托福考試中的閱讀部分需要扎實的基礎才能拿高分，其中真題的含金量較高，真題翻譯你值得，什么情況呢？想必是不少出國人士非常關(guān)心的問題，和出國留學網(wǎng)一起來了解了解托福閱讀翻譯 火星表面!歡迎閱讀。
托福閱讀翻譯 火星表面
The surface of Mars
Another prominent feature of Mars’s surface is cratering. The Mariner spacecraft found that the surface of Mars, as well as that of its two moons, is pitted with impact craters formed by meteoroids falling in from space. As on our Moon, the smaller craters are often filled with surface matter-mostly dust-confirming that Mars is a dry desert world. However, Martian craters get filled in considerably faster than their lunar counterparts. On the Moon, ancient craters less than 100 meters across (corresponding to depths of about 20 meters) have been obliterated, primarily by meteoritic erosion. On Mars, there are relatively few craters less than 5 kilometers in diameter. The Martian atmosphere is an efficient erosive agent, with Martian winds transporting dust from place to place and erasing surface features much faster than meteoritic impacts alone can obliterate them.
火星表面的另一個突出特征是隕石坑。水手計劃中的宇宙飛船發(fā)現(xiàn)在火星表面布滿來自太空的流星撞擊表面形成的隕石坑，火星的兩顆衛(wèi)星也是如此。與我們的月球類似，那些較小的隕石坑經(jīng)常被一些物質(zhì)填滿(主要是灰塵)，這表明火星是一個干燥的沙漠世界。然而，與月球相比，火星上的隕石坑被填滿的速度明顯要快很多。在月球上，那些直徑不足100米(對應深度大約在20米)的古老隕石坑主要因流星沖擊而形成的塵埃的緣故而被填平了。而在火星上，只有相當少的一部分隕石坑直徑小于5千米?；鹦谴髿馐且环N強效的腐蝕劑，加之火星上的風把灰塵從一個地方卷到另一個地方，較之僅僅是因流星沖擊而形成的塵埃的作用，(火星上的)地表特征被消除得更快。
As on the Moon, the extent of large impact cratering (i.e. craters too big to have been filled in by erosion since they were formed) serves as an age indicator for the Martian surface. Age estimates ranging from four billion years for Mars’s southern highlands to a few hundred million years in the youngest volcanic areas were obtained in this way.
與在我們的月球上相同，那些巨大隕石坑的范圍(例如，那些巨大到自形成后尚未被塵埃填滿的隕石坑)充當著火星表面年齡指示器的角色。從火星南部高地的40億年至最年輕的火山地區(qū)的幾千萬年都是用同樣的方法估算的。
The detailed appearance of Martian impact craters provides an important piece of information about conditions just below the planet’s surface. Martian craters are surrounded by ejecta (debris formed as a result of an impact) that looks quite different from its lunar counterparts. A comparison of the Copernicus crater on the Moon with the (fairly typical) crater Yuty on Mars demonstrates the differences. The ejecta surrounding the lunar crater is just what one would expect from an explosion ejecting a large volume of dust, soil, and boulders. However, the ejecta on Mars gives the distinct impression of a liquid that has splashed or flowed out of crater. Geologists think that this fluidized ejecta crater indicates that a layer of permafrost, or water ice, lies just a few meters under the surface. Explosive impacts heated and liquefied the ice, resulting in the fluid appearance of the ejecta.
火星表面隕石坑的具體外貌為揭示該行星表面狀況提供了非常重要的信息?；鹦请E石坑周邊布滿了噴出物(因撞擊而形成的碎片)，這與月球上的隕石坑看起來非常不同。對比月球上的哥白尼隕石坑與火星上(相當?shù)湫偷?尤蒂隕石坑可以看出不同。月球上隕石坑周邊的噴出物正如我們以為的那樣，一場爆炸噴出的大量的灰塵、土壤和巖石。然而，火星(上的隕石坑周邊的)噴出物則因飛濺而出或溢出的液體給人留下了深刻的印象。地質(zhì)學家認為這種具有流體化噴出物的隕石坑指示了在火星地表下幾米處存在永凍土層或水冰。爆炸性的撞擊加熱并液化了這些冰，結(jié)果導致這些噴出物呈現(xiàn)流體狀的特征。
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