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2021考研英語：主謂一致的語法分析
一、肯定否定一致
下列形容詞、副詞、代詞從肯定句變成否定句時，須作相應(yīng)的變化：
注意：“so/neither+助動詞/情態(tài)動詞+名詞/代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中須用倒裝語序，
如：My wife likes classical music very much and so do I. 我的妻子非常喜愛古典樂，我也是。
She doesn't like jazz and neither do I. 她不喜歡爵士樂，我也不喜歡。
二、代詞一致
代詞一致是指句子中代詞應(yīng)在數(shù)、性、人稱等方面彼此保持一致，
如：One must do one's best to increase production. 員工必須盡全力增加生產(chǎn)力。
Everybody talked at the top of his/their voice. 每個人都用自己最大的聲音講話。
If anyone calls, tell him I'll be back in a moment. (him也可用him or her代替) 如果有人打電話過來了，告訴他我等會兒就回來。
在寫作中，如果表示不定的人，可以用you, we, one等，需要注意的是：同一篇文章中，只用同一個不定代詞，而且所有格要與其一致。
三、就近一致
1. 當(dāng)主語由either...... or. neither...... nor , not only ...... but(also) 或or連接時，謂語動詞通常和最臨近的那個主語一致。
例如：Either you or he is to do the work. 不是你就是他來做這件事。
Not only you but also Tom often comes late to class. 不光是你，湯姆上課也遲到。
Neither the children nor the teacher knows anything about it. 孩子們和老師都不知道這件事。
2. 當(dāng)there be結(jié)構(gòu)后面有并列主語時，謂語也和最臨近的那個一致。
如：There is a dictionary and many books on the table. 桌子上有一本詞典和許多本書。
There are ten chairs and a table in the house. 屋子里有十把椅子和一張桌子。
Here is a pen, a few envelopes and same paper far you. 這兒有一支筆，幾個信封和一些紙給你。
這種就近一致的情況在非正式文體中越來越普遍。但在下列情況不提倡。
如：Where is your mother and sisters? 你媽媽和你姐妹到哪兒去了?
Is your sister and her husband coming to see you? 你姐姐和姐夫要來看你嗎?
One in ten are expected to take part in the contest. 預(yù)計每十個人就有一個要來參加這次比賽。
3. 做主語的名詞或代詞后接with，together with，along with，as well as等短語時，謂語動詞一般和前面名詞或代詞一致。這些短語前后可用可不用逗號。
如：A woman with a baby is coming to the hospital. 一個婦女抱著個嬰兒正向醫(yī)院走來。
The girl, as well as the bays , has learned to drive a car. 這個姑娘和那些那孩子一樣也學(xué)會了開汽車。
四、概念一致
英語的一致有三種:主謂一致，代詞一致，肯定與否定一致
1. And連接的兩個或多個單數(shù)名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式
His opinion and mine are different. 他的觀點和我的是不同的。
Bob and Peter are deadly rivals. Bob和peter是死對頭。
What she says and what she does are totally different. 她說的和做的完全不同。
但是如果and連接的是指一個單一概念時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
Bread and milk has been my breakfast for years. 牛奶面包多年來一直是我的早餐。
Her lawyer and old friend is going to marry her.她的律師和老朋友要娶她。
All this effort and sacrifice has come to nothing. 所有這些努力和犧牲都白費了。
由and連接的單數(shù)主語分別有many a，ever y，each，no修飾時，動詞用單數(shù)。
如：During the holidays, every train and every plane was crowded.假期期間每列火車及每架飛機都非常擁擠。
No boy and no girl has the right to refuse education. 男孩和女孩都沒有拒絕教育的權(quán)利。
Man a man and man a woman was moved b this picture。許多男男女女都被這幅畫感動。
2.如果主語是一個抽象概念(如不定式、動名詞、主語從句等)謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。如果主語是用and連接的兩個或多個抽象概念，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
如：Swimming jogging and cycling are all goad farms of sports exercises.游泳、慢跑和騎自行車都是很好的運動形式。
To live to eat is not a very goad attitude toward life. 活著就是為了吃不是好的生活態(tài)度。
To live to eat and to eat to live are very different attitudes toward life.
