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2021考研英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)：定語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)法精析
語(yǔ)法是考研英語(yǔ)的基礎(chǔ)，這部分在研究生英語(yǔ)考試中不再單獨(dú)考查，但是語(yǔ)法知識(shí)貫穿在整個(gè)英語(yǔ)考卷的各個(gè)題型中。 完型填空題會(huì)直接考查語(yǔ)法知識(shí);閱讀理解題和英譯漢中有大量的長(zhǎng)難句，這些句子只有具備一定的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)才能正確分析;作文中要寫出正確無(wú)誤的句子，也需要語(yǔ)法知識(shí)。這部分基礎(chǔ)如果欠缺，其它的綜合能力提高起來(lái)將會(huì)很慢，所以所有考生都務(wù)必重視考研語(yǔ)法的復(fù)習(xí)。從句就是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)于整個(gè)句子(這樣的句子叫復(fù)合句)中的一個(gè)成分，因此從句不能單獨(dú)使用。在復(fù)合句中修飾名詞或代詞、作定語(yǔ)的句子叫定語(yǔ)從句。
定語(yǔ)從句是中國(guó)人學(xué)英語(yǔ)最重要的難點(diǎn)之一。其實(shí)定語(yǔ)從句很有規(guī)律，總結(jié)如下：在關(guān)系代詞中that既可指人又可指物、既可作主語(yǔ)又可作賓語(yǔ)，因此，除了在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中，用that一般不會(huì)出問(wèn)題。
關(guān)系副詞的用法比較單一，它們從句中只起狀語(yǔ)的作用，表示時(shí)間的就用who門，表示地點(diǎn)的就用where，而why只修飾一個(gè)詞，即reason。
定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的詞叫“先行詞”，因?yàn)樗偸翘幵诙ㄕZ(yǔ)從句的前頭，比定語(yǔ)從句先行一步。
引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞，包括關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。
?關(guān)系代詞：
who，which，that作從句的主語(yǔ)
whom，which，that作從句的賓語(yǔ)(可省略)
whose從句中作定語(yǔ)
以下情況只能用that，不能用which:
i.先行詞為不定代詞all, little, none，any，every，no，much, anything, nothing
ii. 先行詞有最高級(jí)和序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)(包括: the only, the very, the same, the last, the next等)
iii.先行詞既有人又有物的時(shí)候
以下情況只能用which，不能用that;
① 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句(包括代表整個(gè)主句的意思時(shí))
② 介詞+關(guān)系代詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中
?關(guān)系副詞：
when指時(shí)間，在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
where指地點(diǎn)，在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)
why指原因，在定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)，只修飾reason。
如果用定語(yǔ)從句把兩個(gè)句子合二為一:首先找出兩個(gè)句子當(dāng)中相同的部分，定語(yǔ)從句修飾的就是這一部分。要把其中一個(gè)句子變成定語(yǔ)從句，就要把這句中相同的那個(gè)部分用一個(gè)關(guān)系詞來(lái)代替;代替時(shí)，先看被代替的部分是指人還是指物、再看它作什么句成分。指人并作主語(yǔ)的，就用who?；騮hat;指人并作賓語(yǔ)的，就用whom或that;指人并作定語(yǔ)的，就用whose。指物并作主語(yǔ)的，就用which或that認(rèn)指物并作賓語(yǔ)的，還是用which或that認(rèn)是物并作定語(yǔ)的，就用whose或of which。這樣找好并替換以后，再把這個(gè)關(guān)系代詞放到要變成定語(yǔ)從句的那個(gè)句子的最前面(被代替的部分不能再保留，其它的詞語(yǔ)一律不變)，這個(gè)句子就變成了定語(yǔ)從句。然后，再把這個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句整個(gè)放在被修飾的詞后面，最后，如果還有其它句子成分，就把它們放到定語(yǔ)從句的后面，就行了。
例如：
Have you found the book? You were looking for the book yesterday.
