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2021考研英語知識點：定語從句的語法精析
語法是考研英語的基礎(chǔ)，這部分在研究生英語考試中不再單獨考查，但是語法知識貫穿在整個英語考卷的各個題型中。 完型填空題會直接考查語法知識;閱讀理解題和英譯漢中有大量的長難句，這些句子只有具備一定的語法知識才能正確分析;作文中要寫出正確無誤的句子，也需要語法知識。這部分基礎(chǔ)如果欠缺，其它的綜合能力提高起來將會很慢，所以所有考生都務(wù)必重視考研語法的復習。從句就是一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)相當于整個句子(這樣的句子叫復合句)中的一個成分，因此從句不能單獨使用。在復合句中修飾名詞或代詞、作定語的句子叫定語從句。
定語從句是中國人學英語最重要的難點之一。其實定語從句很有規(guī)律，總結(jié)如下：在關(guān)系代詞中that既可指人又可指物、既可作主語又可作賓語，因此，除了在非限定性定語從句中，用that一般不會出問題。
關(guān)系副詞的用法比較單一，它們從句中只起狀語的作用，表示時間的就用who門，表示地點的就用where，而why只修飾一個詞，即reason。
定語從句所修飾的詞叫“先行詞”，因為它總是處在定語從句的前頭，比定語從句先行一步。
引導定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞，包括關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。
?關(guān)系代詞：
who，which，that作從句的主語
whom，which，that作從句的賓語(可省略)
whose從句中作定語
以下情況只能用that，不能用which:
i.先行詞為不定代詞all, little, none，any，every，no，much, anything, nothing
ii. 先行詞有最高級和序數(shù)詞修飾時(包括: the only, the very, the same, the last, the next等)
iii.先行詞既有人又有物的時候
以下情況只能用which，不能用that;
① 引導非限制性定語從句(包括代表整個主句的意思時)
② 介詞+關(guān)系代詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中
?關(guān)系副詞：
when指時間，在定語從句中作時間狀語
where指地點，在定語從句中作地點狀語
why指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語，只修飾reason。
如果用定語從句把兩個句子合二為一:首先找出兩個句子當中相同的部分，定語從句修飾的就是這一部分。要把其中一個句子變成定語從句，就要把這句中相同的那個部分用一個關(guān)系詞來代替;代替時，先看被代替的部分是指人還是指物、再看它作什么句成分。指人并作主語的，就用who?；騮hat;指人并作賓語的，就用whom或that;指人并作定語的，就用whose。指物并作主語的，就用which或that認指物并作賓語的，還是用which或that認是物并作定語的，就用whose或of which。這樣找好并替換以后，再把這個關(guān)系代詞放到要變成定語從句的那個句子的最前面(被代替的部分不能再保留，其它的詞語一律不變)，這個句子就變成了定語從句。然后，再把這個定語從句整個放在被修飾的詞后面，最后，如果還有其它句子成分，就把它們放到定語從句的后面，就行了。
例如：
Have you found the book? You were looking for the book yesterday.
在這兩個句子中，the book是相同的，定語從句修飾的就是the book。把后面這一句變成定語從句，找個關(guān)系詞來代替the book;在將要被變成定語從句的名子中，the book是物并作賓語，所以用which或that代替它。
然后把which或that放到本句的最前面，其它的詞和語序一律不變。這時，就成了"that/which you were looking for yesterday?”，再把這個定語從句整個放在被修飾的詞后面，就成了“have you found the book that/which you were looking for yesterday?”定語從句就完成了，主句是問句，所以句末用問號。that/which代替的是原句中的賓語，原句變成了從句，它們?nèi)匀蛔鲝木涞馁e語。關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語時可以省略，因此上句又可變成“have you found the book you were looking for yesterday?”。
關(guān)系副詞與此同理。只是關(guān)系副詞代替的是原句中的狀語。在被代替之前，這個狀語中一定要含有一個與另一句相同的成分。
例如:This is the house where I was born and brought up. = I was born and brought up in the house. 在這兩個句子中，in the house是句子里的地點狀語，定語從句修飾的就是the house。把后面這一句變成定語從句。在將要被變成定語從句的句子中，in the house是地點狀語，所以用where來代替它。然后再把where放到本句的最前面，其它的詞和語序來代替它。然后再把where放到本句的最前面，其它的詞和語序一律不變。這時，就成了"where I was born and brought up"。再把這個定語從句整個放在被修飾的詞后面，就成了"This is the house where I was barn and brought up.”，定語從句就完成了，主句是陳述句，所以句末用句號。Where代替的是原句中的狀語，原句變成了從句，它就作從句的狀語。
(1) The hotel is an artistic building. We'll stay in it.
……The hotel where we'll stay is an artistic building.
……The hotel (which/that) we'll stay in is an artistic building.
……The hotel in which we'll stay is an artistic building.
(2) Perhaps they' ve heard of the place. We went there for our holidays last time.
……Perhaps they' re heard of the place where we went for our holidays last time.
?定語從句
請大家照上面的例子，把下面變定語從句的步驟說出來(括號里的可以省略)：
(3)They’re redecorating the room. A conference will be held in the room.