以what，who，why，haw, whether等wh一詞引起的從句做主語時，謂語動詞通常用單數(shù);由and連接的兩個主句如果指兩件事，動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
例如:What he is doing is not clear yet他在干什么還不清楚
What he is doing and whether I know him are two different things.他在干什么和我是否認識他是兩件不同的事。
What she told me is none of your business. 她和我說的什么用不著你管。
What she told me and what she told you are totally different things.
以what從句為主語的“主一系一表SVC"句型中，如果主句的表語是復(fù)數(shù)，主句謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;what從句本身是復(fù)數(shù)意義，主句謂語動詞也可用復(fù)數(shù)。
如：What I need buy now are four tea cups and a pair of sports shoes.
我需要買的是四只茶杯和一雙運動鞋。
What were thought to be five dogs were actually five sheep.
被認為是五條狗的東西實際上是五只羊。
3.集體名詞family，class，crew(全體船員或機組人員)，crowd, group, committee, audience, government, public, team, staff, population等做主語時，若作為一個整體看待，后面謂語動詞用單數(shù); 如就其中每一個成員來考慮時，則用復(fù)數(shù)。
例如: My family is a big one.我家人多。
My family are all music lovers. 我全家人都愛好音樂。
Eighty percent of China\' s population are peasants. 百分之八十的中國人口是農(nóng)民。
China has a huge population. 中國有眾多的人口。
The population of China is the largest in the world. 中國的人口是世界上最多的。
People, police, cattle,(牛)，militia(民兵)，poultry(家禽)，vermin(害出)等作主語時，后面的動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)。
4.不定代詞either，neither，ever y，each，one，the other, another以及所有的復(fù)合不定代詞作主語時，謂語動詞只用單數(shù)，包括“every/each/no……and every/each/no……”作主語時。
2021考研英語：獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的語法解析
獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)由名詞或代詞加上其他成分(分詞、不定式、名詞、代詞、形容詞、副詞或介詞短語)構(gòu)成。
獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)沒有主語和謂語，所以在語法上不是句子。但多有名詞或代詞表示的邏輯主語，分詞或不定式表示的邏輯謂語，有時還有其他修飾成分。(判斷一個結(jié)構(gòu)是否是句子的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就是看看這個結(jié)構(gòu)是否有謂語動詞。)這種結(jié)構(gòu)通常在句子中起方式、時間、原因、條件等狀語或狀語從句的作用，主要用于書面語。使用動詞非謂語形式的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)可以改為句子形式(從句):獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)加上連詞，非謂語動詞改為謂語動詞形式，這樣就成為從句了。
例如:
Today being Sunday, the library isn\' t open.今天星期天，圖書館不開放。
(原因)改為從句:
As (Since) today is Sunday, the library isn\' t open.
例如:
There being no buses，we had to take a taxi. 沒有汽車了，我們只好坐出租車了。
Because there were no buses, we had to take a taxi.
The signal given，the bus started.信號發(fā)出后，公共汽車就啟動了。
(時間)改為從句:
After the signal was given, the bus started.
The boy followed that man here，and climbed in，sword in hand.少年跟那個人到這里，并爬了進來，手里拿著劍。
The boy followed that man here，and climbed in，and had a sword in his hand.
The mid-term examination is over, the end-of-term examination to come two months later.期中考試結(jié)束了，兩個月之后進行期末考試.
The mid-term examination is over, and the end-of-term examination is to come two months later.
Weather permitting, we\' 11 visit the Great Wall.如果天氣允許的話，我們就去參觀長城。
If weather permits, we\' 11 visit the Great Wall.
The boy followed that man here, and climbed in, sword in hand.少年跟那個人到這里，并爬了進來，手里拿著劍。(伴隨狀語)
上文例句中sword in hand是由“名詞+介詞短語”構(gòu)成，表示伴隨的情況。這種表示伴隨情的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，有時可以用with
引出，二者的意思是一樣的，with結(jié)構(gòu)更加口語話，更加常用。
She left the office with tears in her eyes.她眼里含著淚水，離開了辦公室。
The teacher walked into the classroom, with a ruler under his arm and some books in his hand.老師胳膊底下挾著一把尺子，手里拿著幾本書，走進了教室。
The teacher walked into the classroom. He was holding a ruler under his arm and some books in his hand.
