基本閱讀技能
1. 成組視讀 P21， （par. 1）
“意群” （thought / sense group） ：
視線停留一次可看到具有邏輯意義的一組單詞，這種有意義的語法結(jié)構(gòu)叫“意群” .
閱讀時(shí)人的眼睛不是持續(xù)的移動(dòng)，而是跳躍式移動(dòng)，94%的時(shí)間眼睛是靜止的，6%的時(shí)間在跳躍。
在實(shí)際閱讀中，人的眼睛以詞群為單位跳躍，即相關(guān)的詞往往在一次注目中看到。
2. 略讀 （P114-116）， Quenching the Poor‘s Thirst for Knowledge +題
快速瀏覽全文的閱讀方法
目的：
（1）了解文章的主題；
（2）對文章的結(jié)構(gòu)獲得一個(gè)整體概念；
（3）對各部分的內(nèi)容獲得一個(gè)粗略印象；
（4）對文章主旨做出判斷。
對象： 文章的標(biāo)題、開始段、結(jié)束段、每段的段首句和結(jié)尾句
3. 尋讀 （P76-79）
指以問題為線索、帶著問題去尋找某一特定信息的閱讀
要領(lǐng)：
１、確定哪方面的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)
２、確定到什么地方去找
３、掃過文章
４、找到地方后詳讀
５、適當(dāng)?shù)赝评?BR> 猜測詞義
１、詞匯線索：前綴、后綴、詞干
e.g. Most flags have a compact， rectangular shape and instinct visual symbolism. Their strong colors and geometric patterns are usually instantly recognizable even if miniaturized to less than a square centimeter.
The word miniaturized in the passage is closest in meaning to _____.
A. publicized
B. colored
C. made brighter
D. made smaller
2. 結(jié)構(gòu)線索
１）定義（be）
e.g. The Celtic religion centered on the worship of a pantheon of nature deities. Their religious ceremonies included animal sacrifices and various forms of magic. Druids were the priests who led the people in this highly ritualistic worship…
The word Druids in the passage is closest in meaning to _____.
A. deities
B. ceremonies
C. sacrifices
D. priests
2）同義詞/解釋（and / or）
e.g. In accordance with many psychologist， phobias， or irrational fears represent， are symbolic of repressed anxiety.
The word phobia in the passage is closest in meaning to _____.
A. psychologist
B. fear
C. symbol
D. treatment
3）同位語（，）
e.g. It is believed to have originated among the Egyptians， probably before 4000B.C.， and was used by them for more than 30 centuries. Seventeenth-century attempts to preserve anatomical specimens brought about modern techniques of embalming， the preservation of the body tissue after death by artificial chemical means.
The word embalming in the passage is closest in meaning to _____.
A. death by a chemical means
B. the preservation of body tissue
C. a common agent related to formaldehyde
D. the replacement of body fluids
4）從句
e.g. The Pueblo Indians are those who dwell in pueblos， a name derived from the Spanish word for village. The pueblo is usually built against the face of a cliff and generally consists of connected houses rising in a series of receding terraces. The roof of one house is the yard or patio of the next house. The kiva， where Pueblo Indians hold their secret ceremonies， is entered by an opening in the roof…
The word kiva in the passage is closest in meaning to _____. （印第安人舉行宗教儀式、開會(huì)、工作、休息等用的大圓屋）
A. patio
B. ceremonial room5）羅列（）
e.g. If someone is said to have “a chip on his shoulder”， he is angry， pugnacious， sullen， and looking for trouble.
The word pugnacious in the passage is closest in meaning to _____.
A. friendly
B. aggressive
C. sociable
D. responsible
6）舉例 （like， such as， for example， for instance）
e.g. However， for outdoor enthusiasts who want to get far from civilization， choosing camping paraphernalia such as tents， sleeping bags， cooking implements and other supplies should be done with care.
The word paraphernalia in the passage is closest in meaning to _____.
A. friendly
B. aggressive
C. sociable
D. responsible
7）對比／比較（but， however， whereas， on the other hand， despite， in spite of ， or， rather， alternatively， nevertheless， unlike， while， conversely， in contrast， instead， on the contrary， differently）
e.g. The campanile is chiefly a medieval form of Italian architecture. Built in connection with a church or town hall， it served as a belfry， watchtower， and sometimes a civil monument. Unlike other bell towers that are attached to buildings， the campanile generally stand s as detached unit.
The word campanile in the passage is closest in meaning to _____.
A. church
B. town hall
C. tower
D. unit
8）標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號（，－ （） ‘’ “”?。郏荩?BR> e.g. At the age of 19， Galileo discovered isochronism—the principle in which each oscillation of a pendulum takes the same time despite changes in amplitude.
The word campanile in the passage is closest in meaning to _____.
A. a principle
B. an oscillation
C. a pendulum
D. an amplitude
9）指代關(guān)系
e.g. Many weeds are also hosts for disease-causing organisms. At least 50 different weed species fight off competitors by emitting toxins from their roots， leaves， or seeds. These poisons do their work in a variety of ways， such as inhibiting germination of seeds and destroying photosynthesis abilities.
The word toxins in the passage is closest in meaning to _____.
A. roots
B. leaves
C. seeds
D. poisons
10）關(guān)鍵詞
e.g. … nonresidential design concerns public spaces such as concert hall， banks， offices， building lobbies， theater， restaurants， hotels， and religious buildings. Many contract designers specialize in one or more of these areas. Accessories add interest to a room. They can accent or highlight an area and give a room beauty and personality.
The word accessories in the passage is closest in meaning to _____.
