1、學會快速審題、列提綱
由于托?？荚嚥⒉皇强疾榭忌恼碌倪壿嬓院瓦壿嬌疃龋虼藳]有必要費盡周折去深思熟慮，應該盡可能快速地就一個題目展開1-3個層次，然后輔之以足夠的細節(jié)和例子，完成審題和列提綱的工作。
托福題目的身體要達到快速，主要有兩套思路：一是邏輯判斷標準的拆分，也就是所謂的萬能理由通用思維；二是具體化、分情況、分領域拆開討論。
第一個套路：萬能理由、通用思維：
對于一個想法，本來就并沒有什么萬能理由，只是將“好壞”這個概念進行多項拆分，就可以形成萬能理由的構造：
· 對于微觀和宏觀都適用的判斷標準：
（1）有效率（節(jié)約時間）；（2）方便（步驟少，麻煩少）；（3）省錢；（4）安全（不威脅健康、不威脅生命/不怕壞人、不含放射性、不具有摧毀力、抗災害能力強）；（5）耐久（保存時間長）；（6）環(huán)保（污染少）
· 主要對于微觀適用（針對個人）的判斷標準：
（7）健康（空氣、醫(yī)療條件。生活壓力、運動、溫飽……）；（8）樂趣（人多的樂趣、人少的樂趣、娛樂項目的樂趣、技術進步的樂趣……）；（9）成就感；（10）生活質量（設施、工作壓力……）；（11）身邊的其他人（朋友、家人……）
· 主要對于宏觀適用（針對國家和社會）的判斷標準：
（12）經濟（農業(yè)、工業(yè)、貿易、證券市場；通貨膨脹（物價）、失業(yè)）；（13）政治（法律、民主（自由））；（14）文化（藝術、傳統(tǒng)）；（15）技術進步（交通、通信、太空探險）；（16）資源與環(huán)境（能源、環(huán)境污染）
萬能理由往往可以很好地適用于偏好類的題目，因為這些題目是直接探討好壞的，但也同時使用于有些觀點類的題目，但是有一些觀點類的題目，由于本身范圍小，所以很難用萬能理由直接構造層次，而需要用下面的第二個套路或者索性直接構思一些對應的理由或層次。
這些萬能理由之所以會成為萬能理由，是因為它給分析一個題目提供了通用的視角，但想要真正實用出來，還需要（1）花時間在很多題目中應用一遍并記住其中最主要的元素；（2）熟悉常用是教唆常用的單詞和句型，掌握這些詞匯句型的適用范圍和正確用法；（3）能在所用的視角下找到足夠的細節(jié)或例子。
第二個套路：具體化、分情況、分領域直接拆分：
獨立寫作的題目并無對錯，所以如果硬要直接闡述，很可能會找不出理由或者理由抽象而牽強，因此對于無法使用萬能理由的題目，往往需要對題目內容進行以下兩種拆分。
（1）具體化題目中的某個抽象概念從而形成拆分：
· People should sometimes do things that they do not enjoy doing.
分析：在這個題目中，“人們不喜歡做的事”是一個抽象概念，可以細分為“作業(yè)”、“家務”、“考試”三個層面去談。
· Progress is always good.
分析：在這道題目中，“進步”是一個抽象概念，可以細分為“方便食品”、“便捷交通”、“電腦通訊”三個層面去談。
（2）分情況、分領域討論：
Parents are the best teachers.
分析：在這道題目中，很難直接考慮家長是不是最好的老師，所以可以換個思維，考慮“在什么情況下”或者“遇到什么問題時”，比如“設計獨立旅行的安全問題時”，“當社會進步太快，價值觀出現(xiàn)變化時”，“當家長在某一領域有一技之長時”。
Many people have a close relationship with their pets. These people treat their birds, cats, or other animals as members of their family. In your opinion, are such relationships good?