在這兩個(gè)句子中，the book是相同的，定語(yǔ)從句修飾的就是the book。把后面這一句變成定語(yǔ)從句，找個(gè)關(guān)系詞來(lái)代替the book;在將要被變成定語(yǔ)從句的名子中，the book是物并作賓語(yǔ)，所以用which或that代替它。
然后把which或that放到本句的最前面，其它的詞和語(yǔ)序一律不變。這時(shí)，就成了"that/which you were looking for yesterday?”，再把這個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句整個(gè)放在被修飾的詞后面，就成了“have you found the book that/which you were looking for yesterday?”定語(yǔ)從句就完成了，主句是問(wèn)句，所以句末用問(wèn)號(hào)。that/which代替的是原句中的賓語(yǔ)，原句變成了從句，它們?nèi)匀蛔鲝木涞馁e語(yǔ)。關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略，因此上句又可變成“have you found the book you were looking for yesterday?”。
關(guān)系副詞與此同理。只是關(guān)系副詞代替的是原句中的狀語(yǔ)。在被代替之前，這個(gè)狀語(yǔ)中一定要含有一個(gè)與另一句相同的成分。
例如:This is the house where I was born and brought up. = I was born and brought up in the house. 在這兩個(gè)句子中，in the house是句子里的地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)從句修飾的就是the house。把后面這一句變成定語(yǔ)從句。在將要被變成定語(yǔ)從句的句子中，in the house是地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，所以用where來(lái)代替它。然后再把where放到本句的最前面，其它的詞和語(yǔ)序來(lái)代替它。然后再把where放到本句的最前面，其它的詞和語(yǔ)序一律不變。這時(shí)，就成了"where I was born and brought up"。再把這個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句整個(gè)放在被修飾的詞后面，就成了"This is the house where I was barn and brought up.”，定語(yǔ)從句就完成了，主句是陳述句，所以句末用句號(hào)。Where代替的是原句中的狀語(yǔ)，原句變成了從句，它就作從句的狀語(yǔ)。
(1) The hotel is an artistic building. We'll stay in it.
……The hotel where we'll stay is an artistic building.
……The hotel (which/that) we'll stay in is an artistic building.
……The hotel in which we'll stay is an artistic building.
(2) Perhaps they' ve heard of the place. We went there for our holidays last time.
……Perhaps they' re heard of the place where we went for our holidays last time.
?定語(yǔ)從句
請(qǐng)大家照上面的例子，把下面變定語(yǔ)從句的步驟說(shuō)出來(lái)(括號(hào)里的可以省略)：
(3)They’re redecorating the room. A conference will be held in the room.
→They’re redecorating the room where a conference will be held.
→They’re redecorating the room (which /that) a conference will be held in.
→They’re redecorating the room in which a conference will be held.
那么，“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”是怎么回事呢?原來(lái)上面這個(gè)例句，還有一種做法：This is the house. I was born and brought up in the house.在這兩個(gè)句子中，the house是相同的，定語(yǔ)從句修飾的就是the house 。把后面這一句變成定語(yǔ)從句。在將要被變成定語(yǔ)從句的句子中，the house表示物而且是介詞in的賓語(yǔ)，所以用關(guān)系代詞which或that來(lái)代替。然后把which或that放到本句的最前面，其它的詞和語(yǔ)序一律不變。這時(shí)，后面這一句就成了 “which/that I was born and brought up in”。再把這個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句整個(gè)放在被修飾的詞后面，就成了“This is the house which/that I was born and brought up in”。定語(yǔ)從句就完成了，主句是陳述句，所以句末用句號(hào)。
which/that代替的是原句中的賓語(yǔ)，原句變成了從句，它們就作從句的賓語(yǔ)。關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略，因此上句又可變成“This is the house I was born and brought up in.”
但是，in可以提到關(guān)系代詞的前面，不過(guò)這時(shí)不能用that，而且不能省略。所以上句又可變?yōu)椤癟his is the house in which I was born and brought up.”這就是“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”的來(lái)歷。
定語(yǔ)從句又分為限定性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。限定性定語(yǔ)從句把它的先行詞限定在特定的意義之內(nèi)，對(duì)先行詞起限定的作用、是先行詞必不可少的修飾語(yǔ)，沒(méi)有它，整個(gè)句子的意思就會(huì)受到影響、就不完整。非限定性定語(yǔ)從句不對(duì)先行詞起限定的作用，不是先行詞必不可少的修飾語(yǔ)，只對(duì)先行詞起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的作用，沒(méi)有它，整個(gè)句子的意思不會(huì)受到影響、仍然完整。非限定性定語(yǔ)從句相當(dāng)于一個(gè)分句，翻譯時(shí)也是把它當(dāng)作分句處理的。非限定性定語(yǔ)從句和它的先行詞之間要用逗號(hào)隔開;而限定性定語(yǔ)從句和它的先行詞之間不能用逗號(hào)隔開。非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中除了不用that以外，其它關(guān)系詞都可使用，使用方法與限定性定語(yǔ)從句一樣。
例如：The supermarket which was opened two months ago is now closed down.
兩個(gè)月前開的那家超市現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)倒閉了。(限定)
The supermarket, which was opened two months ago, is now closed down.
那家超市現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)倒閉了，那家超市兩個(gè)月前開的。(非限定)
The book (which) you’re reading is mine .
