2016雅思閱讀機經(jīng)真題解析- Nobel

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    Alfred Nobel
    The man behind the Nobel Prize
    A Since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been honoring men and women from all comers of the globe for outstanding achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and for work in peace. The foundations for the prize were laid in 1895 when Alfred Nobel wrote his lost will, leaving much of his wealth to the establishment of the Nobel Prize.
    B Alfred Nobel was born in Stockholm on October 21. 1833. His father Immanuel Nobel was an engineer and inventor who built bridges and buildings in Stockholm. In connection with his construction work Immanuel Nobel also experimented with different techniques for blasting rocks. Successful in his industrial and business ventures, Immanuel Nobel was able, in 1842, to bring his family to St. Petersburg. There, his sons were given a first class education by private teachers. The training included natural sciences, languages and literature. By the age of 17 Alfred Nobel was fluent in Swedish, Russian, French, English and German. His primary interests were in English literature and poetry as well as in chemistry and physics. Alfred's father, who wanted his sons to join his enterprise as engineers, disliked Alfred's interest in poetry and found his son rather introverted.
    C In order to widen Alfred's horizons his father sent him abroad for further training in chemical engineering. During a two year period Alfred Nobel visited Sweden, Germany. France and the United States. In Paris, the city he came to like best, he worked in the private laboratory of Professor T. J. Pelouze, a famous chemist. There he met the young Italian chemist Ascanio Sobrero who, three years earlier, had invented nitroglycerine, a highly explosive liquid. But it was considered too dangerous to be of any practical use. Although its explosive power greatly exceeded that of gunpowder, the liquid would explode in a very unpredictable manner if subjected to heat and pressure. Alfred Nobel became very interested in nitroglycerine and how it could be put to practical use in construction work. He also realized that the safety problems had to be solved and a method had to be developed for the controlled detonation of nitroglycerine.
    D After his return to Sweden in 1863, Alfred Nobel concentrated on developing nitroglycerine as an explosive. Several explosions, including one (1864) in which his brother Kmil and several other persons were killed, convinced the authorities that nitroglycerine production was exceedingly dangerous. They forbade further experimentation with nitroglycerine within the Stockholm city limits and Alfred Nobel had to move his experimentation to a barge anchored on Lake Malaren. Alfred was not discouraged and in 1864 he was able to start mass production of nitroglycerine. To make the handling of nitroglycerine safer Alfred Nobel experimented with different additives. He soon found that mixing nitroglycerine with kieselguhr would turn the liquid into a paste which could be shaped into rods of a size and form suitable for insertion into drilling holes. In 1867 he patented this material under die name of dynamite. To be able to detonate the dynamite rods he also invented a detonator (blasting cap) which could be ignited by lighting a fuse. These inventions were made at the same time as the pneumatic drill came into general use. Together these inventions drastically reduced the cost of blasting rock, drilling tunnels, building canals and many other forms of construction work.
    E The market for dynamite and detonating caps grew very rapidly and Alfred Nobel also proved himself to be a very skillful entrepreneur and businessman.Over the years he founded factories and laboratories in some 90 different places in more than 20 countries. Although he lived in Paris much of his life he was constantly traveling. When he was not traveling or engaging in business activities Nobel himself worked intensively in his various laboratories, first in Stockholm and later in other places. He focused on the development of explosives technology as well as other chemical inventions, including such materials as synthetic rubber and leather, artificial silk, etc. By the time of his death in 18% he had 355 patents.