分析：在這道題目中，很難直接考慮寵物和人的關系對人不好，因此可以換個思維，考慮“對于小孩子來講”，“對于年輕夫婦來講”，“對于老年人來講”三個角度。
下一步：寫提綱
寫提綱式為了幫助考生確定并理清自己的思維。除了審題之外，寫提綱還需要為每個審題層次提供細節(jié)、例子或解釋，這樣才能在寫中間斷的時候有話可說，保證充實具體。以下是一個較為完整的提綱例子。
95.Goverment spending: Outer space exploration V.S Basic needs on Earth
· Opinion: Outer space exploration
· 1: better ways to produce food and clothing:
-- {ways to preserve and store food}
-- {ways to grow vegetables and fruits}
-- {new types of clothing}
· 2: important developments in communications technologies:
-- {Satelite communications} [→TV, telephone, GPS]
· 3: promote international cooperation
-- {international space station}
建議練習：
在題材分類訓練的基礎之上：
1、選出20-40個題目；
2、為這些題目列提綱，要求每個題目有2-3個層次；或者雖然只有1個層次，擔憂2-3層細節(jié)；
3、每個層次下面要有足夠的細節(jié)、例子、解釋。
2、學會中間段寫作中間段的寫作其實非常簡單，只需要把提綱中的信息按照順序寫成語句就行了，只是中國考生要學會邏輯連接、句式連接并避免抽象地空談。
比如：
A company has announced that it wishes to build a large factory near your community. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this new influence on your community. Do you support or oppose the factory? Explain your position.
假設考生寫的第一層是建工廠的好處，第二層是建工廠的壞處（注意這是一道比較/反差類題目）。現(xiàn)在我們寫第二層：建工廠對社區(qū)不好，而想寫的是環(huán)境方面的內容，提綱可以是：
Harmful: [pollution], not worth it
——Air: acid rain, ozone depletion ,greenhouse
——Water: drinking water
——Trees: floods and droughts
這個段落可以這樣寫：
Building large factories would be harmful to the community because it will induce environmental pollution. Factories, especially those emoloying toxic chemicals, will definitely destroy the quality of air and water in town. They generate smog and other atmospheric emissions which contribute to the greenhouse effect, ozone depletion and acid rain; they dump industrial waste into rivers which are supposed to be drinking water supply; they accelerate the deforestation which is proven to be responsible for abnormal floods and regional drought. And people's health is at stake. Having a few factories is not worth that risk.
再比如：
It is generally agreed that society benefits from the work of its members. Compare the contributions of artists to society with the contributions of scientists to society. Which type of contribution do you think is valued more by your society? Give specific reasons to support your answer.
假設考生寫的第一層是關于藝術家對社會的貢獻，第二層寫科學家對社會的貢獻，而想寫的內容是環(huán)境方面的，提綱可以寫成： · Scientists: more obvious
——Advancement: Plane, computer, vacuum cleaner
——Make our lives easier, more secure
——Help arts: CD, TV, movie, mp3
這個段落可以這樣寫：
The contributions scientists make to society are more obvious than those made by artists. Almost all the critical advancements that make our lives easier, such as the plane we take to travel abroad, the computers we use (whether for work or for entertainments), and the home appliances which help us cook our meals and clean our houses, come from the creative ideas and hard work of scientists. Those scientific discoveries and innovations make out work more efficient, our shopping more convenient, and our lives more secure. Plus, to some extent scientists even contribute a lot to the arts——without technological progress, there wouldn’t have been movie centers, television, and mp3 players which infuse art into ordinary people’s lives.
最后還有一例：
Some people believe that university students should be required to attend classes. Others believe that going to classes should be optional for students. Which point of view do you agree with? Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer.
假設考生要寫第三層：聽課使我們學會服從，聽課幫我們學會合作，聽課讓我們更深刻地理解肯本內容?，F(xiàn)在寫第二層：聽課讓我們學會合作，提綱如下： · Cooperation
——Group assignment: impossible for 1 person/ need different perspectives
——Cooperate: budget time, assign tasks, be perfect, express opinions
——Ready for challenges at work
這個段落就可以這樣寫：
Attending class teaches students how to cooperate with others. Different from students in primary or secondary school, university students are often given group assignments which are technically impossible for one person to finish in time or which have no universal answers and, therefore, need to be contemplated from various perspectives. As a result, boys and girls are forced to learn how to work with others for a common goal——such as how to budget time and assign tasks according to each person’s skills without causing “free-ride”, how to perfect your task without annoying other team mates, and how to express your opinion about other member’s work without triggering frictions or stupid fights. All of the above make college students mature and sensible, ready to meet the challenges they will soon face in the workplace. Therefore, attending classes is necessary for university students.
