考研英語(yǔ)備考很多事情都要提上日程了，看看哪些是該注意的，下面由出國(guó)留學(xué)網(wǎng)小編為你精心準(zhǔn)備了“2021年考研英語(yǔ)：備考的障礙詞解析(2)”，持續(xù)關(guān)注本站將可以持續(xù)獲取更多的考試資訊!
2021年考研英語(yǔ)：備考的障礙詞解析(2)
“Waiter, do you serve lobster here?”
“We serve anyone; take a seat, please.”
這個(gè)笑話發(fā)生在飯店，顯然服務(wù)員與客人之間發(fā)生了誤會(huì)，而誤會(huì)的根源就在serve這個(gè)詞上?？腿怂玫膕erve的意思是“供應(yīng)，有沒(méi)有…菜”，而服務(wù)員所用的serve的意思是“為…提供服務(wù)”。
無(wú)論是英文單詞還是漢語(yǔ)詞語(yǔ)大部分詞都不會(huì)一個(gè)詞只有一個(gè)意思，絕大部分的詞都至少有兩個(gè)或是更多的意思。所以在復(fù)習(xí)單詞時(shí)不能只記住一個(gè)單詞大致的一到兩個(gè)詞義而把其它的忽略不記，造成了只知其一，不知其二的局面。這樣導(dǎo)致無(wú)法準(zhǔn)確理解該詞在句子中的意思，做起題來(lái)自然要出錯(cuò)。
本書(shū)第三章詞義關(guān)聯(lián)的多義詞不僅列出了單詞的各種義項(xiàng)，還在分析考研真題的基礎(chǔ)上標(biāo)出了哪些義項(xiàng)是已經(jīng)熟悉的，哪些是不太熟悉而且是難點(diǎn)的，幫助考生避輕就重，對(duì)于熟悉的內(nèi)容可以少花時(shí)間，對(duì)于難點(diǎn)的內(nèi)容多下苦功。另外，通過(guò)【點(diǎn)睛】幫助學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)如何發(fā)現(xiàn)詞義間的聯(lián)系，學(xué)會(huì)聯(lián)想。后面的各個(gè)單詞就由考生自己按自己的辦法聯(lián)想記憶。記憶單詞的多個(gè)詞義也不是一味的死記硬背，而是要注意一個(gè)詞各詞義之間的關(guān)聯(lián)，因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)詞的多個(gè)詞義往往有千絲萬(wàn)縷的聯(lián)系，而且多個(gè)詞義是不斷衍生出來(lái)的，所以發(fā)現(xiàn)關(guān)聯(lián)，加強(qiáng)聯(lián)系，是記憶單詞各種意思的好辦法。
abnormal
adj. 1.反常的
Abnormal human behavior may be caused by eating substances that upset the delicate chemical balance in the brain. 食用能打破大腦微妙化學(xué)平衡的東西可能會(huì)引起人類(lèi)的異常行為。(考研真題)
2.不規(guī)則的，無(wú)規(guī)律的abnormal bleeding 異常出血
【點(diǎn)睛】與此義相近的還有irregular意思是“不規(guī)則的，無(wú)規(guī)律的”，由regular加上表否定義的前綴ir派生而來(lái)。
【擴(kuò)展】abnormality n.反常
It is not known whether the cancer and chromosomal abnormality(染色體異常)are independent events or whether one is the result of the other.(考研模擬)
abroad
【點(diǎn)睛】注意與aboard區(qū)別，兩個(gè)詞拼寫(xiě)很相似，aboard的意思是“在車(chē)、船、飛機(jī)上”。
adv. 【常見(jiàn)詞義】到國(guó)外, 在國(guó)外
China’s nouveau riche(暴發(fā)戶(hù))are spending their holidays abroad in ever increasing numbers.越來(lái)越多中國(guó)的有錢(qián)人到國(guó)外度假。
They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well.(考研真題)無(wú)論是在本地，全國(guó)亦或國(guó)外，只要在商店、飯店使用就自動(dòng)給卡的主人增加信用分，同時(shí)還提供很多銀行服務(wù)。
Her parents often take trips abroad, leaving her all alone in their big house. 她父母經(jīng)常去國(guó)外旅游，把她一個(gè)人留在大房子里。
Economic crises in financial capitals abroad will inevitably follow the recent troubles on Wall Street.。國(guó)外的經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)必然會(huì)隨著華爾街近期的金融問(wèn)題而至。
【較難詞義】[正式](謠言、消息等)四下流傳中
The king wanted me to keep the secret that his wife was disloyal(不忠)to him, so I would never let it be spread abroad.
