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托福閱讀難題實例解析
一、在托福閱讀中，經(jīng)常會遇到指代類問題。
這類問題跟考察詞匯意思的問題相似。
通常形式為：The word X in the passage refers to，X為代詞，在文中用陰影標出。題目中的四個選項多出自原文，但只有一個詞是X所指帶的詞。
我們先來看一個例子：
The astrological nature of the Mayan use of astronomical data explains in part why so few written records exist of that data. The Mayans believed that the passage of the sun continued throughout the night, only, then, it was traveling through the underworld. This was believed to be a perilous journey, with many demonic figures lurking in the darkness, waiting to ambush the sun to prevent it from returning to the sky at dawn. .
Question: The word it in the passage refers to
A. night
B. sun
C. passage
D. data
正確答案為B。
從上一句可以看出，這句話描述的是太陽的運動軌跡，其它選項都不正確。
Strategies to answer this question：
1. 讀問題，確定指代詞類型;
2. 將指代詞定位到原文中，閱讀上下文，確定答案。通常答案會在指代詞前面出現(xiàn);
3. 將答案放到原文中，檢查上下文是否通順合理。
這類問題其實并不是很難，大家只要仔細認真，就可以得分。
二、還有一類題型經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)，那就是paraphrase。
這類問題需要大家在給出的選項選擇與文章中的長難句意義相近的一句話。
這類問題還是有一定難度的，因為選項中存在一些干擾項。
那么這類問題有哪些解題技巧呢?
Strategies to answer this question：
1. 劃分句子主謂賓，充分理解句子意思;
2. 將句子大意用自己的話復(fù)述一遍，簡化句子成分;
3. 看問題選項中有沒有跟剛復(fù)述的句子意義相似的句子;
4. 選出正確答案后，看一下其他錯誤選項。這些錯誤選項有的意思跟原文不同，有的漏掉了原文中的重要內(nèi)容。找出這些錯誤，確保萬無一失。
Example:
大家先來看一個例子：
Rather than sell the painting, which is most likely worth millions of dollars, the Jesuits decided to make it available to the nation of Ireland for viewing. Thus, the painting is on “indefinite loan” to the National Gallery of Ireland. Nevertheless, the painting continues its travels as it features in exhibitions around the world, from the United States to Amsterdam.
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence?
a. The National Gallery of Ireland now owns the painting.
b. The National Gallery of Ireland bought the painting from the Jesuits.
c. The National Gallery of Ireland can display the painting, but the Jesuits still own it.
d. The National Gallery of Ireland can display the painting as long as they allow it to travel.
想要回答正確，就要準確理解文中indefinite loan的意思。”Loan”可以理解為an object is being lent，那么這句話的意思就很明白了。盡管愛爾蘭國家畫廊展出了這幅畫，但他的所有者仍是Jesuits。
這樣就可以排除A項跟B項。D項應(yīng)改為：while the gallery can display the painting—this is not contingent upon it traveling.
三、在托福閱讀中，每篇文中后多會有一道總結(jié)文章大意的問題。
題目會給出選項，大家要選出3個可以概括文章大意或主要信息的選項。
這3個正確選項與原文的用詞并不一致，要求大家更好地理解文章。
其他的錯誤選項會在一些細節(jié)上出現(xiàn)錯誤，或是陳述并不重要的細節(jié)或概念。
這一題主要考察大家的總結(jié)能力，以及辨析重要信息的能力。
這一題的分值為2分，分數(shù)會根據(jù)選出了幾個正確答案而定。如果只選出兩個正確答案，只會得1分。
Strategies to answer this question：
1. 通讀全文，理解大意。通常每一段的第一句或最后一句為作者的觀點，因此要特別注意。
2. 排除有細節(jié)錯誤的選項。在除的過程中，大家要將選項定位到原文中，理解原文所表達的意思，再看選項是否與之相符。
3. 抓住關(guān)鍵詞。
4. 排除文中并沒有出現(xiàn)的信息。一些選項中出現(xiàn)了文中并沒有提到的信息，大家要注意辨認。
5. 不要專注于一些很小的細節(jié)。
Example:
下面我們就拿之前做過的一篇文章為例：
The Caravaggio Mystery
Italian painter Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (1571-1610), usually known simply as “Caravaggio,” had a dramatic life, of which parts remain mysterious to scholars even today. Why, then, would it be a surprise that mysteries also surround his work? For example, The Taking of Christ, one of his paintings that had been considered lost since the eighteenth century, was rediscovered in 1990. It had hung, seemingly unrecognized, in the dining room of the Society of the Jesuits in Dublin, Ireland, for more than fifty years. The discovery that the painting was, indeed, a Caravaggio, led many to wonder how such a treasure could be hidden—seemingly in plain sight.
