托?？荚嚪譃槁犃?、閱讀、寫作和口語四部分。出國留學(xué)網(wǎng)托福頻道根據(jù)托?？荚囶}型構(gòu)成，為各位考生提供了托福聽力、托?？谡Z、托福作文、托福閱讀四個方向的復(fù)習(xí)資料，歡迎大家參考借鑒。
眾所周知，英語是一種表達意義十分精確，高度形式化和邏輯化的語言，這主要表現(xiàn)在它的嚴(yán)格的句法結(jié)構(gòu)方面。英語句子以動詞為核心，排列順序為主謂賓(SVO)或者主謂(SV)，一般來講，句子必須完備，各組成部分很少省略，尤其是主語更不能省略。一些無主語的句子如“下雨了”，必須加上一個邏輯主語it, 翻譯為“ It is raining”;對標(biāo)點符號的要求非常嚴(yán)格;句子和句內(nèi)之間各因素也要用形式邏輯關(guān)系詞鏈接，因此說英語是“法治”的并不為過。
新托?？荚囎鳛橐环N針對母語非英語的人進行的英語水平考試，不可避免地會測試到考生的語法水平，而新托福閱讀考試尤為如此。盡管托福考試由PBT演變?yōu)镃BT, 而最終演變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)在的IBT, 但其對考生們語法的考查卻絲毫未變。也就是說考生要想在新托福閱讀考試中取得好成績，除了要把握新托福閱讀考試的思路，熟練運用解題技巧，保證詞匯量達到一定水平的同時，語法的提高也是必不可少的。因此專家建議考生們一定要在準(zhǔn)備考試的過程中配備新托福閱讀的第二把劍——語法。
新托福閱讀考試中雖然沒有單獨的考查考生語法的題目，但很多題目的解答都依賴于考生們的語法基礎(chǔ)，其中尤以句子簡化題和插入文本題為甚。
句子簡化題在新托福閱讀考試中通常一篇文章只有一題，雖然量不多，但是如果考生的語法很棒，這種題可謂是“送分題”。因為這種題型的主要考查目的是：考查考生們理解文章中某一特定復(fù)雜句子所傳達的基本內(nèi)容，并不受細枝末節(jié)的干擾，用簡化的句子表達原句基本內(nèi)容的能力。因此，考生們的語法水平在解題過程中就顯得尤為重要。以O(shè)G Practice Set 4 (Aggression)中的第8題為例：
The Cognitive Approach. Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by our values, by the ways in which we interpret our situations, and by choice. For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified – as during wartime – are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.
8. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○ People who believe that they are fighting a just war act aggressively while those who believe that they are fighting an unjust war do not.
○ People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified are more likely to act aggressively than those who believe differently.
○ People who normally do not believe that aggression is necessary and justified may act aggressively during wartime.
○ People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified do not necessarily act aggressively during wartime.
分析：題目中陰影句子的主句為“people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified – as during wartime – are likely to act aggressively”，其中“who believe that aggression is necessary and justified”為people的定語從句，因此該主句部分翻譯為“相信攻擊或者侵略是必要和公正(就如在戰(zhàn)爭時期)的人可能會有攻擊性或者侵略性行為”;而“whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively”是whereas引導(dǎo)的表示對比、對立或者直接相反的狀語從句，其中“who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified,”是該從句中限定“people”的定語從句，因此該狀語從句意為“然而那些認為某場戰(zhàn)爭或侵略行為是不公正的，或者相信侵略是不合理的人，有攻擊性或者侵略性行為的可能性更小一些”。陰影部分的句子主要是把持有不同看法的人的行為的可能性做了對比，因此答案選第二個更合理。
雅思閱讀考試中的插入文本題通常也是每篇文章出現(xiàn)一題，但是它和句子簡化題一樣，只要考生的語法夠好，這種題的解答可謂不費吹灰之力。因為這種題型主要考查考生對句子和句子之間邏輯關(guān)系的理解。以O(shè)G Practice Set 6 (SWIMMING MACHINES)中的第11題為例：
Again, supersonic jets have similar features.
■ Because they are always swimming, tunas simply have to open their mouths and water is forced in and over their gills.■ Accordingly, they have lost most of the muscles that other fishes use to suck in water and push it past the gills.■In fact, tunas must swim to breathe.■ They must also keep swimming to keep from sinking, since most have largely or completely lost the swim bladder, the gas-filled sac that helps most other fish remain buoyant.
Look at the four squares (■) that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.
Consequently, tunas do not need to suck in water.
Where could the sentence best fit?
分析：首先讀被插入的句子，其句首的“Consequently”一詞表明該句和前一句的內(nèi)容之間的邏輯關(guān)系應(yīng)該是因果關(guān)系，而被插入的句子意為“因此，金槍魚不需要吸入水”。讀原文中的內(nèi)容，原文中對應(yīng)的第一句話翻譯為“因為金槍魚總是在游泳，它們只需要張開嘴，水就會涌入它們的腮”，利用邏輯關(guān)系來判斷，我們便可以確定題目中的句子應(yīng)該插入在第二個方塊出現(xiàn)的地方。
其他題型的考查重點雖然不是語法，但是語法也會嚴(yán)重影響題目的理解和答題。建議考生們把新托福閱讀中常涉及的語法知識掌握好，比如定語從句、狀語從句、賓語從句、主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句、分詞、動名詞、不定式、倒裝、強調(diào)句式等。