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2021考研英語(yǔ)翻譯：不定式和動(dòng)名詞做主表
一、不定式和動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)的區(qū)別
(1)動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)通常表示抽象動(dòng)作;而不定式作主語(yǔ)表示具體動(dòng)作。
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.這里禁止抽煙。(抽象)
It is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽這么多煙對(duì)你身體很不好。(具體)
(2)動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常用以表示一件已知的事或經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
不定式短語(yǔ)通常用來(lái)表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.在高峰時(shí)刻開(kāi)車(chē)令人厭煩。
(3)不定式做主語(yǔ)，一般用it當(dāng)形式主語(yǔ)，把作主語(yǔ)的不定式短語(yǔ)后置。
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
二、不定式、的動(dòng)名詞和分詞作表語(yǔ)
(1)不定式作表語(yǔ)
1)不定式作表語(yǔ)一般表示具體動(dòng)作，特別是表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。
To do two things at a time is to do neither.--次做兩件事等于未做。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建議是立刻開(kāi)始干。
2)如果主語(yǔ)是不定式(表示條件)，表語(yǔ)也是不定式(表示結(jié)果)。
To see is to believe.百聞不如一見(jiàn)。
To work means to earn a living.工作就是為了生活。
3)如果主語(yǔ)是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等為中心的名詞，或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句，不定式作表語(yǔ)是對(duì)主語(yǔ)起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用。
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future.他的希望是在不遠(yuǎn)的將來(lái)買(mǎi)一輛豪華轎車(chē)。
(2)動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)：動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)，表示抽象的一般性的行為。
Our work is serving the people.我們的工作是為人民服務(wù)。
His hobby is collecting stamps.他的愛(ài)好是集郵。
(3)分詞作表語(yǔ)
分詞做表語(yǔ)有兩種情況，一種是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語(yǔ)，一種是過(guò)去分詞做表語(yǔ)，這兩者區(qū)別是考試中經(jīng)?？嫉降牡胤健Ｒ话銇?lái)說(shuō)，表示心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞如excite，interest等都是及物動(dòng)詞，漢語(yǔ)意思不是“激動(dòng)”，“高興”，而是“使激動(dòng)”、的“使高興”，因而現(xiàn)在分詞應(yīng)該是“令人激動(dòng)的”、的“令人高興的”，過(guò)去分詞則是“感到激動(dòng)的”和“感到高興的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。換句話說(shuō)，若人對(duì)……感興趣，就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有興趣時(shí)，就是說(shuō)sb./sth. is interesting.這類(lèi)詞常見(jiàn)的有：
encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人費(fèi)解的--puzzled感到費(fèi)解的
satisfying令人滿(mǎn)意的---satisfied感到滿(mǎn)意的
surprising令人驚異的--surprised感到驚異的
worrying令人擔(dān)心的--worried感到擔(dān)心的
interesting使人感到高興--interested感到高興的
exciting令人激動(dòng)的--excited感到激動(dòng)的
delighting令人高興的--delighted感到高興的
disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的
Traveling is interesting but tiring.
旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲勞。
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.
如果要學(xué)生學(xué)得太多，他們會(huì)感到糊涂的。
The argument is very convincing.
他的論點(diǎn)很令人信服。
They were very excited at the news.
聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息，他們非常激動(dòng)。
2021考研英語(yǔ)翻譯：9類(lèi)虛擬句型
1、由wish引起的表示愿望的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
The picture exhibition bored me to death; I wish I had not gone to it.
---“I let Joe borrow our radio for the afternoon.”
---“That’s all right, but I wish he would buy one of his own.”
I wish that he weren’t so lazy.
2、had hoped引起的賓語(yǔ)從句中備用語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式為would+動(dòng)詞原形，表示一種過(guò)去未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或令人失望的事。
His father had hoped that his son would go to business with him, but his son became an artist later.
3、would (had) rather, would as soon, would sooner和would prefer所引起的從句中要求用過(guò)去式表示當(dāng)時(shí)或?qū)?lái)的情況，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去的情況，表示希望或婉轉(zhuǎn)的責(zé)備。例如：
I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.
我真希望你昨天把這本書(shū)還了。
4、It’s (high, about) time that 句型中that從句中要求用虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式，即動(dòng)詞要用過(guò)去式。
It is high time that we put an end to this discussion.
現(xiàn)在是我們?cè)摻Y(jié)束講座的時(shí)候了。
5、as, 或者whether…or…謂語(yǔ)多用be的原形，引導(dǎo)讓步虛擬從句，這種用法通常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)：
Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamivc, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.
The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.
6、由連接詞in case, so that ,unless, lest ,for fear that引起的狀語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬形式，即should(might, would)+動(dòng)詞原形，例如：
She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold.
她在那個(gè)嬰兒身上蓋上了毯子以免他著涼。
7、if it were not for…與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反， if it had not been for與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，兩個(gè)都相當(dāng)于but for：
If it had not been for his help(=but for his help),we would not have succeeded.
8、 虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于as if(though)引起的方式狀語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句中，其動(dòng)詞形式與wish賓語(yǔ)從句的形式相同。例如：She often laughs spontaneously, and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above.她常常發(fā)出發(fā)自?xún)?nèi)心的微笑，而且她那美好的情緒像天上一道明亮的陽(yáng)光一樣，常常流露出來(lái)。
They talked as if they had been friends for years.
他們交談著，就好像他們是我年的老朋友一樣。
9、其它各種句型, as though, suppose, had rather, supposing, if only等等
If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry.
2021考研英語(yǔ)翻譯：3類(lèi)名詞性從句
一、主語(yǔ)擴(kuò)展
I, the most considerate and handsome boy in the world, love you.
這句話通過(guò)給主語(yǔ)添加同位語(yǔ)the most considerate and handsome boy in the world使其變復(fù)雜了
I ，who is the most considerate and handsome boy in the world ，love you.
這句話通過(guò)給主語(yǔ)添加who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句who is the most considerate and handsome boy in the world，使其變復(fù)雜了
二、謂語(yǔ)擴(kuò)展
I love you with heart and soul.
這句話通過(guò)給謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞love添加介詞短語(yǔ)with heart and soul作狀語(yǔ)，使其變復(fù)雜了
I love you more than I can say.
這句話通過(guò)給謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞love添加比較狀語(yǔ)從句more than I can say作程度狀語(yǔ)，使其變復(fù)雜了
I love you, willing to do everything for you.
這句話通過(guò)給謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞添加分詞短語(yǔ)作伴隨狀語(yǔ)，使其變復(fù)雜了
三、賓語(yǔ)擴(kuò)展
I love you, the smartest girl in the world。
這句話通過(guò)給賓語(yǔ)添加名詞短語(yǔ)the smartest girl inthe world作同位語(yǔ)，使其變復(fù)雜了
I love you who is the smartest girl in the world。
這句話通過(guò)給賓語(yǔ)添加who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句who is the smartest girl in the world做定語(yǔ)，使其變復(fù)雜了