你正在讀的那本書是我的。(限定)
The book, which you’re reading, is mine.
那本書是我的，你正在讀那本書。(非限定)
如果以上例子的差別不十分明顯，再看下面的例句：
I’ve been to London, which is a beautiful city。
我去過(guò)倫敦，那是個(gè)美麗的城市。
Your father, whom I respect very much, is a kind old man.
你父親是個(gè)很和善的老頭，我很尊重他。
Nanjing, where I lived for five years, is very hot in summer.
南京夏天非常熱，我在那里生活過(guò)五年。
在以上三例當(dāng)中，定語(yǔ)從句不就能是限定性的。若變成限定性定語(yǔ)從句，其意就成了“我去過(guò)那個(gè)是座美麗的城市的倫敦。你那個(gè)我很尊重的父親是個(gè)很和善的老頭。我在那里生活過(guò)五年的南京夏天非常熱。”言外之意是還有別的倫敦、父親和南京。
通過(guò)這幾個(gè)例子我們可以看出，專用名詞以及世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的東西都不能有限定性定語(yǔ)從句。因?yàn)樗鼈兊囊饬x本身已經(jīng)非常清楚，不需要對(duì)其進(jìn)行限定。另外，非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞還可以是整個(gè)主句所表達(dá)的意義。
如：He did well in the physics exam, which surprised me.
他物理考得很好，這使我很吃驚。
(學(xué)地道的英語(yǔ)有兩個(gè)重要的練習(xí)方法：parallel writing, and reverse translation，即平行寫作和逆翻譯。所謂平行寫作，就是模仿英語(yǔ)的句子寫類似的句子。而逆翻譯就是先把英語(yǔ)譯成漢語(yǔ)，或根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)的譯文，再把漢語(yǔ)翻譯成英語(yǔ)，再把英語(yǔ)譯文同原文比較，分析差異。這兩種方法能避免漢語(yǔ)式英語(yǔ)。)
He did well in the physics exam, which surprised me.
他物理考得很好，這使我很吃驚。
請(qǐng)把這句話逆翻譯。有的同學(xué)會(huì)翻譯為：He did well in the physics exam, this surprised me. 這句話錯(cuò)在什么地方呢?錯(cuò)在句法。這句話有兩個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，是兩個(gè)并列的分句，但沒(méi)有連詞(this 是代詞)，這就成了串句。
再如：He’s very particular about wording, which I am not.
他很咬文嚼字，而我不。
I said nothing, which made her angry.
我什么也沒(méi)說(shuō)，這使她很生氣。
Tom didn’t go to the show, which was a pity.
沒(méi)去看演出，這很遺憾。
2021考研英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)：動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的語(yǔ)法解析
語(yǔ)法是考研英語(yǔ)的基礎(chǔ)，這部分在研究生英語(yǔ)考試中不再單獨(dú)考查，但是語(yǔ)法知識(shí)貫穿在整個(gè)英語(yǔ)考卷的各個(gè)題型中。 完型填空題會(huì)直接考查語(yǔ)法知識(shí);閱讀理解題和英譯漢中有大量的長(zhǎng)難句，這些句子只有具備一定的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)才能正確分析;作文中要寫出正確無(wú)誤的句子，也需要語(yǔ)法知識(shí)。這部分基礎(chǔ)如果欠缺，其它的綜合能力提高起來(lái)將會(huì)很慢，所以所有考生都務(wù)必重視考研語(yǔ)法的復(fù)習(xí)。動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)
1)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài) (have/has been + -ing 分詞構(gòu)成): 動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過(guò)去某時(shí)開始,繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,可能繼續(xù)下去,也可能剛剛結(jié)束.
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.
I’ve been sitting in the garden.
2)過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(由had been + ing分詞構(gòu)成): 過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻以前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作
I’d been working for some time when he called.
We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.
3)將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí): 將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)刻以前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作.
By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.
In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.
4)將來(lái)完成時(shí)(由shall/will have + 過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成): 將來(lái)某時(shí)會(huì)業(yè)已發(fā)生的事.
I shall have finished this one before lunch.
They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.
常考知識(shí)點(diǎn)講解：定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞
that, who, whom: 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句, 如果修飾人, 一般用who, 有時(shí)用that (作主語(yǔ)時(shí)用who較多). 如果關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ), 就應(yīng)當(dāng)用賓格 whom 或that, 但在大多數(shù)情況下都可以省略掉, 在口語(yǔ)中可用who代替whom.
Here is the man (whom) you’ve been looking for.
He is a man (that) you can safely depend on.