    F Intensive work and travel did not leave much time for a private life. At the age of 43 he was feeling like an old man. At this time he advertised in a newspaper"Wealthy, highly-educated elder gentleman seeks lady of mature age, versed in languages, as secretary and supervisor of household." The most qualified applicant turned out to be an Austrian woman. Countess Bertha Kinsky. After working a very short time for Nobel she decided to return to Austria to marry Count Arthur von Suttner. In spite of this Alfred Nobel and Bertha von Suttner remained friends and kept writing letters to each other for decades. Over the years Bertha von Suttner became increasingly critical of the arms race. She wrote a famous book, Lay Down Your Arms and became a prominent figure in the peace movement. No doubt this influenced Alfred Nobel when he wrote his final will which was to include a Prize for persons or organizations who promote peace. Several years after the death of Alfred Nobel, the Norwegian Storting (Parliament) decided to award the 1905 Nobel Peace Prize to Bertha von Suttner.
    G Alfred Nobel died in San Remo, Italy, on December 10, 1896. When his will was opened it came as a surprise that his fortune was to be used for Prizes in Physics, Chemistry. Physiology or Medicine, Literature and Peace. The executors of his will were two young engineers, Ragnar Sohlman and Rudolf Lilljequist. They set about forming the Nobel Foundation as an organization to take care of the financial assets left by Nobel for this purpose and to coordinate the work of the Prize-Awarding Institutions. This was not without its difficulties since the will was contested by relatives and questioned by authorities in various countries.
    H Alfred Nobel's greatness lay in his ability to combine the penetrating mind of the scientist and inventor with the forward-looking dynamism of the industrialist. Nobel was very interested in social and peace-related issues and held what were considered radical views in his era. He had a great interest in literature and wrote his own poetry and dramatic works. The Nobel Prizes became an extension d a fulfillment of his lifetime interests.
    Questions 1-6
    Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
    In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, write
    TRUE if the statement is true
    FALSE if the statement is false
    NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
    1 The first Nobel Prize was awarded in 1895.
    2 Nobel's father wanted his son to have better education than what he had had.
    3 Nobel was an unsuccessful businessman.
    4 Bertha von Suttner was selected by Nobel himself for the first peace prize.
    5 The Nobel Foundation was established after the death of Nobel
    6 Nobel's social involvement was uncommon in the 1800’s.
    Questions 7-13
    Complete the notes below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage.
    Write your answers in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.
    Table 1
    Education:
    Having accumulated a great fortune in his business, Nobel's father determined to give his son the best education and sent him abroad to be trained in 7 During Nobel's study in Paris, he worked in a private laboratory, where he came in contact with a young Scientist (engineer) 8 and his invention nitroglycerine, a more powerful explosive than 9
    Table 2
    Benefits in construction works:
    Nobel became really interested in this new explosive and experimented on it. But nitroglycerine was too dangerous and was banned for experiments within the city of 10 So Nobel had to move his experiments to a lake. To make nitroglycerine easily usable, Nobel invented dynamite along with 11 while in the meantime 12became popular, all of which dramatically lowered the 13 of construction works.
    文章題目：Alfred Nobel
    The man behind the Nobel Prize
    篇章結(jié)構(gòu)
    