A. things that build a house
B. things that destroy a room
C. things that improve a room
D. things that coat a house
C. series of terraces
D. Pueblo Indian village
1. 成組視讀 P21， （par. 1）
“意群” （thought / sense group） ：
視線停留一次可看到具有邏輯意義的一組單詞，這種有意義的語法結(jié)構(gòu)叫“意群” .
閱讀時(shí)人的眼睛不是持續(xù)的移動(dòng)，而是跳躍式移動(dòng)，94%的時(shí)間眼睛是靜止的，6%的時(shí)間在跳躍。
在實(shí)際閱讀中，人的眼睛以詞群為單位跳躍，即相關(guān)的詞往往在一次注目中看到。
2. 略讀 （P114-116）， Quenching the Poor‘s Thirst for Knowledge +題
快速瀏覽全文的閱讀方法
目的：
（1）了解文章的主題；
（2）對文章的結(jié)構(gòu)獲得一個(gè)整體概念；
（3）對各部分的內(nèi)容獲得一個(gè)粗略印象；
（4）對文章主旨做出判斷。
對象： 文章的標(biāo)題、開始段、結(jié)束段、每段的段首句和結(jié)尾句
3. 尋讀 （P76-79）
指以問題為線索、帶著問題去尋找某一特定信息的閱讀
要領(lǐng)：
１、確定哪方面的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)
２、確定到什么地方去找
３、掃過文章
４、找到地方后詳讀
５、適當(dāng)?shù)赝评?BR> 猜測詞義
１、詞匯線索：前綴、后綴、詞干
e.g. Most flags have a compact， rectangular shape and instinct visual symbolism. Their strong colors and geometric patterns are usually instantly recognizable even if miniaturized to less than a square centimeter.
The word miniaturized in the passage is closest in meaning to _____.
A. publicized
B. colored
C. made brighter
D. made smaller
2. 結(jié)構(gòu)線索
１）定義（be）
e.g. The Celtic religion centered on the worship of a pantheon of nature deities. Their religious ceremonies included animal sacrifices and various forms of magic. Druids were the priests who led the people in this highly ritualistic worship…
The word Druids in the passage is closest in meaning to _____.
A. deities
B. ceremonies
C. sacrifices
D. priests
2）同義詞/解釋（and / or）
e.g. In accordance with many psychologist， phobias， or irrational fears represent， are symbolic of repressed anxiety.
The word phobia in the passage is closest in meaning to _____.
A. psychologist
B. fear
C. symbol
D. treatment
3）同位語（，）
e.g. It is believed to have originated among the Egyptians， probably before 4000B.C.， and was used by them for more than 30 centuries. Seventeenth-century attempts to preserve anatomical specimens brought about modern techniques of embalming， the preservation of the body tissue after death by artificial chemical means.
The word embalming in the passage is closest in meaning to _____.
A. death by a chemical means
B. the preservation of body tissue
C. a common agent related to formaldehyde
D. the replacement of body fluids
4）從句
e.g. The Pueblo Indians are those who dwell in pueblos， a name derived from the Spanish word for village. The pueblo is usually built against the face of a cliff and generally consists of connected houses rising in a series of receding terraces. The roof of one house is the yard or patio of the next house. The kiva， where Pueblo Indians hold their secret ceremonies， is entered by an opening in the roof…
The word kiva in the passage is closest in meaning to _____. （印第安人舉行宗教儀式、開會(huì)、工作、休息等用的大圓屋）
A. patio
B. ceremonial room5）羅列（）
e.g. If someone is said to have “a chip on his shoulder”， he is angry， pugnacious， sullen， and looking for trouble.
The word pugnacious in the passage is closest in meaning to _____.
A. friendly
B. aggressive
C. sociable
D. responsible
6）舉例 （like， such as， for example， for instance）
e.g. However， for outdoor enthusiasts who want to get far from civilization， choosing camping paraphernalia such as tents， sleeping bags， cooking implements and other supplies should be done with care.
The word paraphernalia in the passage is closest in meaning to _____.
A. friendly
B. aggressive
C. sociable
D. responsible
7）對比／比較（but， however， whereas， on the other hand， despite， in spite of ， or， rather， alternatively， nevertheless， unlike， while， conversely， in contrast， instead， on the contrary， differently）
e.g. The campanile is chiefly a medieval form of Italian architecture. Built in connection with a church or town hall， it served as a belfry， watchtower， and sometimes a civil monument. Unlike other bell towers that are attached to buildings， the campanile generally stand s as detached unit.
The word campanile in the passage is closest in meaning to _____.
A. church
B. town hall
C. tower
D. unit
8）標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號（，－ （） ‘’ “”?。郏荩?BR> e.g. At the age of 19， Galileo discovered isochronism—the principle in which each oscillation of a pendulum takes the same time despite changes in amplitude.
The word campanile in the passage is closest in meaning to _____.
A. a principle
B. an oscillation
C. a pendulum
D. an amplitude
9）指代關(guān)系
e.g. Many weeds are also hosts for disease-causing organisms. At least 50 different weed species fight off competitors by emitting toxins from their roots， leaves， or seeds. These poisons do their work in a variety of ways， such as inhibiting germination of seeds and destroying photosynthesis abilities.
The word toxins in the passage is closest in meaning to _____.
A. roots
B. leaves
C. seeds
D. poisons
10）關(guān)鍵詞
e.g. … nonresidential design concerns public spaces such as concert hall， banks， offices， building lobbies， theater， restaurants， hotels， and religious buildings. Many contract designers specialize in one or more of these areas. Accessories add interest to a room. They can accent or highlight an area and give a room beauty and personality.
The word accessories in the passage is closest in meaning to _____.
A. things that build a house
B. things that destroy a room
C. things that improve a room
D. things that coat a house
C. series of terraces
D. Pueblo Indian village