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2021考研英語:如何進(jìn)行分譯與合譯?
一、分譯
1)詞語搭配分譯
英語詞語的搭配關(guān)系與漢語有較大差別,比如,英語詞語可以同兩個以上的詞搭配,相應(yīng)的漢語詞語卻無法實現(xiàn)。有效的解決辦法之一是根據(jù)原義和漢語搭配習(xí)慣把該詞相應(yīng)地譯成兩個詞,然后分別同原來的兩個(或更多)搭配對象組成詞組。 典型例題:This military maneuver strained the government’s principles as well as their budgets. 參考譯文: 這種軍事演習(xí)使政府的原則無法自圓其說,也使其預(yù)算捉襟見肘。
2)詞語脫句分譯
在英語句子中有一種情況,即修飾性詞語是作者的主觀評論,而被修飾的詞語是對事實的客觀描述。這種搭配關(guān)系不適合漢語的表達(dá)方式。需要將修飾詞從句子中拆出,另外擴展成單獨的子句。
典型例題: The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their speedy economic evelopment. 參考譯文 中國人以他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展速度感到自豪,這是無可非議的。
3)句子分譯
典型例題: e law of universal gravitation states that every particle of matter in the universe attracts every other with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
參考譯文: 萬有引力定律,宇宙中每個質(zhì)點都以一種力吸引其他各個質(zhì)點。這種力與各質(zhì)點的質(zhì)量的乘積成正比,與它們之間距離的平方成反比。
典型例題: The research work is being done by a small group of dedicated and imaginative scientists who specialize in extracting from various sea animals substances that may improve the health of the human race.
參考譯文: 一小部分富有想像力和敬業(yè)精神的科學(xué)家正在進(jìn)行這項研究,他們專門研究從各種海洋動物中提取能增進(jìn)人類健康的物質(zhì)。
二、合譯
典型例題: He was very clean. His mind was open. 參考譯文: 他為人單純而坦率。
典型例題: There are men here from all over the country. Many of them are from the South.參考譯文: 從全國各地來的人中有許多是南方人。
2021考研英語:before和good具體譯法
(一)連詞before的含義是“在??以前”(previous to the time when)。在句法上,它引導(dǎo)狀語從句??梢娝脑~義頗為單純,功能比較專一。然而,由于漢英表達(dá)習(xí)慣的不同,在將before漢譯時,其譯法卻多種多樣。常見的有以下幾種:
1,直譯成“(在)??(以或之)前”。這時主句與before從句中的兩個動作按時間先后依次發(fā)生。
Before I enter on the subject I have something to say. 在討論這一問題之前,我有些話要說。
They led a miserable life before their hometown was liberated. 他們家鄉(xiāng)解放前生活很苦。
2,譯成“(后)??才”。副詞“才”在漢語中表示某事發(fā)生得晚或慢。如果在含有before從句的復(fù)合句中,強調(diào)從句動作發(fā)生得晚或慢時,就可以應(yīng)用這種譯法。這里又有兩種情況,一種是主句主語為名詞或代詞,另一種是主語與非人稱it。 The train had left before he got to the station.火車開了他才到車站。
It seemed a long time before my turn came.似乎過了好大一會兒才輪到我。
3,連詞before與barely, scarcely, hardly連用時還可譯成“剛??就”。在漢語中,“就”強調(diào)事情發(fā)生得早或快。如果原文突出主句與從句的動作一前一后緊接著或幾乎同時發(fā)生,即可用此譯法。
We had barely sat down before we heard bicycles outside. 我們剛坐下就聽到外邊有自行車的聲音。
We had scarcely left our school before it began to rain. 我們剛離開學(xué)校天就下起雨來。
4,如果原文主句中謂語動詞是否定形式則可譯成“就”、“便”、或“快”。這又分主句主語為名(代)詞和it兩種情況。
I had not waited long before she came. 我沒等多久她就來了。
It was not long before he got to know it. 不久他就知道了。
5,假使原文目的在于渲染從句動作發(fā)生之前,主句動作業(yè)已發(fā)生,可譯成“未??就”或“還沒有(來得及)??就”。
The day began to break before we got to the hilltop. 我們還沒有到達(dá)山頂天就開始亮了。
Before I could say a single word, he ran away.