體裁	人物傳記
題目	阿爾弗雷德—諾貝爾獎背后的人
結(jié)構(gòu)	（一句話概括每段大意）          A段：諾獎的介紹及諾貝爾對諾獎的貢獻(xiàn)          B段：諾貝爾的家庭介紹和童年經(jīng)歷          C段：諾貝爾對炸藥消化甘油產(chǎn)生興趣          D段：諾貝爾安全炸藥的發(fā)明及其應(yīng)用          E段：諾貝爾的生活狀態(tài)和他的發(fā)明成果          F段：諾貝爾設(shè)立和平獎的緣由          G段：諾貝爾遺產(chǎn)的分配和諾獎的成立          H段：對諾貝爾生平成就的評價

    試題分析
    題目類型：
    

題號	定位詞	文中對應(yīng)點	題目解析
1	The first Nobel Prize	A段第一句和第二句	A段首先簡單介紹諾貝爾獎，自1901年開始已被頒發(fā)給在各領(lǐng)域作出杰出貢獻(xiàn)的人；緊接著第二句話提及諾獎的設(shè)立時間The foundations for the prize were laid in 1895，由此推斷諾貝爾獎是1895年設(shè)立并且1901年為第一次頒獎時間          因此本體題干與原文描述不符，填False
2	father          better education	B段全段及C段第一句	B段介紹諾貝爾父親是一位成功的商人，以及對孩子教育的重視，并未說到父親的教育狀況；而后本段第八句提到“Alfred’s father, who wanted his sons to join his enterprise as engineers”，以及C段第一句In order to widen Alfred’s horizons his father sent him abroad for further training in chemical engineering結(jié)合兩句話可知諾貝爾父親的目的是希望孩子成為工程師并幫助諾貝爾拓寬視野，但都未談及wanted his son to have better education than what he had had這一層意思；          因此本體題干表述在原文段落中未提及，填Not Given
3	unsuccessful businessman	E段第一句	E段開頭The market for dynamite and detonating caps grew very rapidly and Alfred Nobel also proved himself to be a very skillful entrepreneur and businessman即點明炸藥和雷管在市場的快速運用證明他是一位成功的商人和企業(yè)家;          因此本體題干與原文描述相符，填True
4	Bertha yon Suttner          by Nobel himself	F段的最后一句	F段最后一句說到Bertha yon Suttner的獲獎情況          “Several years after the death of Alfred Nobel, the Norwegian Storting (Parliament) decided to award the 1905 Nobel Peace Prize to Bertha von Suttner.”Bertha yon Suttner由此可知Bertha yon Suttner          的和平獎由挪威議會頒發(fā)給她的；          因此本體題干與原文描述不相符，填False
5	Nobel Foundation;          after the death	G段第四句	G段第四句出現(xiàn)題干的關(guān)鍵詞Nobel Foundation，并且這句話解釋了它設(shè)立的目的是take care of the financial assets left by Nobel for this purpose，也就是說管理Nobel的遺產(chǎn)，因此可斷定The Nobel Foundation was established after the death of Nobel;          因此本體題干與原文描述相符，填True
6	social involvement          uncommon	H段第二句和第四句	文章H段談到諾貝爾的生平成就，其中第二句說到Nobel was very interested in social and peace-related issues and held what were considered radical views in his era.諾貝爾對社會和平相關(guān)問題持有在那個年代被視為激進(jìn)的想法以及最后一句“The Nobel Prizes became an extension d a fulfillment of his lifetime interests”點明其接觸貢獻(xiàn)所在，說明諾貝爾的成就在當(dāng)時是非比尋常的；          因此本體題干與原文描述相符，填True
7	sent him abroad          trained	C段第一句	題干說到Nobel’s father， sent him abroad，根據(jù)這兩組關(guān)鍵詞判斷描述的是父親送諾貝爾出國留學(xué)的內(nèi)容，對應(yīng)C段內(nèi)容，且table第7個空前面的詞trained in說明需要補充的是深造科目，根據(jù)C段第一句 for further training in chemical engineering，因此篩選出來的gap filling應(yīng)該是chemical engineering.
8	a young Scientist	C段第四句	題干的意思是說諾貝爾在巴黎學(xué)習(xí)期間結(jié)識一位年輕科學(xué)家，table第8個空需要填入這位young scientist的名字或相關(guān)信息；而C段第四句提到the young Italian chemist Ascanio Sobrero 與題干的關(guān)鍵提示詞吻合，因此此處gap filling填入 Ascanio Sobrero.
9	Nitroglycerine；more powerful	C段第五句	題干中提到Nitroglycerine，并用一個同位語a more powerful explosive than來修飾，“比...更具威力”，原文C段第五句“Although its explosive power greatly exceeded that of gunpowder”,exceed（超過），that指代explosive power,將Nitroglycerine的威力與一般火藥進(jìn)行比較，因此此處gap filling填入gunpowder.
10	banned          the city	D段第三句	題干中But nitroglycerine was too dangerous and was banned for experiments within the city of...”可知這句話填入的是禁止進(jìn)行nitroglycerine實驗的城市名字；而D段第三句”They forbade further experimentation with nitroglycerine within the Stockholm city”有四個關(guān)鍵詞：forbade,experimentation,nitroglycerine和city是吻合的，因此此處gap filling填入城市名Stockholm.
11	Dynamite          along with	D段倒數(shù)第三句	題干中總結(jié)的是與dynamite及另一項發(fā)明物；D段倒數(shù)第四句開始提及dynamite,緊接著倒數(shù)第三句”To be able to detonate the dynamite rods he also invented a detonator” “also”一詞與題干along with語義一致，因此此處 gap filling填入detonator.
12	in the meantime          popular	D段倒數(shù)第二句	題干while in the meantime和popular兩個關(guān)鍵詞提示此處填入的是與dynamite和detonator同時普遍使用的一種發(fā)明；結(jié)合D段倒數(shù)第二句 “These inventions were made at the same time as the pneumatic drill came into general use.”at the same time,came into general use恰好解釋了題干的關(guān)鍵詞，因此此處gap filling填入pneumatic drill.
13	Which          lower          construction works	D段最后一句	D段which和construction works兩個關(guān)鍵詞提示此句總結(jié)的是dynamite等發(fā)明對construction的影響；結(jié)合D段最后一句 “Together these inventions drastically reduced the cost of... and many other construction work.”reduce，construction work與題干關(guān)鍵信息吻合，因此此處gap filling填入cost。