abrupt
【點(diǎn)睛】這個(gè)詞的第一個(gè)意思很熟悉，但是第二、三個(gè)意思卻是考研的難點(diǎn)。如果一個(gè)人言談行為比較唐突，別人可能覺(jué)得他很粗魯。一個(gè)很突兀的山坡自然是陡坡了。
adj.【常見(jiàn)詞義】突然的 (unexpected)
Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts.(考研真題)過(guò)渡部分應(yīng)該承上啟下，這樣才不會(huì)使文章有突兀的或令人費(fèi)解的變化。
【較難詞義】1.粗魯?shù)?(rude)
He is a very fine man even though he’s sometimes abrupt in manner. (考研真題)
2.陡峭的 (steep) an abrupt descent陡坡
【擴(kuò)展】abruption n.突然的斷裂 total abruption of all relations徹底斷絕所有關(guān)系
absorb
v.吸引 (fascinate, captivate)
The students are absorbed in their studies for the big math exam.
People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere.”(考研真題)人們被19世紀(jì)的商店發(fā)起的“消費(fèi)文化”所吸引。這些商店環(huán)境優(yōu)雅，商品琳瑯滿(mǎn)目。
【較難詞義】占去(時(shí)間等)(take up)
His new girlfriend absorbs most of his time and we rarely see him anymore these days.
3.忍受 (bear)
The young couple, Tom and his wife, couldn’t absorb the additional financial hardships (困難)of living alone and had to move back home with Tom’s parents.
Families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement (退休)income.(考研真題)
【擴(kuò)展】
absorption n.吸收
absorbent adj.能吸收的 be as absorbent as a sea sponge
absorbing adj.吸引人的 General introduction classes such as these will be of absorbing interest to a larger, more diverse audience; specialists on the topic, however, may be bored by these classes. 像這樣的概論課程將吸引眾多形形色色的聽(tīng)眾，而研究該題目的專(zhuān)家可能會(huì)對(duì)這類(lèi)課程感到厭煩。
【搭配】be absorbed in 專(zhuān)心于
He is often absorbed in business, although he is also periodically(偶爾的)distracted (分神)by his pretty young secretary.
2021年考研英語(yǔ)：備考的障礙詞解析(1)
adolescent
n.(尤指16歲以下的)青少年
In retrospect, I was much happier as an adolescent with simple and vague dreams.
現(xiàn)在回想起來(lái)，青少年時(shí)的我要快樂(lè)得多，那時(shí)候我有著單純、朦朧的夢(mèng)想。
As diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height.(考研真題)隨著飲食和健康的改善，每過(guò)20年兒童和青少年的身高會(huì)平均增長(zhǎng)大約1.5英寸，這就是我們所知的身高增長(zhǎng)的長(zhǎng)期趨勢(shì)模式。
adj.青春期的
【派生】adolescence n.青春期
advocate
v.提倡, 鼓吹
Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed. (考研真題) 沒(méi)有什么能說(shuō)服我再回到那種凱瑟過(guò)去提倡而我也曾經(jīng)喜歡的生活模式中去。
n.擁護(hù)者，鼓吹者
【點(diǎn)睛】經(jīng)過(guò)觀察，學(xué)生對(duì)advocate作名詞“擁護(hù)者”的意思更為生疏，而且在英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作中也很需要這個(gè)詞，所以請(qǐng)注意下面例句中的用法。
Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care.(考研真題)科學(xué)家應(yīng)強(qiáng)有力的回應(yīng)動(dòng)物權(quán)利鼓吹者，因?yàn)樗麄兊难哉摶煜斯姷囊暵?tīng)，從而威脅了健康保健知識(shí)的發(fā)展。
ally
['?lai] n.同盟者
France is a traditional ally of the United States, with a shared history going back to the American Revolution.
