考研英語(yǔ)備考很多事情都要提上日程了，看看哪些是該注意的，下面由出國(guó)留學(xué)網(wǎng)小編為你精心準(zhǔn)備了“2021考研英語(yǔ)：閱讀題型的訓(xùn)練技巧十”，持續(xù)關(guān)注本站將可以持續(xù)獲取更多的考試資訊!
2021考研英語(yǔ)：閱讀題型的訓(xùn)練技巧十
Browse through the racks of dresses， skirts， and tops in almost any trendy clothing store in Argentina， and whether your find something that fits depends on your size， but shops carry few—if any – options for curvaceous women. When you go into a store and find an extra large， you know that it is really start to think that everybody is like this， and that you are big. But that‘s not true.
In this beauty-conscious nation， which has the world‘s second-highest rate of anorexia， many are particularly blaming the country’s clothing industry for offering only tiny sizes of the latest fashions. The result is a dangerous paradox of girls and women adapting to the clothes rather than clothes adapting to them. The Argentitine legislature is considering whether to force clothing manufacturers to cover “all the anthropometric measurements of the Argentine woman” up to extra large size， the bill also addresses the related problem of so-called “tricky” labeling in which S，M， and L designations vary by brand and are smaller than international standards.
The proposal has raised eyebrows in a historically flirtatious society skeptical of government and well known for its obsession with beauty. “Argentina has the worlds‘ highest rates of aesthetic surgery，” says Mabel Bello， founder of the Association for the Fight Against Anorexia. “When you are talking about how preoccupied with beauty our society is， that is the most telling statistic.”
For experts such statistics spell futility for legal remedies. “These types of laws are not going to cause lasting changes，” says Susana Saulquin， a sociologist of fashion. “ A better way to address the problem is through public education that emphasizes balanced eating habits over an unrealistic ideal of customers， but over time， she believes， amore balanced view of beauty will emerge”
For their part， industry groups condeme the bill as overreaching state intervening. They say their business decisions are guided by consumer demand. “We are not in favor of anything that regulates the market，” says Laura Codda， a representative of major clothing manufacturers. “Every clothing company has the right to make anything it can sell—any color， any sizes.” She says her group is not opposed to measures that would standardize sizing， but she notes that many， if not most， clothes in Argentine stores already carry the numerical designations called for in the bill.
If history is a guide， the fate of the proposed law is somewhat bleak. However， in 2005， the provincial government of Buenos Aires managed to pass a similar law—although the government failed to sign it.
1. What kind of women of “curvaceous women”(Para.1) most probably refer to?
[A] well-proportioned and full-figured.
[B] beautiful and charming.
[C] slender and tall.
[D] full-grown and healthy.
2. “Aesthetic surgery” is mentioned to show that
[A] every woman has her rights to pursue beauty.
[B] aesthetic surgery is terribly popular.
[C] the unrealistic pursuit of beatuty is popular.
[D] aesthetic surgery is just a tricky trap.
3. According to the text， Susana Saulquin
[A] disbelieves the statistics of aesthetic surgery.
[B] thinks the proposed law will work over time.
[C] regard the legal remedies as inadvisable.
[D]has developed good and balanced eating habits.
4. In the author‘s opinion， this kind of bill
[A] has cleared the legislature.
[B] still has a faint light of hope.
[C] is actually not necessary.
[D]is none of government‘s business.
5. The best title for this text may be
[A] Women Adapting to Cloths or Vice Versa.
[B] Who is the Arbiter， Manufactures of Customers.
[C] How to Standardize Clothea Sizing.
[D]why So Few Large Size Clothes.