→They’re redecorating the room where a conference will be held.
→They’re redecorating the room (which /that) a conference will be held in.
→They’re redecorating the room in which a conference will be held.
那么，“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”是怎么回事呢?原來上面這個例句，還有一種做法：This is the house. I was born and brought up in the house.在這兩個句子中，the house是相同的，定語從句修飾的就是the house 。把后面這一句變成定語從句。在將要被變成定語從句的句子中，the house表示物而且是介詞in的賓語，所以用關(guān)系代詞which或that來代替。然后把which或that放到本句的最前面，其它的詞和語序一律不變。這時，后面這一句就成了 “which/that I was born and brought up in”。再把這個定語從句整個放在被修飾的詞后面，就成了“This is the house which/that I was born and brought up in”。定語從句就完成了，主句是陳述句，所以句末用句號。
which/that代替的是原句中的賓語，原句變成了從句，它們就作從句的賓語。關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語時可以省略，因此上句又可變成“This is the house I was born and brought up in.”
但是，in可以提到關(guān)系代詞的前面，不過這時不能用that，而且不能省略。所以上句又可變?yōu)椤癟his is the house in which I was born and brought up.”這就是“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”的來歷。
定語從句又分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句。限定性定語從句把它的先行詞限定在特定的意義之內(nèi)，對先行詞起限定的作用、是先行詞必不可少的修飾語，沒有它，整個句子的意思就會受到影響、就不完整。非限定性定語從句不對先行詞起限定的作用，不是先行詞必不可少的修飾語，只對先行詞起補充說明的作用，沒有它，整個句子的意思不會受到影響、仍然完整。非限定性定語從句相當于一個分句，翻譯時也是把它當作分句處理的。非限定性定語從句和它的先行詞之間要用逗號隔開;而限定性定語從句和它的先行詞之間不能用逗號隔開。非限定性定語從句中除了不用that以外，其它關(guān)系詞都可使用，使用方法與限定性定語從句一樣。
例如：The supermarket which was opened two months ago is now closed down.
兩個月前開的那家超市現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)倒閉了。(限定)
The supermarket, which was opened two months ago, is now closed down.
那家超市現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)倒閉了，那家超市兩個月前開的。(非限定)
The book (which) you’re reading is mine .
你正在讀的那本書是我的。(限定)
The book, which you’re reading, is mine.
那本書是我的，你正在讀那本書。(非限定)
如果以上例子的差別不十分明顯，再看下面的例句：
I’ve been to London, which is a beautiful city。
我去過倫敦，那是個美麗的城市。
Your father, whom I respect very much, is a kind old man.
你父親是個很和善的老頭，我很尊重他。
Nanjing, where I lived for five years, is very hot in summer.
南京夏天非常熱，我在那里生活過五年。
在以上三例當中，定語從句不就能是限定性的。若變成限定性定語從句，其意就成了“我去過那個是座美麗的城市的倫敦。你那個我很尊重的父親是個很和善的老頭。我在那里生活過五年的南京夏天非常熱?！毖酝庵馐沁€有別的倫敦、父親和南京。
通過這幾個例子我們可以看出，專用名詞以及世界上獨一無二的東西都不能有限定性定語從句。因為它們的意義本身已經(jīng)非常清楚，不需要對其進行限定。另外，非限定性定語從句的先行詞還可以是整個主句所表達的意義。
如：He did well in the physics exam, which surprised me.
他物理考得很好，這使我很吃驚。
(學地道的英語有兩個重要的練習方法：parallel writing, and reverse translation，即平行寫作和逆翻譯。所謂平行寫作，就是模仿英語的句子寫類似的句子。而逆翻譯就是先把英語譯成漢語，或根據(jù)漢語的譯文，再把漢語翻譯成英語，再把英語譯文同原文比較，分析差異。這兩種方法能避免漢語式英語。)
He did well in the physics exam, which surprised me.
他物理考得很好，這使我很吃驚。
請把這句話逆翻譯。有的同學會翻譯為：He did well in the physics exam, this surprised me. 這句話錯在什么地方呢?錯在句法。這句話有兩個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，是兩個并列的分句，但沒有連詞(this 是代詞)，這就成了串句。
再如：He’s very particular about wording, which I am not.
他很咬文嚼字，而我不。
I said nothing, which made her angry.
我什么也沒說，這使她很生氣。
Tom didn’t go to the show, which was a pity.
沒去看演出，這很遺憾。
2021考研英語知識點：動詞時態(tài)的語法解析
語法是考研英語的基礎(chǔ)，這部分在研究生英語考試中不再單獨考查，但是語法知識貫穿在整個英語考卷的各個題型中。 完型填空題會直接考查語法知識;閱讀理解題和英譯漢中有大量的長難句，這些句子只有具備一定的語法知識才能正確分析;作文中要寫出正確無誤的句子，也需要語法知識。這部分基礎(chǔ)如果欠缺，其它的綜合能力提高起來將會很慢，所以所有考生都務(wù)必重視考研語法的復習。動詞時態(tài)
1)現(xiàn)在完成進行時態(tài) (have/has been + -ing 分詞構(gòu)成): 動作或狀態(tài)從過去某時開始,繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,可能繼續(xù)下去,也可能剛剛結(jié)束.