我連一句話也沒來得及說他就跑了。
另外,像before he knew it一類習(xí)慣說法,則可譯成“不??(就)”。 The boy fell down from the ladder bvefore he knew it. 那個男孩不知怎么一來就從梯子上摔了下來。
6,譯為“趁(著)”,或用反說,譯成“不然會”、“要不就”、“沒”、“不”等。
Study hard before it is too late. 趁早努力學(xué)習(xí)。
I'll do it now before I forget. 趁著還沒忘記,我現(xiàn)在就做。 She arrived before I expected. 我沒料到她來的這么早。
7,某些習(xí)語中的連詞before可譯成“先??然后”、“先??再”或“而后”等。 One must sow before one can reap. 先有播種后有收獲。 Look before you leap. 三思而后行。
有些習(xí)語中的before也可譯成“未??先”。
Don't count your chickens before they are hatched. 雞蛋未孵,勿先數(shù)雛。
此外,連詞before還作“與其??(寧愿)”(rather than)講,通??梢詾椤皩幙??也不(肯)”、“寧愿??決不”等。例如: We will die before we give in.我們寧死不屈。 He would die before he lied. 他寧死也不肯說謊。
以上羅列了連詞before的幾種常見的譯法。英漢表達(dá)方式很不相同,具體譯法,須根據(jù)具體情況而定。
(二) Good一詞,在英語中該算是最熟悉、最常用的了。它的搭配能力很強,而且也常見于科技文章中。一看到good,我們便自然而然得會想到“好的”這一詞義。然而,在一些場合, good的譯法卻是頗費躊躇的。
1,可譯為“好的”,但概念模糊:如good fish (好魚),是指品種,大小還是新鮮程度呢?
2,勉強可譯為“好的”,但不搭配:如Good fire若譯為“很好的爐火”是可以理解的,但不如譯為“旺盛的爐火”。
3,譯成“好的”反而錯了:如good hard work不是指“一項好的但卻艱巨的工作”,而是指“一項十分艱巨的工作”。
為什么這樣普通的詞在翻譯時卻難處理呢?其原因有二:
第一,只知其一,不知其二、三
有的詞有一個義項,有的詞有兩個或兩個以上義項。good一詞,在《現(xiàn)代高級英漢雙解辭典》中就有十八項釋義,如不能地掌握這些義項,翻譯時就會遇到困難。
第二,不善舉一反三,觸類旁通
從語言的發(fā)展來看,一個詞總會有一個最原始的或最基本的詞義(叫做本義),而其他的詞義是由這個詞發(fā)展或引申而來的(叫做引申義)。引申,就是由原義產(chǎn)生新義。選擇詞義難就難在這個“新”字上。一是英語單詞本身已有引申義。這就要勤查字典,從諸多詞義中去挑選合適的詞義。二是詞典中所有詞義都不貼切,要根據(jù)漢譯的需要去創(chuàng)造新義,而新義又必須與本義相關(guān)聯(lián)。如good一詞在英語中已有引申義“strong, vigorous (強健的,有力的)”。因此,His eyesight is still good.一句應(yīng)譯為“他的視力仍然很強?!?good由“好的”引申為“強的”)。而在下面的例句中,good可引申為“高度的”。 To produce strong X-rays the tube had to be made a very good vacuum. 管子要產(chǎn)生強的射線,就必須制成高度的真空。
而“高度的”這一詞義,在《現(xiàn)代高級英漢雙解辭典》、《遠(yuǎn)東英漢大辭典》等的漢語釋義中都是沒有的,因而可算是新創(chuàng)的?,F(xiàn)在,讓我們以《現(xiàn)代高級英漢雙解辭典》為據(jù),列舉good一詞的幾個義項來觀察它在漢譯時是如何引申和再引申的。為了節(jié)省篇幅,只探討作為形容詞用的而且常用于科技文章中的幾個義項的譯法,不涉及用于生活、口語和文學(xué)時的譯法,也不涉及用于問候語、客氣的稱呼、贊揚之詞以及片語和復(fù)合詞的用法。為了方便,在此不再引用其英語的釋義而用其對應(yīng)的漢語譯義,每一詞義只舉一例。
(1)、美好的良好的令人滿意的 a good knife一把好刀 a good conductor良導(dǎo)體
漢譯時引申:
1,a good soil肥沃的土壤
2,good oil提純了的油
3,a good money真的貨幣
4,a good river暢通的河道
5,good English規(guī)范的英語
6,Good switches move quickly.優(yōu)質(zhì)開關(guān)動作靈活。(good引申為“優(yōu)質(zhì)的”)
7,That engine sounds good.那臺發(fā)動機聽起來很正常。(good引申譯為“正?!?