【點(diǎn)睛】這個(gè)詞作名詞和作動(dòng)詞時(shí)的發(fā)音不一樣。另外，在作動(dòng)詞時(shí)常與介詞to或with搭配使用。
[?'lai] v.使結(jié)盟，使聯(lián)姻
They have never sought to ally themselves to the local authorities. 他們從未設(shè)法與地方權(quán)力機(jī)構(gòu)結(jié)成聯(lián)盟。
【派生】
alliance n.結(jié)盟
The seven countries entered into an economic alliance to jointly (共同的) combat the global financial storm.
allied adj.結(jié)盟的
The allied army was so vast that the space it took up while camped was equivalent to a three-day march.盟軍的軍隊(duì)太多了，他們的營(yíng)地綿延的距離可以走上三天。
2021考研英語(yǔ)：定語(yǔ)從句語(yǔ)法的基本技巧
一、定語(yǔ)從句的概念什么是定語(yǔ)從句?
例: A rich person is not the one who has the most, but is the one who needs the least.
用來(lái)修飾前面的名詞或者代詞的具有完整的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子就叫著定語(yǔ)從句。有兩個(gè)必備的基本元素。一個(gè)是先行詞;一個(gè)是關(guān)系詞。
1.名詞或代詞做先行詞。
例：He laughs best who laughs last.
2.短語(yǔ)做先行詞。Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.
3.用句子做先行詞。The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.
I am a student ，which you all know.
當(dāng)先行詞與關(guān)系詞被割裂時(shí)是如何表現(xiàn)的。如：Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might -- surprise! -- fall off.
找先行詞的方法。反證法。把它帶進(jìn)去。哪一個(gè)是通順的，哪一個(gè)就是先行詞。
1. 翻譯定語(yǔ)從句。
2. 結(jié)合先行詞的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)和位置特征在關(guān)系詞之前尋找與定語(yǔ)從句的意思的有邏輯關(guān)系相符合的詞。
二、定語(yǔ)從句里面的關(guān)系代詞的用法
1.常用的關(guān)系代詞：which, that, who, whom。Whom現(xiàn)在用的很少。前面有介詞只能用which，不能用that。
2. 關(guān)系代詞在考試中的特殊情況。
What:1)它是子母同體。相當(dāng)于一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞以及一個(gè)先行詞。What前面不應(yīng)該在出現(xiàn)先行詞。 如果前面已經(jīng)偶一個(gè)關(guān)系詞，就不能用what來(lái)引導(dǎo)。例如：You can have everything what you like. what=all that,所以這兒不能用what.
All---is a continuous supplying of the basic necessities of life
A. what is the need
B. the things need
C. for our needs
D. that is need
2)what單獨(dú)使用，后面不加名詞。
例如：She is not what she used to be.
3)what 后面加名詞
例如：What money I have has been given to you.
1997年考題：______he knows about it is out of date and inaccurate
A. What little
B. So much
C. How much
D. So little
as
1. like
2. 作為
3. when
4. 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。即可引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句一般式固定用法。如as…as, such…as
as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
例如：I was a boy which you know. which可以用as替換。
As is so often pointed out knowledge is a two edge weapon which can be used equally for good or evil.
as引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句
考試中往往考固定搭配。
例如：Such a student as works hard were be sure to succeed.
than 作為關(guān)系代詞可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句
More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; consequently, children are likely to have less supervision at home ____ was common in the traditional family structure .
A.than B.that C.which D.as
特點(diǎn)：
1) than作為關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)詞在從句中一般必須做主語(yǔ)或者作賓語(yǔ)。
2) than 前面的主句必須要有比較級(jí)
3) 比較級(jí)所修飾的名詞就是than指代的對(duì)象
三、關(guān)系副詞
When引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。
1)先行詞必須是表示時(shí)間的名詞。
Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes.
2)如何區(qū)分when引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句。用句子表示狀語(yǔ)就是狀語(yǔ)從句。例如：When I go to school, I will work hard.
從兩方面區(qū)分：
When 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句前一定有表示時(shí)間的名詞;When 引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)語(yǔ)從句前沒(méi)有有表示時(shí)間的名詞。
從翻譯的角度看如果是引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句可以不翻譯。如果是狀語(yǔ)從句就必須翻譯成當(dāng)……時(shí)候。
When=on which
Where
where=in which
where引導(dǎo)的從句先行詞必須是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞。例如：
I was born in Beijing where the Olympic games will be held.
先行詞表示地點(diǎn),不一定用where來(lái)引導(dǎo)。例如：
I have never been to Beijing ,but it’s the place __.
A.where I’dlike to visit
B.in which I’d like to visit
C.I most want to visit
D.thar I want to visit it most