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考試日期： |
2013年2月16日 |
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Reading Passage 1 |
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Title: |
新手，熟練工和專家 |
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Question types: |
判斷True/False/Not Given; 填空 |
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文章內(nèi)容回顧 |
第一篇是說一個“novice”怎么成為一個“expert”, 并且舉例說明兩者在看待及解決問題上的差別。還講述對expertise掌握程度研究，從novice到j(luò)ourneyman然后蛻變到expert的過 程。另外也提到了一些researchers和theorists, they are better in making predictions than experts. 舊文P1=V070908 |
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英文原文閱讀 |
Expertise research shows quite ambiguous results on the abilities of experts in judgment and decision making (JDM) classic models cannot account for. This problem becomes even more accentuated if different levels of expertise are considered. We argue that parallel constraint satisfaction models (PCS) might be a useful base to understand the processes underlying expert JDM and the hitherto existing, differentiated results from expertise research. It is outlined how expertise might influence model parameters and mental representations according to PCS. It is discussed how this differential impact of expertise on model parameters relates to empirical results showing quite different courses in the development of expertise; allowing, for example, to predict under which conditions intermediates might outperform experts. Methodological requirements for testing the proposed unifying theory under complex real-world conditions are discussed. In support one theory, a study demonstrates that entrepreneurial experts frame decisions using an “effectual” logic (identify more potential markets, focus more on building the venture as a whole, pay less attention to predictive information, worry more about making do with resources on hand to invest only what they could afford to lose, and emphasize stitching together networks of partnerships); while novices use a “predictive frame” and tend to “go by the textbook.” We asked 27 expert entrepreneurs and 37 MBA students to think aloud continuously as they solved typical decision-making problems in creating a new venture. Transcriptions were analyzed using methods from cognitive science. Results showed that expert entrepreneurs framed problems in a dramatically different way than MBA students. |
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題型難度分析 |
判斷題難度不大，區(qū)分FALSE和NOT GIVEN是關(guān)鍵 |
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題型技巧分析 |
是非無判斷題是上半年度的重點題型，有順序原則。 注意看清是TRUE還是YES, 本篇是TRUE/ FALSE/ NOT GIVEN 解題步驟： 1. 速讀句子，找出考點詞（容易有問題的部分）?？键c詞：比較級，最高級，數(shù)據(jù)（時間），程度副詞，特殊形容詞，絕對化的詞（only, most, each, any, every, the same as等） 2. 排除考點詞，在余下的詞中找定位詞，去原文定位。 3. 重點考察考點詞是否有提及，是否正確。 TRUE的原則是同義替換，至少有一組近義詞。 FALSE是題目和原文截然相反，不可共存，通常有至少一組反義詞。 NOT GIVEN原文未提及，不做任何推斷，尤其多考察題目的主語等名詞在原文是否有提及。 4. 通讀所有段落，依次尋找答案 因為每段都會有答案，因此現(xiàn)在所需要做的事情就是到每段去找答案。要注意在選出信息后，要在選出的段落上做上記號，以免浪費(fèi)時間。 |
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