Tian\' anmen Square looks magnificent with all the lights on.華燈齊放，天安門廣場顯得美麗動人。
With the boy leading the way, we found his house with no difficulty.由這孩子領(lǐng)路，我們毫不費勁地找到他的家。
With him to give us a lead, our team is bound to turn out well.有他給我們帶頭，我們對一定能搞好。
練習(xí)：
1、指出下列句子中的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu):
1) My work having been finished, I went home.
---My work having been finished
2)The woman sat smiling, surrounded by her flowers, a faraway look in her eyes.
---A faraway look in her eyes
3) My watch having been lost, I didn\' t know what time it was.
---My watch having been lost
4) He came into the room, his face red with cold.
--- his face red with cold
5) There an elderly patient was sitting in her wheelchair alone, head bowed, her back to most of the others.
--- Head bowed. her back to mast of the others
6) A man came in, his face hidden by an upturned coat collar and a cap pulled law over his brow.
--- His face hidden by an upturned…….
2、 用獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)改正下列句子:
1) Being cold, he put on his overcoat.
---It being cold, …
2) Being no bus, we had to walk home.
--- There being no bus, ...
3) Getting colder, same birds are flying away to the south.
--- It getting colder, ...
4) Being ill, Mr. Li taught the lesson in place of Mr. Wang.
--- Mr. Wang being ill, Mr. Li taught..
5) Asia is the largest continent, being about 43 million square kilometer.
---…，its size (area) being about 43….
3、 用獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)將括號內(nèi)的漢語譯成英語填空:
1)Bing Bing entered the room, _____ (手里拿著一個大蘋果).
---- (with) a big apple in his hand.
2) _____(下課了)，the children ran out of the class room.
---The class being over
3) The little girl waited at the bus stop for a long time, _____(鼻子凍得通紅).
---her nose red with cold
4) Here comes the Shanghai train, _____ (從福州來的火車)
---the Fuzhou train to come half an hour later.
5) He was doing his homework._____ (他的父親坐在旁邊)
6) ____(誰也沒有什么可說的), the meeting was closed.
-----Nobody having any more to say.
2021考研英語：系統(tǒng)的學(xué)習(xí)語法的技巧
有同學(xué)可能會說，學(xué)習(xí)英語本來就夠頭疼的了，而且對于我們沒有英語環(huán)境的學(xué)習(xí)者而言，學(xué)英語很困難，又偏偏要學(xué)習(xí)語法，這豈不是難上加難?事實并非如此，我們學(xué)習(xí)語法的目的就是為了把握英語的規(guī)律，從規(guī)律中總結(jié)經(jīng)驗，從而促進英語的學(xué)習(xí)。學(xué)習(xí)語法的好處之一就是可以縮短我們學(xué)習(xí)英語的過程。對于學(xué)習(xí)語法而言，其實方法很簡單，問題在于同學(xué)們能不能堅持下去，不論是學(xué)習(xí)什么內(nèi)容，只要你能堅持下去，那么你就是贏家。通過老師多年的學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)驗而言，我覺得最重要的是在閱讀中學(xué)習(xí)語法，然后再使用語法書進行鞏固。
同學(xué)們要知道的是，學(xué)好語法不僅意味著你能把所有的句子成分都搞清楚，而且我們還要經(jīng)常鍛煉我們的語感。語感怎么獲得呢?那就是多讀多背，只要同學(xué)們有時間，就可以抽出5-10分鐘的時間閱讀或者背誦，因此同學(xué)們一定要養(yǎng)成閱讀的習(xí)慣。
其次是在學(xué)習(xí)的過程中合理使用語法書。從廣義上來說，語言是一個非常龐大的體系，語法是體系中的一個系統(tǒng)，而參考書則直觀地將這個系統(tǒng)呈現(xiàn)了出來。有同學(xué)可能會說，學(xué)習(xí)語法是不是把所有的語法規(guī)則記住就行了?其實這個角度很片面，要是想真正學(xué)習(xí)語法，我們光記憶語法規(guī)則是遠遠不夠的，還要將語法放到相應(yīng)的語境中，帶著語境學(xué)習(xí)語言和語法，這樣對語法才會有更深的理解。
除了語法規(guī)則之外，我們還要聯(lián)系語境，這個過程則是可以通過我們上述的閱讀來完成，在閱讀中能夠不斷重現(xiàn)語法點，而且閱讀還為我們提供了一個語境，這樣才會讓我們對語法有更深層次的了解。