The people (who/that) you were talking to were Swedes.
There are some people here who I want you to meet.
但在介詞后只能用whom:
This is the man to whom I referred.
但在口語(yǔ)中一般都把介詞放到句子后面去, 這時(shí)可用that, 但省略時(shí)更多一些.
Have you met the person about whom he was speaking?
Have you met the person (that) he was speaking about
The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.
The girl (who/that) I spoke to is my cousin.
限制性定語(yǔ)從句如果修飾“物”, 用關(guān)系代詞that的時(shí)候較多, 也有時(shí)用which.. 當(dāng)這個(gè)代詞在從句中是用作賓語(yǔ)時(shí), 在絕大多數(shù)情況下都是省略的, 特別是口語(yǔ)中(尤其是當(dāng)被修飾的詞是all, everything等詞時(shí)):
Have you everything you need?
(Is there) anything I can do for you?
All you have to do is to press the button.
在介詞后只能用which, 在口語(yǔ)中一般都把介詞放到從句后部去, 這時(shí)可以用that, 但省略的時(shí)候更多一些:
The tool with which he is working is called a wrench.
The tool (that) he is working with is called a wrench.
This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion.
This is the question (that) we’ve had so much discussion about.
定語(yǔ)從句一般是修飾名詞或代詞的, 但間或也可以修飾整個(gè)句子a), 或是句子的一部分 b), 引導(dǎo)詞用which:
They have invited me to visit their country, which is very kind of them.
The activity was postponed, which was exactly what we wanted
When deeply absorbed in work, which he often was, he would forget all about eating and sleeping.
She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.
whose: 在表示“...的”這個(gè)概念時(shí), 可用所有格 whose; whose 用于指物, 有時(shí)可與of which交替使用, 通常的詞序是名詞詞組 + of which:
Is there anyone in your class whose family is in the northeast?
We had a meeting whose purpose was completely unclear. (…the purpose of which was…)
He’s written a book the name of which I’ve completely forgotten. (…whose name I’ve…)
of which前的名詞詞組也可以由some, any, none, all, both, several, enough, many, most, few以及基數(shù)詞擔(dān)任; 這些詞也能用在 of whom之前.
The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.
It’s a family of eight children, all of whom are studying music.
關(guān)系副詞 when, where, why: 它們的含義相當(dāng)于 at which, in which, for which, 因此它們之間有交替使用的可能.
The day when he was born…
on which he was born…
which he was born on…
The office where he works…
at which he works…
which he works at…
有時(shí)可用that替代關(guān)系副詞, 在口語(yǔ)中that 可省略.
Every time (that) the telephone rings, he gets nervous.
This was the first time I had serious trouble with my boss.
Do you know anywhere (that) I can get a drink?
This is the place (where) we met yesterday.
That is the reason (why) he did it.
在the way 后也可用that 替代in which, 在口語(yǔ)中that也可省略.
This is the way (that/in which) he did it.
That’s the way I look at it.
如果定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)為 there is, 作主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞也?？墒〉?
I must make full use of the time there is left to me and do as much as I can for the people.
This is the fastest train (that) there is to Nanjing.
定語(yǔ)從句的簡(jiǎn)化: 定語(yǔ)從句與不定式結(jié)構(gòu), -ing分詞結(jié)構(gòu), -ed分詞結(jié)構(gòu)以及無(wú)動(dòng)詞分句等有著轉(zhuǎn)換關(guān)系.
He was the only one to realize the danger (= who realized the danger).
The woman driving the car (= who was driving the car) indicated that she was going to turn left.
The man injured by the bullet (= who was injured by the bullet) was taken to hospital.
All the women present (= who were present) looked up in alarm.
2021考研英語(yǔ)：備考長(zhǎng)難句的精煉
The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.
一、重點(diǎn)詞匯
① baby boom 嬰兒潮，生育高峰期
② entry n. 進(jìn)入;入口處;登記
③ male-dominated adj. 男人主宰的，男性主導(dǎo)的
④ sacrifice n/v. 犧牲;奉獻(xiàn)
⑤ rigid adj. 嚴(yán)格的;僵硬的
二、參考譯文
戰(zhàn)后生育高峰期的到來(lái)，以及女性進(jìn)入由男性主導(dǎo)的就業(yè)市場(chǎng)，都限制了青少年的發(fā)展機(jī)遇，這些青少年已經(jīng)開始質(zhì)疑在為了進(jìn)好學(xué)校，找好工作，而攀登日本等級(jí)森嚴(yán)的社會(huì)階梯的過(guò)程中所付出的沉重的個(gè)人代價(jià)是否值得。