8,the rocket travels better through vacuum than it des through the air. 火箭穿過真空比穿過空氣容易。(good引申譯為“容易”)
9,A good example of a case where electricity is changed to power is the electric streetcar.電變?yōu)閯恿Φ牡湫屠邮请娷嚒?good example引申譯為“典型的例子”)
10,In the absence of an outdoor aerial this telescopic aerial will give a good picture if the transmitter signal is sufficiently strong.在無室外天線時,若發(fā)射機的信號很強,這種拉桿天線可產(chǎn)生清晰的圖象(good picture引申譯為“清晰的圖象”)
11,Laser possesses a series of remarkable properties, which make it a better light source in a number of cases.激光有許多顯著的特性,這些特性使它在許多情況下成為一種更理想的光源。(good引申譯為“理想的”)
(2)、有益的
Milk is good food for children.牛奶對小孩是有益的。漢譯時引申:
1,good gradient平緩的坡度
2,It is no good heating the material to such a temperature.把材料加熱到這樣的溫度是不恰當(dāng)?shù)摹?good引申為“恰當(dāng)?shù)摹?
(3)、能勝任的有能力的能干的 漢譯時引申:
1,a good chess player高明的棋手
2,A good human translator can do perhaps 2000 to 3000 words a day.一個熟練的翻譯人員一天也許能翻譯兩千到三千個詞。(good引申譯為“熟練的”)
(4)、徹底的完全的
The workers gave the machine a good checking.工人們對機器進(jìn)行了徹底的檢查。漢譯時引申:
1,have a good drink喝個痛快
2,It has been thought of making good use of the sun"s energy to serve the well-being of the people.我們早就設(shè)想過充分利用太陽能來為自己造福。(good引申譯為“充分”)
3,This set consumes so little power that a good 12 volt car battery can still start your car after you have been watching TV for 10 hours.本機耗電極少,因而具有12伏足電的汽車蓄電池在你看電視十小時后仍能用于開車。(good引申為“充足的”)
4,Rivers provide good sources of hydropower.河流具有豐富的水力資源。 (good引申譯為“豐富的”)
5,The CE circuit is widely favored since it can be designed for good voltage and current gains. CE電路得到廣泛的使用,因為它能獲得高電壓增益和高電流增益。(good... gains引申譯為“高??增益”)
(5)、可靠的安全的確實的
a car with good brakes剎車可靠的汽車 a good investment安全的投資漢譯時引申: good debts確可償還的債務(wù)
2021考研英語:"搭配記憶"法(2)
【相關(guān)】
①Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing.②The student who wrote "The A&P as a State of Mind" wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women.③Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy's decision to quit his job.④Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel's crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A&P "policy" he enforces.
【核心考點】
1.完成初稿:you have a first draft on paper
2.必要的闡釋你的觀點的材料:material necessary to illustrate your points
3.使你的論文更有說服力:make your paper convincing
4.對女性表現(xiàn)出大男子主義:display chauvinistic attitudes toward women
5.與論文無關(guān):have nothing to do with the thesis
6.對女孩的乖戾反應(yīng):crabbed response to the girls
7.他執(zhí)行的A&P"政策"the A&P "policy" he enforces
【翻譯練習(xí)】
①Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing.
結(jié)構(gòu)提示:兩個小括號里的內(nèi)容充當(dāng)后置定語。
②The student who wrote "The A&P as a State of Mind" wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women.
③Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy's decision to quit his job.
④Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel's crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A&P "policy" he enforces.
【參考譯文】
①一旦完成初稿,你就可以刪除那些與論文不想關(guān)的材料,同時增加必要的闡釋論文觀點的材料,使它更有說服力。
②一位寫題為《A&P:一種心理狀態(tài)》的文章的學(xué)生明智地刪掉了一段質(zhì)疑薩米對女孩子表現(xiàn)出大男子主義的文字。
③盡管這個觀點很有趣,但與論文無甚關(guān)聯(lián),因為論文旨在解釋背景怎樣影響薩米做出辭職的決定。
④作者沒有把這段寫進(jìn)論文,而是增加了一段文字,描寫倫格爾對女孩的乖戾反應(yīng),并由此得出他執(zhí)行的A&P"政策"。