一、答案與解析
1. A 詞義題。本題的問題是“‘curvaceous women’(第一段)最可能指的是哪種女性?”第一段首先提到了該短語(yǔ)，隨后指出，如果你找到一件特大號(hào)衣服，那實(shí)際上只是美國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的中號(hào)、小號(hào)服裝，接著解釋說(shuō)，你會(huì)覺得沮喪，因?yàn)槟阏J(rèn)為，任何人都苗條，而你自己則肥胖。根據(jù)文中的“big”可知，該短語(yǔ)可能指的是“體型豐滿的女性”。[A]“身材勻稱、豐滿的”是對(duì)此意的改寫，為正確答案。[B]“美麗、迷人的”和[D]“成熟、健康的”明顯是誤解了該短語(yǔ)的意思;[C]“苗條、高挑的”與文意相反。
2. C 結(jié)構(gòu)題。本題的問題是“提到‘美容手術(shù)’是為了表示 ”。題干中的“Aestheticsurgery”出自文章第三段第二句話中，表明本題與第三段有關(guān)。第二段提到了阿根廷人患厭食癥的問題，第三段接著提到，阿根廷做美容手術(shù)的比例是世界上最高的，人們?cè)谡務(wù)撋鐣?huì)是如何迷戀美貌時(shí)，這就是最有說(shuō)服力的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，第四段引用專家的話說(shuō)，解決這個(gè)問題的更好辦法就是通過公眾教育，強(qiáng)調(diào)均衡的飲食習(xí)慣，而不是追求不切實(shí)際的美貌理想。這說(shuō)明，提到該短語(yǔ)是為了說(shuō)明許多人都盲目追求美。[C]“對(duì)美貌的不切實(shí)際追求很流行”是對(duì)此意的改寫，為正確答案。本文并沒有說(shuō)女性不能追求美，只是說(shuō)人們太重視美貌，所以[A]“任何女性都有追求美的權(quán)利”與文意不符;[B]“美容手術(shù)非常流行”是用來(lái)說(shuō)明阿根廷人對(duì)美貌的重視程度的例子，并不是提到該例子的目的，所以B不對(duì);[D]“美容手術(shù)只是一個(gè)狡猾的陷阱”屬于無(wú)中生有。
3. C 本題的問題是“根據(jù)本文，蘇珊娜。索爾琴 ”。題干中的“Susana Saulquin”出自文章第四段第二句話中，表明本題與第四段有關(guān)。第二、三段提到了立法機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)想，第四段首先指出，對(duì)于專家來(lái)說(shuō)，這樣的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)意味著，采取立法措施沒有用，隨后提到了蘇珊娜。索爾琴的觀點(diǎn)：這些法律將不會(huì)導(dǎo)致永久變化。這說(shuō)明，她認(rèn)為，采取立法措施沒有用處。[C]“認(rèn)為立法措施不可取”是對(duì)其觀點(diǎn)的概括，為正確答案。[A]“不相信美容手術(shù)的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)”是曲解了該段第一句話的意思;[B]“認(rèn)為，隨著時(shí)間的推移，被提議的法律會(huì)起作用”是針對(duì)該段第二句話和最后一句話設(shè)置的干擾項(xiàng)，與文意不符;[D]“已經(jīng)養(yǎng)成了良好的、均衡的飲食習(xí)慣”是對(duì)該段第三句話設(shè)置的干擾項(xiàng)，明顯與文意不符。
4. B 細(xì)節(jié)題。本題的問題是“根據(jù)作者的觀點(diǎn)，這種法案——”。前面的段落分析了立法機(jī)關(guān)提出的法案，最后一段首先提到，這個(gè)被提議的法案的前景有點(diǎn)黯淡，隨后轉(zhuǎn)折指出，在2005年，布宜諾斯艾利斯省政府設(shè)法通過了一項(xiàng)類似的法案。這說(shuō)明，作者認(rèn)為該法案還有希望。[B]“還有一線希望”是對(duì)作者，觀點(diǎn)的恰當(dāng)概括，為正確答案。[A] “已經(jīng)獲得了立法機(jī)構(gòu)的支持”明顯與第二段第三句話和最后一段第一句話的意思不符;作者并沒有討論該法案是否必要的問題，所以[C]“事實(shí)上沒有必要”不是作者的觀點(diǎn); [D]“不關(guān)政府的事”是服裝集團(tuán)公司的觀點(diǎn)，不是作者的觀點(diǎn)。
5. A 主旨題。本題的問題是“本文的最佳標(biāo)題可能是——”。本文首先介紹了阿根廷時(shí)尚服裝店的尺碼問題，接著指出，許多人都在責(zé)備其服裝行業(yè)只提供小號(hào)的最新時(shí)裝，結(jié)果是出現(xiàn)了一種矛盾現(xiàn)象——女孩和女性適應(yīng)服裝，而不是服裝適應(yīng)她們;隨后提到了準(zhǔn)備采取的立法措施，介紹了社會(huì)各界對(duì)此的態(tài)度。這說(shuō)明，本文主要講的是服裝的尺碼適應(yīng)人的問題。[A]“是女性適應(yīng)服裝，還是相反”是對(duì)本文內(nèi)容的恰當(dāng)概括，可以表達(dá)本文的主題，為正確答案。本文并沒有談?wù)撜l(shuí)來(lái)仲裁尺碼的問題，所以[B]“誰(shuí)是仲裁者，是制造商還是顧客”不能表達(dá)本文的主題;本文討論的是應(yīng)該使尺碼標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，而不是如何標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，所以[C]“如何使服裝尺碼標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化”不能表達(dá)本文的主題;大號(hào)服裝少是本文引出主題時(shí)舉的例子，并不是本文討論的重點(diǎn)，所以[D]“為什么大號(hào)服裝如此少”不能表達(dá)本文的主題。
2021考研英語(yǔ)：閱讀題型的訓(xùn)練技巧九
We threaten punishments in order to deter crime.We impose them not only to make the threats credible but also as retribution (justice)for the crimes that were not deterred.Threats and punishments are necessary to deter and deterrence is a sufficient practical justification for them.Although penalties can be unwise，repulsive，or inappropriate，and those punished can be pitiable，in a sense the infliction of legal punishment on a guilty person cannot be unjust.By committing the crime，the criminal volunteered to assume the risk of receiving a legal punishment that he could have avoided by not committing the crime.
