司在眾籌網(wǎng)站Kickstarter上募集了一筆錢，但在蒙特利爾嘗試開發(fā)產(chǎn)品時，他發(fā)現(xiàn)那里又慢又貴。于是他把公司搬到了深圳，這里原料便宜，工廠也能迅速做出原型。目前產(chǎn)品已經(jīng)投產(chǎn)。
Another promising startup that moved to Shenzhen is Wazer， an American firm. A conventional metal-cutting machine on a factory floor costs $100，000 or more. Shenzhen’s know-how helped Wazer perfect a way to cut any material precisely with pressurised water. Its desktop cutter costs about $5，000 and will disrupt the industry when it comes to market later this year.
另一家搬到深圳的創(chuàng)業(yè)公司——美國公司W(wǎng)azer也很有前途。工廠中的傳統(tǒng)金屬切削機(jī)售價在10萬美元或更高。深圳的技術(shù)幫助Wazer完善了一種用高壓水來精確切割任何材料的方式。其臺式切割機(jī)售價約5000美元，今年晚些時候推出市場時將顛覆整個行業(yè)。
Revols and Wazer are among dozens of startups that have gone through a manufacturing boot camp run by Hax， a hardware “accelerator” based in Shenzhen’s Huaqiangbei， the world’s largest electronics-supplies market. Benjamin Joffe， a partner at Hax， reckons that Silicon Valley’s experience of hardware is “six to seven years out of date”. Big firms ranging from Johnson & Johnson， an American health-care firm， to Michelin， a French tyremaker， have entered into partnerships with Hax to get closer to these bright sparks.
在幾十家通過了Hax設(shè)立的制造業(yè)訓(xùn)練營的創(chuàng)業(yè)公司中，Revols和Wazer只是其中的兩家。Hax是一家硬件“加速器”，總部設(shè)在深圳的華強(qiáng)北——世界上最大的電子和耗材市場。Hax的合伙人本杰明·喬夫（Benjamin Joffe）估計硅谷的硬件經(jīng)驗已經(jīng)“過時了六七年”。從美國醫(yī)療保健公司強(qiáng)生到法國輪胎制造商米其林，大企業(yè)也與Hax建立合作關(guān)系以接近這些耀眼的火花。
The most successful of Shenzhen’s recent startups is Da-Jiang Innovations （DJI）， reportedly worth over $8bn， which makes affordable commercial drones. Frank Wang， the founder， and his 1，500-strong R&D team had to invent vital bits of the technology needed for its flying robotic cameras. The privately held firm commands over half of the global market for small civilian drones， and is purportedly planning to go public soon. It is now diversifying its offerings. Paul Xu， the head of DJI Enterprise Solutions， says it is aiming for business clients in fields ranging from agriculture and energy to public security. It is also considering a services-business model where users can rent airtime.
深圳近期最成功的創(chuàng)業(yè)公司是制造經(jīng)濟(jì)型商用無人機(jī)的大疆創(chuàng)新，據(jù)報道其價值超過80億美元。創(chuàng)始人汪滔和他多達(dá)1500人的研發(fā)團(tuán)隊必須發(fā)明飛行機(jī)器人攝像機(jī)的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。這家私營企業(yè)牢牢抓住了全球超過一半的小型民用無人機(jī)市場，且據(jù)稱正在計劃于近期上市。現(xiàn)在它提供的產(chǎn)品愈發(fā)多元化。大疆企業(yè)解決方案負(fù)責(zé)人徐華濱說，公司正在瞄準(zhǔn)從農(nóng)業(yè)和能源到公共安全領(lǐng)域的企業(yè)客戶。它也在考慮讓用戶租借飛行時間的服務(wù)業(yè)務(wù)模式。
Shenzhen has done more than any place on the mainland to debunk the outdated myth of “copycat China”， becoming the global hub of innovation in hardware and manufacturing. Its entrepreneurs are coming up with entirely new industries. It has been the driving force behind the upgrading that should help the PRD withstand competition. But what does its rise mean for Hong Kong， which has been the catalyst of investment and growth in the delta for decades？ 為了破除已經(jīng)過時的“山寨中國”的論調(diào)，深圳做得比中國內(nèi)地任何地方都多，并成為了硬件和制造的全球創(chuàng)新中心。其創(chuàng)業(yè)者正在打造全新的產(chǎn)業(yè)。這里一直推動著是產(chǎn)業(yè)升級，應(yīng)該能幫助珠三角抵抗競爭。但對于香港這個幾十年來珠三角投資和增長的催化劑而言，深圳的崛起又意味著什么呢？