通過以上三個例子，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)其實最重要的是在列提綱的時候組織事實，中間段只是用正確的語句和詞匯表達這些事實。
建議練習：
1、選出10個列過提綱的題目；
2、為這些提綱的每一層設置2-3層細節(jié)；
3、把這些層次寫成中間段。
由于托?？荚嚥⒉皇强疾榭忌恼碌倪壿嬓院瓦壿嬌疃龋虼藳]有必要費盡周折去深思熟慮，應該盡可能快速地就一個題目展開1-3個層次，然后輔之以足夠的細節(jié)和例子，完成審題和列提綱的工作。
托福題目的身體要達到快速，主要有兩套思路：一是邏輯判斷標準的拆分，也就是所謂的萬能理由通用思維；二是具體化、分情況、分領域拆開討論。
第一個套路：萬能理由、通用思維：
對于一個想法，本來就并沒有什么萬能理由，只是將“好壞”這個概念進行多項拆分，就可以形成萬能理由的構造：
· 對于微觀和宏觀都適用的判斷標準：
（1）有效率（節(jié)約時間）；（2）方便（步驟少，麻煩少）；（3）省錢；（4）安全（不威脅健康、不威脅生命/不怕壞人、不含放射性、不具有摧毀力、抗災害能力強）；（5）耐久（保存時間長）；（6）環(huán)保（污染少）
· 主要對于微觀適用（針對個人）的判斷標準：
（7）健康（空氣、醫(yī)療條件。生活壓力、運動、溫飽……）；（8）樂趣（人多的樂趣、人少的樂趣、娛樂項目的樂趣、技術進步的樂趣……）；（9）成就感；（10）生活質量（設施、工作壓力……）；（11）身邊的其他人（朋友、家人……）
· 主要對于宏觀適用（針對國家和社會）的判斷標準：
（12）經濟（農業(yè)、工業(yè)、貿易、證券市場；通貨膨脹（物價）、失業(yè)）；（13）政治（法律、民主（自由））；（14）文化（藝術、傳統(tǒng)）；（15）技術進步（交通、通信、太空探險）；（16）資源與環(huán)境（能源、環(huán)境污染）
萬能理由往往可以很好地適用于偏好類的題目，因為這些題目是直接探討好壞的，但也同時使用于有些觀點類的題目，但是有一些觀點類的題目，由于本身范圍小，所以很難用萬能理由直接構造層次，而需要用下面的第二個套路或者索性直接構思一些對應的理由或層次。
這些萬能理由之所以會成為萬能理由，是因為它給分析一個題目提供了通用的視角，但想要真正實用出來，還需要（1）花時間在很多題目中應用一遍并記住其中最主要的元素；（2）熟悉常用是教唆常用的單詞和句型，掌握這些詞匯句型的適用范圍和正確用法；（3）能在所用的視角下找到足夠的細節(jié)或例子。
第二個套路：具體化、分情況、分領域直接拆分：
獨立寫作的題目并無對錯，所以如果硬要直接闡述，很可能會找不出理由或者理由抽象而牽強，因此對于無法使用萬能理由的題目，往往需要對題目內容進行以下兩種拆分。
（1）具體化題目中的某個抽象概念從而形成拆分：
· People should sometimes do things that they do not enjoy doing.
分析：在這個題目中，“人們不喜歡做的事”是一個抽象概念，可以細分為“作業(yè)”、“家務”、“考試”三個層面去談。
· Progress is always good.
分析：在這道題目中，“進步”是一個抽象概念，可以細分為“方便食品”、“便捷交通”、“電腦通訊”三個層面去談。
（2）分情況、分領域討論：
Parents are the best teachers.
分析：在這道題目中，很難直接考慮家長是不是最好的老師，所以可以換個思維，考慮“在什么情況下”或者“遇到什么問題時”，比如“設計獨立旅行的安全問題時”，“當社會進步太快，價值觀出現(xiàn)變化時”，“當家長在某一領域有一技之長時”。
Many people have a close relationship with their pets. These people treat their birds, cats, or other animals as members of their family. In your opinion, are such relationships good?
