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2021考研英語:精選語法之形式主語與賓語
一、it作形式主語
英語(論壇)中不定式、動(dòng)名詞、主語從句在作主語時(shí)主語往往顯得很長,使整個(gè)句子看上去有點(diǎn)頭重腳輕,這樣就借助“it”來作形式上的主語,而把真正的主語移到句子后邊去,使全句結(jié)構(gòu)上前后平衡。 “it”并無實(shí)際意義。It之后的謂語部分,可以是be+形容詞,be+名詞(詞組),或be+過去分詞等。
1、不定式做真正主語
例句1:If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties. (2002 Text1)
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句包含由and連接兩個(gè)并列分句。第一個(gè)分句主干為you will be in a position,不定式to know the experiences and problems 做定語,修飾position,其中which引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾the experiences and problems。第二個(gè)分句為it’ll be appropriate for you to …,其中it作形式主語,真正的主語為不定式to make a passing remark about…。
【參考譯文】如果你是你談話聽眾中的一員,你就能夠了解你們所共有的經(jīng)歷和問題,而且你也可對餐廳極難吃的食物或者領(lǐng)導(dǎo)在選擇領(lǐng)帶方面差勁的品味進(jìn)行評頭論足。
例句2:Just as on smoking,voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure。(2005 Text2)
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句的主干是voices come from…,現(xiàn)在分詞短語insisting…作voice的后置定語,insiste后接兩個(gè) that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,分別為that the science about global warming is incomplete和that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure,第二個(gè)that從句中,it是形式主語,真正的主語由不定式短語充當(dāng),until we know for sure為時(shí)間狀語從句。
【參考譯文】就像吸煙問題一樣,來自不同領(lǐng)域的聲音堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為有關(guān)全球氣候變暖的科學(xué)資料還不完整。在我們證實(shí)這件事之前可以向大氣中不斷地排放氣體。
2、主語從句做句子真正主語
主語從句做句子真正主語,其結(jié)構(gòu)組成一般是“形式主語it +謂語+ 關(guān)系連詞+從句”。
例句1:Further more,it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. (2000-72)
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句主干為it is obvious that…,其中it是形式主語,真正的主語為and連接的兩個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句that the strength of a country’s economy is…和that this in turn rests…。第一個(gè)主語從句中,代詞its指代 country’s;第二個(gè)主語從句中,this指代 efficiency of its agriculture and industry。
【參考譯文】再者,顯而易見的是一個(gè)國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力與其工業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率密切相關(guān),而效率的提高又有賴于各種科技人員的努力。
例句2:It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers。(2007Text2)
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句中It為形式主語,真正主語是其后how引導(dǎo)的主語從句,how the capacity suits one to answer questions,兩個(gè)不定式結(jié)構(gòu)to…作capacity的后置定語, questions后面的that引導(dǎo)定語從句,關(guān)系代詞that在從句中作主語。
【參考譯文】人們非常不清楚的是:(智商考試)這種在心里想象物體的形狀或數(shù)字模式的能力,怎么能回答一些已經(jīng)困惑了最優(yōu)秀的詩人和哲學(xué)家多年的問題呢?
3、動(dòng)名詞做真正主語
這類句子常見結(jié)構(gòu)為It's +n.(名詞或名詞短語)/adj.(形容詞)+ doing sth.。
1)下列形容詞后常用動(dòng)名詞作真正主語:nice, good, useless, hard, foolish, enjoyable, worthwhile等。例如:
It is nice talking to you. 跟你交談?wù)媸怯淇臁?BR> 2)下列名詞或名詞短語作表語時(shí)常用動(dòng)名詞作真正主語:use, good, fun, a waste of, job, task等。例如:
It's a waste of time doing this. 這樣做是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間的。
It's no good /use doing that. 那樣做沒好處(沒用)。
二、it作形式賓語
不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句在句中做賓語時(shí),由于該賓語成分過長,為保持句子平衡,常使用it做形式賓語,將真正賓語置于句后。這時(shí),it也無實(shí)際意義。這種情況通常只用于能帶以名詞或形容詞作賓語補(bǔ)語的動(dòng)詞后面,比如think,make,find,consider,feel,suppose等。