    

A	自1901年，全球各地在物理、化學(xué)、民學(xué)、文學(xué)及和平領(lǐng)域作出重大貢獻(xiàn)的人們就開始被授予諾貝爾獎。阿爾弗德·諾貝爾在1895年寫下最后的一份遺囑時，將大量的遺產(chǎn)留作創(chuàng)建諾貝爾獎，為諾貝爾獎奠定了基礎(chǔ)。
B	阿爾弗雷德·諾貝爾于1833年10月21日出生于斯德哥爾摩。他的父親伊曼紐爾·諾貝爾是位工程師兼發(fā)明家，在斯德哥爾摩建造橋梁和建筑。在建筑工程中，伊曼紐爾-諾貝爾也試驗過用不同的技術(shù)爆破巖石。由于在工業(yè)和企業(yè)經(jīng)營上的成功，伊曼紐爾-諾貝爾于1842年帶著全家人來到圣彼得堡。 在那里，他雇請私人教師對他的孩子進(jìn)行一流的教育。上課內(nèi)容包括自然科學(xué)、語言和文學(xué)。到17歲時，阿爾弗雷德·諾貝爾己經(jīng)能講流利的瑞典語、俄語、法語、英語和德語了。他主要的興趣是英國文學(xué)和詩歌以及化學(xué)和物理。諾貝爾的父親希望他的兒子們能成為工程師，繼承他的事業(yè)，所以他對諾貝爾愛好詩歌這一點感到很不悅，而且他發(fā)現(xiàn)諾貝爾相當(dāng)內(nèi)向。
C	為了擴(kuò)大兒子的視野，老諾貝爾送兒子出國深造化學(xué)工程。諾貝爾在兩年里訪問了瑞典、德國、法國和美國。他最喜歡巴黎，在那里， 他在著名的化學(xué)家T.J.佩盧茲教授的私人實驗室工作。同樣在那里，他認(rèn)識了年輕的意大利化學(xué)家阿斯卡尼奧·索布雷羅。索布雷羅在三年前發(fā)明了爆炸能力極強的炸藥一一硝化甘油。不過由于危險太大，當(dāng)時沒有考慮將它投入實際應(yīng)用。雖然硝化甘油的爆炸力遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過火藥，但這種液體炸藥在一定溫度和壓力的作用下會以難以預(yù)測的方式發(fā)生爆炸。諾貝爾對硝化甘油以及如何將它投入建筑工程的實際運用產(chǎn)生了濃厚的興趣。他也意識到需要解決安全問題，以及如何控制硝化甘油的爆破。
D	于1863年4返瑞典后，諾貝爾開始專注于制造硝化甘油炸藥。經(jīng)歷幾次爆炸事故（包括1864年那次事故，他的弟弟埃米爾和其他幾個人被炸死）后，當(dāng)局認(rèn)定硝化甘油產(chǎn)品極度危險，于是明令禁止在斯德哥爾摩進(jìn)行硝化甘油試驗。諾貝爾只好把他的實驗搬到梅拉倫湖的一只船上進(jìn)行。諾貝爾并沒有因此氣餒，并于1864年開始大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)硝化甘油。為了使硝化甘油的使用更加安全，諾貝爾用了不同的添加劑進(jìn)行試驗。不久后，諾貝爾發(fā)現(xiàn)硝化甘油可被硅藻土吸附，變成漿糊，然后可以塑造成大小合適的棒體，描進(jìn)鉆孔里。1867年，他將發(fā)明的炸藥命名為“達(dá)那馬特”（又稱安全炸藥）并取得專利。為了引爆這種炸藥，他還發(fā)明了用導(dǎo)火線點燃的雷管引爆裝罝。諾貝爾的這些發(fā)明問世時，恰逢風(fēng)鉆在大規(guī)模地被使用。這些裝罝的結(jié)合大大地減少了爆破巖石、開鑿隧道、挖掘河道以及其他許多建筑工程的成本。