分析：在這道題目中，很難直接考慮寵物和人的關系對人不好，因此可以換個思維，考慮“對于小孩子來講”，“對于年輕夫婦來講”，“對于老年人來講”三個角度。
下一步：寫提綱
寫提綱式為了幫助考生確定并理清自己的思維。除了審題之外，寫提綱還需要為每個審題層次提供細節(jié)、例子或解釋，這樣才能在寫中間斷的時候有話可說，保證充實具體。以下是一個較為完整的提綱例子。
95.Goverment spending: Outer space exploration V.S Basic needs on Earth
· Opinion: Outer space exploration
· 1: better ways to produce food and clothing:
-- {ways to preserve and store food}
-- {ways to grow vegetables and fruits}
-- {new types of clothing}
· 2: important developments in communications technologies:
-- {Satelite communications} [→TV, telephone, GPS]
· 3: promote international cooperation
-- {international space station}
建議練習：
在題材分類訓練的基礎之上：
1、選出20-40個題目；
2、為這些題目列提綱，要求每個題目有2-3個層次；或者雖然只有1個層次，擔憂2-3層細節(jié)；
3、每個層次下面要有足夠的細節(jié)、例子、解釋。
2、學會中間段寫作中間段的寫作其實非常簡單，只需要把提綱中的信息按照順序寫成語句就行了，只是中國考生要學會邏輯連接、句式連接并避免抽象地空談。
比如：
A company has announced that it wishes to build a large factory near your community. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this new influence on your community. Do you support or oppose the factory? Explain your position.
假設考生寫的第一層是建工廠的好處，第二層是建工廠的壞處（注意這是一道比較/反差類題目）。現(xiàn)在我們寫第二層：建工廠對社區(qū)不好，而想寫的是環(huán)境方面的內容，提綱可以是：
Harmful: [pollution], not worth it
——Air: acid rain, ozone depletion ,greenhouse
——Water: drinking water
——Trees: floods and droughts
這個段落可以這樣寫：
Building large factories would be harmful to the community because it will induce environmental pollution. Factories, especially those emoloying toxic chemicals, will definitely destroy the quality of air and water in town. They generate smog and other atmospheric emissions which contribute to the greenhouse effect, ozone depletion and acid rain; they dump industrial waste into rivers which are supposed to be drinking water supply; they accelerate the deforestation which is proven to be responsible for abnormal floods and regional drought. And people's health is at stake. Having a few factories is not worth that risk.
再比如：
It is generally agreed that society benefits from the work of its members. Compare the contributions of artists to society with the contributions of scientists to society. Which type of contribution do you think is valued more by your society? Give specific reasons to support your answer.
假設考生寫的第一層是關于藝術家對社會的貢獻，第二層寫科學家對社會的貢獻，而想寫的內容是環(huán)境方面的，提綱可以寫成： · Scientists: more obvious
——Advancement: Plane, computer, vacuum cleaner
——Make our lives easier, more secure
——Help arts: CD, TV, movie, mp3
這個段落可以這樣寫：
The contributions scientists make to society are more obvious than those made by artists. Almost all the critical advancements that make our lives easier, such as the plane we take to travel abroad, the computers we use (whether for work or for entertainments), and the home appliances which help us cook our meals and clean our houses, come from the creative ideas and hard work of scientists. Those scientific discoveries and innovations make out work more efficient, our shopping more convenient, and our lives more secure. Plus, to some extent scientists even contribute a lot to the arts——without technological progress, there wouldn’t have been movie centers, television, and mp3 players which infuse art into ordinary people’s lives.
最后還有一例：
Some people believe that university students should be required to attend classes. Others believe that going to classes should be optional for students. Which point of view do you agree with? Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer.
假設考生要寫第三層：聽課使我們學會服從，聽課幫我們學會合作，聽課讓我們更深刻地理解肯本內容?，F(xiàn)在寫第二層：聽課讓我們學會合作，提綱如下： · Cooperation
——Group assignment: impossible for 1 person/ need different perspectives
——Cooperate: budget time, assign tasks, be perfect, express opinions
——Ready for challenges at work
這個段落就可以這樣寫：
Attending class teaches students how to cooperate with others. Different from students in primary or secondary school, university students are often given group assignments which are technically impossible for one person to finish in time or which have no universal answers and, therefore, need to be contemplated from various perspectives. As a result, boys and girls are forced to learn how to work with others for a common goal——such as how to budget time and assign tasks according to each person’s skills without causing “free-ride”, how to perfect your task without annoying other team mates, and how to express your opinion about other member’s work without triggering frictions or stupid fights. All of the above make college students mature and sensible, ready to meet the challenges they will soon face in the workplace. Therefore, attending classes is necessary for university students.
通過以上三個例子，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)其實最重要的是在列提綱的時候組織事實，中間段只是用正確的語句和詞匯表達這些事實。
建議練習：
1、選出10個列過提綱的題目；
2、為這些提綱的每一層設置2-3層細節(jié)；
3、把這些層次寫成中間段。