在此我們把托福閱讀歸類為9大題型，我們會逐題為您實(shí)例講解托福閱讀題型，今天為您講解詞匯題、指代題、句子簡化題、句子插入題、細(xì)節(jié)題，下文《托福閱讀題型解析（一）》由出國留學(xué)網(wǎng)托福頻道為您整理，歡迎您訪問出國留學(xué)網(wǎng)瀏覽更多考試資訊。
詞匯題 Vocabulary questions
在托?？荚嚠?dāng)中，詞匯題的主要目的是考察考生能否識別詞匯在陌生語境中的含義。既然強(qiáng)調(diào)語境，那么通過識別生詞附近的語境含義，往往可以推測出生詞的含義。我們來看一道新托福考試官方指南上的題目：
Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert.
6. The word exposed in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ Explained
○ Visible
○ Identified
○ Located
這道題目很多同學(xué)會選擇第四個選項(locate： 坐落于…)，將這個含義帶入到語句當(dāng)中，意思也通順，指Basilosaurus 坐落于撒哈拉沙漠。但是這里需要注意的是，托福的詞匯題并不是選項帶入搭配合適就一定能找到正確答案，而是應(yīng)該從語境入手來選擇。正確的做法是，首先查看生詞附近有無并列，轉(zhuǎn)折等語境上的含義暗示。本句當(dāng)中，生詞的前方有“and”來暗示并列，而從句子結(jié)構(gòu)來看，前半句中的動詞“found”，意思是“找到，發(fā)現(xiàn)”，那么后半句的exposed 對應(yīng)語境也應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)發(fā)現(xiàn)某物，即找到，或者看見某物。因此這道題目的正確答案選擇B(visible：可看見的)。
指代題 Reference questions
指代題在托?？荚囍蓄}量大約為0-2 個，主要考察學(xué)生能否找到原文中代詞的指代對象。解決指代題最基本的原則為：單復(fù)數(shù)與人稱一致，前指且符合句意。
It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on land.
5. The word it in the passage refers to
○ Pakicetus
○ Fish
○ Life
○ ocean
本句代詞作主語，在結(jié)構(gòu)上指代上一句話主句中的名詞主語，即A 選項的Pakicetus。也可以采用帶入的方法，將選項逐一帶入，符合搭配的只有A 選項，其余選項，B fish魚類，C life 生命，D ocean 海洋， 都無法“bred and gave birth，哺育后代”。 目前十大題型中的指代題基本已經(jīng)不考，但是相應(yīng)的指代的原則有可能融入到其他題目中考查，最常見的考查方式即放在句子簡化題或者句子插入題中一并考查。
句子簡化題 Sentence Simplification questions
句子簡化題是新題型之一，在這里我們先講解一下。對于句子簡化題，有一些題目如果句子不長，我們做題的基本原則就是：同義替換。找到原句中的關(guān)鍵詞在選項當(dāng)中進(jìn)行同義替換。例如，
In evolutionary history, the development of language set humans apart from the rest of the animal kingdom. Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Humans evolved as the most powerful species after they are developed language.
B. The creation of human language has its origins in the language of animals.
C. The emergence of language distinguished early humans from other animals.
D. Humans and animals developed completed different systems of communication.
先來看題干：Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
該題要求從選項中選擇一個能夠表達(dá)原文陰影句子核心信息的句子。很多同學(xué)采用翻譯的方法做題，即首先翻譯原句，然后逐個翻譯四個選項。這種做法不僅浪費(fèi)時間，而且對我們讀句子的能力要求極高。更好的做法是，首先判斷句子的核心信息。這是考題當(dāng)中為數(shù)不多的原句比較簡單的句子釋義題，原句的核心概念在于強(qiáng)調(diào)區(qū)分(apart from)。因此找到同義替換，即是C 項當(dāng)中的distinguished。但是大多數(shù)題目的原文不會是一個簡單句，多數(shù)是帶有邏輯關(guān)系的復(fù)雜句。那么簡單的同義替換技巧就無法操作了。如何快速解決這種題型呢?我們主要分兩個部分來解析。
其實(shí)，我們在讀原句的時候并不需要完整的徹底的攝取信息，相反，我們通過快速瀏覽，只需要關(guān)注兩個關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)：一是原句當(dāng)中的表示程度，頻率的詞，二是原句當(dāng)中的邏輯關(guān)系。并不需要吸收所有信息，只需要快速瀏覽將所關(guān)注的信息點(diǎn)抓住即可，這樣便節(jié)省了大量的時間。
The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.
B. Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth.
C. The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.
D. Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.
解題思路：
句子中最核心的信息首先就是該句的邏輯關(guān)系。原句的邏輯關(guān)系可以由result from 來判斷，為因果關(guān)系。借此我們就可以縮小選項范圍，首先排除掉C,D 選項。剩下的A,B 兩個選項均包含因果的邏輯關(guān)系。接下來我們可以根據(jù)句子的第二種核心信息：主語，來判斷。原句的主語是Desertification 沙漠化，而B 項的主語是Slowing down the process of desertification 減緩沙漠化進(jìn)程。所以排除掉B 選項，A 為正確答案。
將通過程度詞解題和借助邏輯關(guān)系解題結(jié)合起來，對于解答帶有邏輯關(guān)系的復(fù)雜句的釋義題很有幫助。我們看下面這道題目：
It is one of the most important sensations because it is translated into a negative reaction, such as withdrawal from danger.
Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Escaping from danger is a negative reaction, but it is the most important thing an individual learns.
B. The ability to sense pain is extremely important because pain signals the body to respond to a threat.
C. Experiencing pain is one type of reaction to a negative stimulus; another type is avoiding danger.
D. We experience a lot of sensations, and the most important ones are translated into appropriate actions.
瀏覽原句，從because 可以看出邏輯關(guān)系為因果關(guān)系，并且原句當(dāng)中有絕對化詞匯most。僅僅憑借most 這個程度很強(qiáng)的詞匯我們可以排除C 選項。因為原文當(dāng)中帶有絕對化詞匯而選項中沒有，那么這個選項為必錯選項。接下來利用邏輯關(guān)系排除A 項，A 中為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。而B 恰恰有because 這個詞，此外B 中的extremely 可以作為most的同義替換。正確答案為B。
幾乎每一篇文章后面都會有一道釋義題，因此考生應(yīng)加強(qiáng)練習(xí)。平時在閱讀文章，或者報刊雜志的時候不僅僅要把注意力放在讀懂原文上，還應(yīng)該注意原文的邏輯關(guān)系，培養(yǎng)根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系思考的習(xí)慣。另外，一些程度詞的存在也會影響我們對原文的精確理解，平時閱讀的時候應(yīng)當(dāng)多加關(guān)注。
句子插入題 Insert Text questions
█ Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in all people. █ Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. █ In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. █ He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were
being depicted in them.
12. Look at the four squares █ that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
This universality in the recognition of emotions was demonstrated by using rather simple methods.
Where would the sentence best fit?
Click on a square [ ■ ] to add the sentence to the passage.
托福欄目推薦訪問：
托福報名注意事項
詳解新托福與舊托福的區(qū)別