E	諾貝爾發(fā)明的炸藥和雷管的市場發(fā)展迅速，而這也證明了他是一個非常成功的企業(yè)家和商人。多年來,諾貝爾在20多個國家約90個不同的地方建立了工廠和實驗室。盡管定居巴黎，但是他大部分的時間都在各地奔波。如果不是在外奔波或為商業(yè)活動應(yīng)酬,諾貝爾就會在他的各個實驗室(先是在斯德哥爾摩的,后來在其他地方）忙碌工作。他專注于改良爆炸技術(shù)以及其他化學(xué)發(fā)明,包括合成橡膠和皮革、人造絲等物質(zhì)。到1896年諾貝爾逝世時，他已獲得355項專利。
F	緊張的工作和出行使得他沒有多少私人時間，到43歲時，諾貝爾覺得自己就像是個老人。于是他在報紙上刊登了一則廣告，稱“一個富有的、受過良好教育的老紳士尋找一位成熟女士，她要能擔(dān)當(dāng)秘書和管家，且有語言天賦”。結(jié)果,最合格的應(yīng)聘者是奧地利的女伯爵貝莎·金斯基。在為諾貝爾工作了很短的一段時間后，她決定返回奧地利，與阿瑟·馮·蘇特納伯爵結(jié)婚。盡管如此,諾貝爾和貝莎·馮·蘇特納仍保持朋友關(guān)系，且在此后的幾十年里互有通信。多年來,貝莎·馮·蘇特納越發(fā)猛烈地批評軍備競賽。她寫了一本名著《放下你的武器》，還成為了和平運動的一個杰出人物。這無疑對諾貝爾產(chǎn)生了影響。在他的最后一份遺囑里，諾貝爾增設(shè)了和平獎,以獎勵那些促進(jìn)和平的個人或團(tuán)體。在諾貝爾去世的幾年后，挪威議會決定把1905年的諾貝爾和平獎授予貝莎·馮·蘇特納。
G	諾貝爾于1896年12月10日在意大利的圣雷莫去世。當(dāng)打開他的遺囑時，人們大吃一驚，他們沒有想到諾貝爾會把大量遺產(chǎn)留作表彰那些在物理、化學(xué)、生理學(xué)或醫(yī)學(xué)、文學(xué)和和平方面做出重大貢獻(xiàn)的人。諾貝爾的遺囑執(zhí)行人是兩位年輕的工程師,他們分別是拉格納，索爾曼和魯?shù)婪?middot;利耶查李維斯特。他們著手成立諾貝爾基金會，來管理諾貝爾留下的金融資產(chǎn)，并協(xié)助頒獎機構(gòu)的工作。當(dāng)然，由于這份遺囑受到諾貝爾親戚的異議以及各國當(dāng)局的質(zhì)疑，他們開展的工作還是遇到了困難。
H	諾貝爾的偉大之處在于他綜合了科學(xué)家、發(fā)明家的睿智和實業(yè)家的高瞻遠(yuǎn)矚。同時,他對社會及與和平相關(guān)的問題非常感興趣,并持有在他那個時代被認(rèn)為是激進(jìn)的想法。此外,諾貝爾十分愛好文學(xué),還創(chuàng)作了自己的詩歌和戲劇作品?？梢哉f,諾貝爾獎是他畢生各種興趣的延伸和實現(xiàn)。

    參考答案：
    

Version  21121 主題 艾費雷德·諾貝爾
1	FALSE	2	NOT GIVEN	3	FALSE
4	FALSE	5	TRUE	6	TRUE
7	chemical engineering	8	Ascanio Sobrero	9	gunpowder
10	Stockholm	11	detonator	12	pneumatic drill
13	cost

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