在2014年5月17日的托福閱讀考試中有這樣一道題：針孔攝像機(jī)。針對(duì)這道托福考題，出國(guó)留學(xué)網(wǎng)(www.liuxue86.com)小編來(lái)為大家普及一下關(guān)于針孔攝像機(jī)的背景知識(shí)，這樣有助于考生在面對(duì)這類(lèi)題目時(shí)方便作答。小編在此提醒大家：TPO中，與本文在題材與結(jié)構(gòu)都非常相似的文章是TPO22的The Birth of Photography.這篇文章的第二段第二句提到了camera obscura。
托福閱讀真題再現(xiàn)：
版本一：第二篇是講攝影暗盒技術(shù)obscura，一個(gè)叫hockney的英國(guó)當(dāng)代畫(huà)家研究了400個(gè)畫(huà)家來(lái)證明中世紀(jì)的人用暗盒來(lái)輔助畫(huà)畫(huà)，以維米爾為例子。講了他的畫(huà)如何被認(rèn)為是使用了該技術(shù)，后面提到了一些畫(huà)家都使用過(guò)，還總結(jié)了一幅畫(huà)中使用了該技術(shù)的特征，最后說(shuō)了這個(gè)技術(shù)并不能抹殺畫(huà)家本身的實(shí)力。
版本二：一開(kāi)始說(shuō)了相機(jī)成的像是倒置的(標(biāo)題旁邊圖 類(lèi)似小孔成像)。后面通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)用鏡子可以改變倒置的像。接著說(shuō)了對(duì)藝術(shù)家的影響，具體舉了一個(gè)畫(huà)家的例子，說(shuō)他的畫(huà)可能就是受了相機(jī)的影響。但是由于沒(méi)有對(duì)此的記錄，作者覺(jué)得大概是這個(gè)畫(huà)家不想讓大家知道他受了相機(jī)的影響。接著又說(shuō)到了很多畫(huà)家也可能受到了相機(jī)的影響。最后一段說(shuō)即使相機(jī)出現(xiàn) 但是畫(huà)家還是要有自己在畫(huà)畫(huà)上的造詣 并把這些與相機(jī)的特點(diǎn)結(jié)合起來(lái)。
版本三： 有些畫(huà)家沒(méi)節(jié)操，用小孔成像技術(shù)畫(huà)畫(huà)還不讓別人知道，然后他舉了個(gè)例子說(shuō)有個(gè)荷蘭的畫(huà)家，叫VIE神馬的(達(dá)芬奇?)，畫(huà)畫(huà)不讓人家看也不收徒弟，可能就是因?yàn)樗昧诉@個(gè)技術(shù)。不過(guò)作者后來(lái)又說(shuō)，其實(shí)有時(shí)候這個(gè)技術(shù)沒(méi)啥用，因?yàn)樽詈筮€得看個(gè)人。
詞匯：camera obscura n.針孔攝像機(jī)
解析：本文圍繞針孔攝像機(jī)的發(fā)明對(duì)于油畫(huà)藝術(shù)的主要影響主題為展開(kāi)論證。文章從三個(gè)角度切入，探討針孔攝像機(jī)對(duì)于油畫(huà)藝術(shù)的影響，這三個(gè)角度恰恰是最后一題文章總結(jié)題的三個(gè)答案。每個(gè)觀點(diǎn)獨(dú)立成段且每段有清晰的主題句的可能性非常大。TPO中，與本文在題材與結(jié)構(gòu)都非常相似的文章是TPO22的The Birth of Photography.這篇文章的第二段第二句提到了camera obscura。
托福閱讀相關(guān)背景：
Camera obscura
This article is about an optical device. For other uses, see Camera obscura (disambiguation).
A drawing of a camera obscura
Camerae obscurae forDaguerreotype called "Grand Photographe" produced by Charles Chevalier (Musée des Arts et Métiers)
A projection of an image of the New Royal Palace in Prague Castlecreated with a camera obscura
The camera obscura (Latin; camera for "vaulted chamber/room", obscura for "dark", together "darkened chamber/room"; plural: camera obscuras or camerae obscurae) is an optical device that projects an image of its surroundings on a screen. It is used in drawing and for entertainment, and was one of the inventions that led to photography and the camera. The device consists of a box or room with a hole in one side. Light from an external scene passes through the hole and strikes a surface inside, where it is reproduced, rotated 180 degrees (thus upside-down), but with color and perspective preserved. The image can be projected onto paper, and can then be traced to produce a highly accurate representation.The largest camera obscura in the world is on Constitution Hill in Aberystwyth, Wales.[1]
Using mirrors, as in the 18th-century overhead version (illustrated in the History section below), it is possible to project a right-side-up image. Another more portable type is a box with an angled mirror projecting onto tracing paper placed on the glass top, the image being upright as viewed from the back.
As the pinhole is made smaller, the image gets sharper, but the projected image becomes dimmer. With too small a pinhole, however, the sharpness worsens, due to diffraction. Some practical camera obscuras use a lens rather than a pinhole because it allows a largeraperture, giving a usable brightness while maintaining focus. (See pinhole camera for construction information.)
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