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.
I’ve been sitting in the garden.
2)過去完成進行時(由had been + ing分詞構(gòu)成): 過去某個時刻以前一直在進行的動作
I’d been working for some time when he called.
We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.
3)將來完成進行時: 將來某個時刻以前一直在進行的動作.
By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.
In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.
4)將來完成時(由shall/will have + 過去分詞構(gòu)成): 將來某時會業(yè)已發(fā)生的事.
I shall have finished this one before lunch.
They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.
常考知識點講解：定語從句引導詞
that, who, whom: 非限制性定語從句, 如果修飾人, 一般用who, 有時用that (作主語時用who較多). 如果關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語, 就應(yīng)當用賓格 whom 或that, 但在大多數(shù)情況下都可以省略掉, 在口語中可用who代替whom.
Here is the man (whom) you’ve been looking for.
He is a man (that) you can safely depend on.
The people (who/that) you were talking to were Swedes.
There are some people here who I want you to meet.
但在介詞后只能用whom:
This is the man to whom I referred.
但在口語中一般都把介詞放到句子后面去, 這時可用that, 但省略時更多一些.
Have you met the person about whom he was speaking?
Have you met the person (that) he was speaking about
The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.
The girl (who/that) I spoke to is my cousin.
限制性定語從句如果修飾“物”, 用關(guān)系代詞that的時候較多, 也有時用which.. 當這個代詞在從句中是用作賓語時, 在絕大多數(shù)情況下都是省略的, 特別是口語中(尤其是當被修飾的詞是all, everything等詞時):
Have you everything you need?
(Is there) anything I can do for you?
All you have to do is to press the button.
在介詞后只能用which, 在口語中一般都把介詞放到從句后部去, 這時可以用that, 但省略的時候更多一些:
The tool with which he is working is called a wrench.
The tool (that) he is working with is called a wrench.
This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion.
This is the question (that) we’ve had so much discussion about.
定語從句一般是修飾名詞或代詞的, 但間或也可以修飾整個句子a), 或是句子的一部分 b), 引導詞用which:
They have invited me to visit their country, which is very kind of them.
The activity was postponed, which was exactly what we wanted
When deeply absorbed in work, which he often was, he would forget all about eating and sleeping.
She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.
whose: 在表示“...的”這個概念時, 可用所有格 whose; whose 用于指物, 有時可與of which交替使用, 通常的詞序是名詞詞組 + of which:
Is there anyone in your class whose family is in the northeast?
We had a meeting whose purpose was completely unclear. (…the purpose of which was…)
He’s written a book the name of which I’ve completely forgotten. (…whose name I’ve…)
of which前的名詞詞組也可以由some, any, none, all, both, several, enough, many, most, few以及基數(shù)詞擔任; 這些詞也能用在 of whom之前.
The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.
It’s a family of eight children, all of whom are studying music.
關(guān)系副詞 when, where, why: 它們的含義相當于 at which, in which, for which, 因此它們之間有交替使用的可能.
The day when he was born…
on which he was born…
which he was born on…
The office where he works…
at which he works…
which he works at…
有時可用that替代關(guān)系副詞, 在口語中that 可省略.
Every time (that) the telephone rings, he gets nervous.
This was the first time I had serious trouble with my boss.
Do you know anywhere (that) I can get a drink?
This is the place (where) we met yesterday.
That is the reason (why) he did it.
在the way 后也可用that 替代in which, 在口語中that也可省略.
This is the way (that/in which) he did it.
That’s the way I look at it.
如果定語從句中謂語為 there is, 作主語的關(guān)系代詞也?？墒〉?
I must make full use of the time there is left to me and do as much as I can for the people.
This is the fastest train (that) there is to Nanjing.
定語從句的簡化: 定語從句與不定式結(jié)構(gòu), -ing分詞結(jié)構(gòu), -ed分詞結(jié)構(gòu)以及無動詞分句等有著轉(zhuǎn)換關(guān)系.
He was the only one to realize the danger (= who realized the danger).
The woman driving the car (= who was driving the car) indicated that she was going to turn left.
The man injured by the bullet (= who was injured by the bullet) was taken to hospital.
All the women present (= who were present) looked up in alarm.
2021考研英語：備考長難句的精煉
The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.
一、重點詞匯
① baby boom 嬰兒潮，生育高峰期
② entry n. 進入;入口處;登記
③ male-dominated adj. 男人主宰的，男性主導的
④ sacrifice n/v. 犧牲;奉獻
⑤ rigid adj. 嚴格的;僵硬的
二、參考譯文
戰(zhàn)后生育高峰期的到來，以及女性進入由男性主導的就業(yè)市場，都限制了青少年的發(fā)展機遇，這些青少年已經(jīng)開始質(zhì)疑在為了進好學校，找好工作，而攀登日本等級森嚴的社會階梯的過程中所付出的沉重的個人代價是否值得。