The first clue historians have about The Taking of Christ is in the 1603 accounts of an Italian nobleman, Ciriaco Mattei, who paid 125 “scudi” for “a painting with its frame of Christ taken in the garden.” At the time, Caravaggio’s style, with its striking use of light and dark, was admired and often imitated by both students and fellow artists.
However, trends in the art world come and go, and two centuries later, Caravaggio’s work had fallen out of favor with collectors. In fact, it wouldn’t be until the 1950s that a Caravaggio “renaissance” occurred, and interest in the artist was renewed.
In the meantime, The Taking of Christ had traveled far and wide. Ironically, it was the Mattei family itself that originally misidentified the work, though several centuries after the original purchase. In 1802, the family sold it as a Honthorst to a Scottish collector. This collector kept it in his home until his death in 1921. By 1921, The Taking of Christ—now firmly attributed to Gerard van Honthorst—was auctioned off in Edinburgh for eight guineas. This would have probably been a fair price if the work had been a van Honthorst; for a true Caravaggio, though, it was the bargain of the century. An Irish doctor bought the painting and donated it to the Dublin Jesuit Society the following decade.
From the 1930s onward, The Taking of Christ hung in the offices of the Dublin Jesuits. However, the Jesuits, who had a number of old paintings in their possession, decided to bring in a conservator to discuss restoring them in the early 1990s. Sergio Benedetti, the Senior Conservator at the National Gallery of Ireland, went to the building to examine the paintings and oversee their restoration. Decades of dirt, including smoke from the fireplace above which it hung, had to be removed from the painting before Benedetti began to suspect that the painting was not a copy of the original, but the original itself.
Two graduate students from the University of Rome, Francesca Cappelletti and Laura Testa, were primarily responsible for verifying that Caravaggio did, in fact, create this version of the painting. Over years of research, they found the 1603 Mattei accounts. The verification of the painting, though, went far beyond this circumstantial evidence. Certifying that a painting came from a certain artist’s hand is not easy, though forensic science that wouldn’t have been available in the 1920s helped to attribute the work to Caravaggio definitively. The canvas underwent a number of treatments. It was X-rayed and scanned with an infrared light. The cracks on the surface of the painting (known in the industry as “craquelure”) were studied. Furthermore, The Taking of Christ underwent much analysis by art historians, who studied the form and color in the painting to determine its authenticity. For example, Caravaggio never used sketches to set up the composition of his paintings. Instead, he made marks with the end of his brush as he painted—marks that can still be visible today.
Of course, the verification of the painting required entire teams of people, in addition to the three mentioned above, and took years. By 1993, the announcement was finally made that the long-lost Caravaggio had been found. Rather than sell the painting, which is most likely worth millions of dollars, the Jesuits decided to make it available to the nation of Ireland for viewing. Thus, the painting is on “indefinite loan” to the National Gallery of Ireland. Nevertheless, the painting continues its travels as it features in exhibitions around the world, from the United States to Amsterdam. In 2010, it even travelled back to Rome to be displayed for the 400th anniversary of the painter’s death. A fitting tribute, many would say, to a mysterious master.
Question：An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentence do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.
Caravaggio’s painting The Taking of Christ was rediscovered in 1993.
1. This painting shows stylistic similarities to other works by Caravaggio.
2. It took many experts years to verify the painting’s authenticity.
3. Originally bought by the Mattei family, the painting’s trail was lost in the 1800s.
4. Caravaggio’s art has fallen in and out of favor.
5. The painting hung in the dining room of the Jesuit Society for decades before being rediscovered.
做題時，不要看選項，自己先總結(jié)，回想自己究竟讀到了什么，這是很有幫助的。讀完文章，自己先總結(jié)一下文章大意，這篇文章講課什么?
這篇文章的大意是什么呢?這篇文章主要講了本以為丟失的畫作被找到了。文章是怎樣體現(xiàn)這一主要意思的呢?是通過3、5講述畫作的丟失，然后2講述找回作品。因此正確答案為2、3、5.
做題時，大家要注意選項中出現(xiàn)的一些文中的單詞，有些歪曲了原文的意思。
對于選項1，根據(jù)原文給出的信息，我們對Caravaggio’s style并沒有確切的了解。而選項4中所講的Caravaggio的受歡迎程度只是一個很小的細節(jié)，并不是文章的主要意思。
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