托福閱讀的考試想拿高分，平時(shí)的積累很重要，出國留學(xué)網(wǎng)托福欄目小編整理了相關(guān)的資料，希望可以幫助考生度過考試的難關(guān)，下面是小編搜集的托福閱讀背景知識(shí)：獅子測(cè)試的相關(guān)資訊，歡迎參考!
托福閱讀背景知識(shí)：獅子測(cè)試
Itroduction：
Mirror Self – recognition
登蓋洛普基于這些觀察制定了一個(gè)測(cè)試,試圖通過判斷動(dòng)物是否能夠辨別出它在鏡中的像是它自己而判斷其自我認(rèn)知能力。在實(shí)驗(yàn)中,實(shí)驗(yàn)者在動(dòng)物身上標(biāo)上兩個(gè)無味的顏料斑點(diǎn)。測(cè)試斑點(diǎn)被置于動(dòng)物身體上在鏡中可見的部分,而對(duì)照斑點(diǎn)則放在動(dòng)物身體上可觸及但不可見的地方?？茖W(xué)家們觀察到動(dòng)物的許多反應(yīng)可以顯示它意識(shí)到測(cè)試斑點(diǎn)是在自己身上,而同時(shí)忽視對(duì)照斑點(diǎn)。這些反應(yīng)包括轉(zhuǎn)身和調(diào)整身體姿勢(shì)以便更好地觀察鏡中的標(biāo)記,或在看鏡子的時(shí)候用肢體試圖觸碰自己身上的標(biāo)記。
Background information：
The mirror test, sometimes called the marktest or the mirror self-recognition test (MSR), is a behavioral techniquedeveloped in 1970 by psychologist Gordon Gallup Jr. to determine whether anon-human animal possesses the ability of self-recognition. Similarobservations are used as an indicator of entrance to the mirror stage by humanchildren in developmental psychology.
A large number of studies have investigatedthe occurrence of mirror-induced, self-directed behavior in animals of a greatrange of species. Most animals given a mirror respond with social behavior,such as aggressive displays, and continue to do so during repeated testing.However, only a small number of species have passed the Mirror Test. It shouldalso be noted that even in the chimpanzee, the species most studied and withthe most convincing findings, clear-cut evidence of self-recognition is notobtained in all individuals tested. Prevalence is about 75% in young adults andconsiderably less in young and aging individuals.
Knowledge points：
1. 鏡子測(cè)試是 1970 年由心理學(xué)家戈登發(fā)明的用來測(cè)試非人的動(dòng)物是否具有自我識(shí)別的能力的測(cè)試。
2. 大多數(shù)動(dòng)物在鏡子測(cè)試中出現(xiàn)社會(huì)行為,比如一些有侵略性的動(dòng)作,并且在測(cè)試中重復(fù)這些行為。然而,只有一小類動(dòng)物通過了鏡子測(cè)試。需要注意的是,即使在黑猩猩這個(gè)物種之中,自我識(shí)別的能力不是存在在每一個(gè)個(gè)體身上。
Vocabulary prediction：
Chimpanzee 黑猩猩
Primate 靈長(zhǎng)目動(dòng)物
Gorilla 大猩猩
Corvidae 鴉科
Empathy 同感,共鳴
Magpie 喜鵲
Test Point – TPO28L2
Professor
As you know, researchers have long beeninterested in discovering exactly how intelligent animals are. Today we aregoing to talk about a particular cognitive ability some animals seem tohave—the ability to recognize themselves in a mirror.
Student
Oh. I’ve heard about that. Chimpanzees haveit.
Professor
Right. Chimpanzees and other primates,chimps, gorillas, orangutans, and of course, humans. But it’s also been foundin elephants and bottlenose dolphins, a bit of a surprise. It’s very rare. Mostanimals don’t have it. And it’s called mirror self-recognition, or MSR.
Student
Well, how does it work? I mean, how doresearchers know if elephants or chimps recognize themselves?
Professor
Researchers give them a mirror mark test.In the mirror mark test, researchers put a mark on the animal where the animalis unable to see it or smell it or feel it, like on the side of their head,without looking in the mirror.
Now, typically, when animals first seethemselves in the mirror, they think they are seeing another animal. Often theywill look for this animal behind the mirror. They may even exhibit aggressivebehavior.
But some animals, after this period ofexploration, exhibit behaviors that show they know they are looking atthemselves. For instance, elephants will touch the mark on their heads withtheir trunks.
Now, it’s been assumed that primates andsome other mammals stood alone at the top of the hierarchy of cognitiveevolution. But recently, birds have been found to possess some of the samecognitive abilities! In particular, researchers have discovered these abilitiesin corvids, birds of the corvidae family.
Knowledge points
1.在鏡子記號(hào)測(cè)試中,測(cè)試人員在動(dòng)物看不到,聞不到也感覺不到的地方做標(biāo)記,比如說在它們的頭上,不通過鏡子它們是看不到這個(gè)記號(hào)的。
2.一般情況下,當(dāng)動(dòng)物第一次看到鏡子時(shí),他們認(rèn)為是看到另一個(gè)動(dòng)物。有的時(shí)候它們甚至?xí)们致孕缘男袨椤?/span>
3.但是一些動(dòng)物,經(jīng)過一段時(shí)間的探索之后,它們知道它們是看到了自己。比如,大象會(huì)用鼻子去碰觸它們頭上的記號(hào)。
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