例句1:The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it inefficient to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can create new receptors if necessary。(2005完形)
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句的主干為主系表結(jié)構(gòu)The explanation…seems to be…,表語部分由that引導(dǎo)的表語從句充當(dāng)。在此從句中,使用了find it +adj.+to do 結(jié)構(gòu),it是形式賓語,真正的賓語由不定式短語充當(dāng)。but并列了the brain后的兩個(gè)謂語finds it inefficient to keep…和 can create new receptors if necessary。
【參考譯文】對氣味的不敏感似乎可以這樣解釋,大腦發(fā)現(xiàn)讓所有的氣味感覺器官一直工作效率會(huì)很低,但在需要的時(shí)候仍可以創(chuàng)造新的感覺器官。
2021考研英語:完形填空解題步驟的分析
一、第一步先略讀,掌握整篇文章的中心主線,或者文章大意
二、第二步精讀,首先,重點(diǎn)讀文章的首句或首段
考研英語完形填空中,第一句話往往是沒有空缺的,而第一句往往是全文的中心,或者能為全文的做題提供一個(gè)依據(jù),因此考生一定不可放棄對第一句的把握。首句之后的第二句往往也很重要,也可能是總述句的范疇,建議根據(jù)情況重點(diǎn)讀。第二,再重點(diǎn)讀每一段的首句。最后找出空旁邊的相關(guān)信息,進(jìn)而推理出空的正確選項(xiàng)。
以1995年考題為例。
The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more __43__. Thenew experiments, such as those described for the first time at a recent meetingof the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinatingexplanations __45__ of non-REM sleep. (95)
43. A. subtle B. obvious C. mysterious D. doubtful
45. A. in the light B. by virtue C. with the exceptionD. for the purpose
分析:只要細(xì)心尋找即可發(fā)現(xiàn),文章開頭說的“the purpose ofnon-REM sleep”和結(jié)尾的“_of non-REM sleep。”遙相呼應(yīng)。所以45填D。而在后文的fascinating就指示43應(yīng)填與其同義的詞,故43題選C,因?yàn)閮烧叨急硎尽吧衩氐?、為之著?quot;的意思
三、第三步填空后,再進(jìn)行整篇通讀
完型的復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)
首先,詞匯的辨析和固定搭配占到完型出題量的60% -70%左右,是最重的部分。所以,考前詞匯的準(zhǔn)備對于完型顯得尤為重要。但最為有效地復(fù)習(xí)詞匯的關(guān)鍵是要掌握完型對詞匯考查的特點(diǎn):完型考查的都是考研大綱所要求的詞匯,在這些詞匯中重點(diǎn)用來考完型的不過1500-1600個(gè)左右。
Successful safety programs may _45_greatly in theemphasis placed on certain aspects of the program。
A alter B differ C shift D distinguish
第二,注意前后邏輯關(guān)系,做完型填空,需要把握各段落、句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系,這樣才能加深對文章的全面理解,因此,應(yīng)熟記表達(dá)各種不同邏輯關(guān)系的連詞,這些邏輯關(guān)系詞主要包括:
表示列舉的連詞:first, second, third…;firstly,secondly, thirdly…; first, next, then…; in the first place, in the secondplace…; for one thing, for another thing…;to begin with, to conclude…
表示原因的連詞:because, since, as, now that…
表示結(jié)果的連詞:so, therefore, thus, hence,accordingly, consequently, as a result
表示讓步和轉(zhuǎn)折的連詞:however, nevertheless,nonetheless, still, though, yet, in spite of, at any rate, in any case,whoever, whatever
表示對照的連詞:on the contrary, in contrast, bycontrast, in comparison, by comparison, conversely
表示補(bǔ)充的連詞:also, further, furthermore,likewise, similarly, moreover, in addition, what’s more, too, either, neither,not…but…, not only…but also…
表示時(shí)間順序的連詞:when, while, as, after,before, since, until, as soon as, once
表示目的的連詞:that, so that, in order that,lest, for fear that
表示條件的連詞:if, suppose (that), supposing(that), unless, in case, so (as) long as, so far as, on condition (that),provided (that), providing (that)
例如:
Getting enough vitamins is essential to life, althoughthe body has no nutritional use for excess vitamins. Many people ____ believein being on the "safe side" and thus take extra vitamins. (96)
A. nevertheless B. therefore C. moreover D. meanwhile
第三,復(fù)習(xí)語法。語法部分的測試是英語知識運(yùn)用的主要內(nèi)容之一。但是要求都不高,都是高考考點(diǎn)和熱點(diǎn),大家只要復(fù)習(xí)一下高考語法就可以。例如:
They do not provide energy, __ do they construct orbuild any part of the body。
A either B so C nor D never
分析:本題考察有關(guān)倒裝的語法知識,neither/nor 否定詞+助動(dòng)詞, 表示:也不…
2021考研英語:英語高分句子精選
101. The tall man installed a small wallet on the wall.
101. 高個(gè)男子把一小錢包安放到墻上。
102. Except dishonest ones, anyone who is honest can get honey, everyone thinks so.
102. 除了不誠實(shí)的人外,任何誠實(shí)的人都能得到蜂蜜,人人都這么想。
103. The exhausted man and the trustful guy thrust a knife into the rusty crust.
103. 精疲力竭的男子和深信不疑的家伙將一把刀子刺向生銹的外殼。
104. I finally find that the financial findings are binding.
104. 我終于發(fā)現(xiàn)財(cái)經(jīng)調(diào)查結(jié)果具有約束力。
105. At the windy window, the widow finds a blind snake winding.
105. 在當(dāng)風(fēng)的窗口,寡婦發(fā)現(xiàn)有條瞎眼蛇在游動(dòng)。
106. I refuse to accuse Fuse of diffusing confusion.
106. 我拒絕控告導(dǎo)火索散播混亂。
107. He had an amusing excuse for executing the executive.
107. 對于處決決策人,他有一個(gè)可笑的理由。
108. At the dawn on the lawn the yawning drowned man began to frown.
108. 拂曉時(shí)在草坪上,打呵欠的溺水者開始皺眉頭。
109. Mr. Brown owns the brown towels in the downtown tower.
109. 布朗先生擁有鬧市區(qū)塔里的棕色毛巾。
110. Lots of pilots plot to dot the rotten robot.
110.大批領(lǐng)航員策劃給腐爛的機(jī)器人打點(diǎn)。
111. In the hot hotel the devoted voter did not notice the noticeable notebook.
111. 在炎熱的旅館里,熱心的投票者沒有注意到顯而易見的筆記本。
112. The notorious man's noted notation denotes a notable secret.
112. 那個(gè)臭名昭著的男子的著名符號代表一個(gè)值得關(guān)注的秘密。
113. Yes, yesterday was the my pay-day; I pay you the payment today.
113. 是的,昨天是我的發(fā)薪日,我今天付給你報(bào)酬。
114. Lay a layer of clay on the displayed layout before the relay race.
114. 接力賽之前在展示的陳設(shè)上鋪一層黏土。
115. "The gay mayor maybe lay in the hay by the Baby bay," he says in dismay.
115. 他沮喪地說:“快活的市長大概躺在嬰兒灣邊上的干草中?!?BR> 116. The delayed player delegation stay on the playground.
116. 被耽擱的運(yùn)動(dòng)員代表團(tuán)停留在操場上。
117. The X-rayed prayer preyed a gray tray.
117. 照過X光的祈禱者捕獲了一個(gè)灰色盤子。
118. Anyway, the prayer swayed by me always goes away by subway.
118.不管怎樣,受我支配的祈禱者總是從地鐵走向遠(yuǎn)方。
119. The chocolates on the plate stimulated my son to calculate.
119. 盤子里的巧克力鼓勵(lì)了兒子進(jìn)行計(jì)算。
120. One of my relatives, a late translator, translated a book relating to public relations.
120. 我的一位親戚,一個(gè)已故翻譯,翻譯了一本有關(guān)公共關(guān)系的書。
121. He relates that he is isolated from his relatives.
121. 他敘述說他與親戚們隔離開了。
122. The educator located the local location allocated to him.
122. 教育家定出了分配給他的局部的位置。
123. Comply with the compatible rule of complement when using compliments.
123. 使用問候語時(shí)遵守補(bǔ)語的相容規(guī)則。
124. The complicated indicator is dedicated to the delicate delicious machine.
124. 這個(gè)復(fù)雜的指示器被奉獻(xiàn)給精密而美妙的機(jī)器。
125. Likewise, my bike gave a striking strike to the two men alike.
125. 同樣,我的自行車給那兩個(gè)相象的人驚人的打擊。
126. The smoke choked the joking stroker at one stroke.
126. 煙一下嗆住了開玩笑的撫摩者。
127. Somewhere somebody sometimes does something good.
127. 在某處某人有時(shí)做某些好事。
128. Wherever I go, nowhere I like; I dislike everywhere.
128. 無論我到哪里,沒有哪里為我喜歡,我討厭每一個(gè)地方。
129. Therefore, the atmosphere is merely a sphere.
129. 因此大氣層只不過是一個(gè)球體。
130. The funny cunning runner uses his gum gun before sunrise or after sunset.
130. 滑稽乖巧的賽跑者在日出之前或日落之后使用膠皮槍。
131. The applause paused because of the cause caused by a cautious plausible clause.
131. 掌聲停了是因?yàn)橐粭l謹(jǐn)慎的似乎有理的條款引起的原因。

