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2019考研英語一閱讀理解真題(text3)
Text 3
This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.
Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions: “What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? What makes humans humans?”
What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “West world” and “Humans”.
Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”
But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.
Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.
On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy Al” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develop Al-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.
While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.
To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.
31. Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein is mentioned because it
A. fascinates Al scientists all over the world.
B. has remained popular for as long as 200 years.
C. involves some concerns raised by Al today.
D. has sparked serious ethical controversies
32. In David Eagleman's opinion, our current knowledge of consciousness
A. helps explain artificial intelligence.
B. can be misleading to robot making.
C. inspires popular sci-fi TV series.
D.is too limited for us to reproduce it
33. The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles
A. can hardly ever be found.
B. is still beyond our capacity.
C. causes little public concern.
D. has aroused much curiosity.
34. The author's attitude toward Google's pledges is one of
A. affirmation
B. skepticism.
C. contempt
D. respect.
35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A. Al's Future: In the Hands of Tech Giants
B. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of Al
C. The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable
D. AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of Control
2019考研英語一閱讀理解答案解析(text3)
31. 答案【C】 involves some concerns raised by Al today.
解析： 本題目為首段例證題，首段例證主要為了引出全文的討論的主題(introduce the topic)。第一段引用瑪麗?雪萊創(chuàng)作《佛蘭肯斯坦》又有一個(gè)副標(biāo)題,即:《現(xiàn)代的普羅米修斯》這部作品。第一段最后一句，甚至在電燈發(fā)明之前，作者創(chuàng)作了這部舉世矚目的推測性小說“that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come”這部小說預(yù)示了很多即將到來的技術(shù)所帶來的很多道德倫理方面的問題，這句話對應(yīng)了選項(xiàng)C. involves some concerns raised by Al today涉及了一些今天AI人工智能帶來的擔(dān)憂。
干擾項(xiàng)A.fascinates Al scientists all over the world使全世界的人工智能科學(xué)家著迷、以及B. has remained popular for as long as 200 years長達(dá)200年間一直很受歡迎”都未提及。D. has sparked serious ethical controversies已經(jīng)已發(fā)了嚴(yán)重的倫理方面的爭議。“已經(jīng)引起了嚴(yán)重的”這個(gè)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表達(dá)不準(zhǔn)確，文中只提及到人們現(xiàn)在提出了關(guān)于倫理方面的一些問題。
32.【D】is too limited for us to reproduce it
解析： 本題目為細(xì)節(jié)題。 根據(jù)題干信息David Eagleman找到定位點(diǎn)第四段第二行，“We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”我們?nèi)匀惶幵跊]有確鑿的理論解釋“意識”是什么，而且也不能發(fā)明機(jī)器實(shí)現(xiàn)這一點(diǎn)。從這句話就能選擇 D.is too limited for us to reproduce it對于我們來說我們能力太有限去再次創(chuàng)造它。
33.【B】is still beyond our capacity.
解析： 本題目為細(xì)節(jié)題。 根據(jù)題干信息“autonomous vehicles自動駕駛汽車”找到定位點(diǎn)第五段第二行，這段一直在講述自動駕駛汽車和人駕駛的汽車的區(qū)別，最后總結(jié)“AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.”今天人工智能的這種“vision想象力"還不能像人類一樣復(fù)雜。并且去預(yù)測每一個(gè)可能的駕駛情形仍然是一個(gè)很難的編程問題。這句話對應(yīng)了選項(xiàng)Bis still beyond our capacity仍然超越了我們的能力。
干擾項(xiàng)A.can hardly ever be found.幾乎難以被發(fā)現(xiàn)，在原文中But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand.這句話表達(dá)了倫理問題即將到來，所以A是錯(cuò)的。選項(xiàng)C.causes little public concern.幾乎沒有引起公眾關(guān)注以及D.has aroused much curiosity.已經(jīng)引起了大量的好奇都沒有提及，無中生有。
34.【A】affirmation
解析： 本題目為細(xì)節(jié)題。 根據(jù)題干信息Google's pledges找到定位點(diǎn)第七段，但是題目問的是作者的觀點(diǎn)，可以進(jìn)一步定位到第八段While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point雖然這個(gè)陳述是有點(diǎn)模糊的，但是它代表了一個(gè)開始。從這句話就能判定出作者對谷歌的承諾是認(rèn)可的，對應(yīng)選項(xiàng)affirmation認(rèn)可。
35.【C】The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable
解析： 本題目為標(biāo)題題，判斷全文中心思想。 判斷中心思想第一步要確定全文中心詞：conscience，ethical issue of AI，所以根據(jù)這一主題詞我們就可以選擇出C.The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable 人工智能的道德問題：復(fù)雜但是不可避免，該問題一直貫穿全文和ethical issue做對應(yīng)。
干擾項(xiàng) A.Al's Future: In the Hands of Tech Giants AI的未來，在科技巨頭的手中，文中說到目前我們尚沒有能力解決AI的道德意識方面的問題，所以和主旨相悖。
B.Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of Al《佛蘭肯斯坦》，一本預(yù)測了人工智能的時(shí)代的小說，只是文章的引入，并沒有提及文中的核心問題ethical issue，故片面信息，不可做全文主旨。D.AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of Control人工智能一旦失控，將會成為殺手。這一點(diǎn)并未在文中提及。
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