There remain，however，two moral objections.The penalty may be regarded as always excessive as retribution and always morally degrading.To regard the death penalty as always excessive，one must believe that no crime—no matter how heinous—could possibly justify capital punishment.Such a belief can be neither confirmed nor refuted;it is an article of faith.Alternatively，one may believe that everybody，the murderer no less than the victim，has a natural right to life.The law therefore should not deprive anyone of life.
Justice Brennan has insisted that the death penalty is “uncivilized，”“inhuman，”inconsistent with “human dignity”and with “the sanctity of life，”that it “treats members of the human race as nonhumans，as objects to be toyed with and discarded，”that it is “uniquely degrading to human dignity”and “by its very nature，involves a denial of the executed person‘s humanity.” Justice Brennan does not say why he thinks execution“uncivilized.”Hitherto most civilizations have had the death penalty，although it has been discarded in Western Europe.
By“degrading，”Justice Brennan seems to mean that execution degrades the executed convicts.Yet philosophers have insisted that，when deserved，execution，far from degrading the executed convict，affirms his humanity by affirming his rationality and his responsibility for his actions.They thought that execution，when deserved，is required for the sake of the convict‘s dignity.Common sense indicates that it cannot be death—our common fate—that is inhuman.Therefore，Justice Brennan must mean that death degrades when it comes not as a natural or accidental event，but as a deliberate social imposition.The murderer learns through his punishment that his fellow men have found him unworthy of living;that because he has murdered，he is being expelled from the community of the living.This degradation is self-inflicted.By murdering，the murderer has so dehumanized himself that he cannot remain among the living.
Execution of those who have committed heinous murders may deter only one murder per year.If it does，it seems quite warranted.It is also the only fitting retribution for murder I can think of.
1.The author‘s attitude towards death penalty is____.
[A] negative [B] positive [C] impartial [D] ambiguous
2.It is implied that infliction of legal punishment is justified because the offender____.
[A] spares no effort in holding himself back from the criminal action
[B] shows no regard for the dignity of the victim
[C] is well aware of the consequence of his action
[D] can be deterred by no legal punishment whatsoever
3.By saying that“most civilizations have had the death penalty”，the author really means that____.
[A] civilization in Western European countries is degenerating
[B] the assertion that capital punishment is uncivilized is arbitrary
[C] death penalty is an effective legal institution for defending civilization
[D] being uncivilized is not equivalent to being inhuman
4.Justice Brennan would agree that____.
[A] death in any way means a denial of a person‘s humanity
[B] the society has no right to take an individual‘s life
[C] murders should be educated rather than punished
[D] degrading a convict is nothing more than executing him
5.According to philosophers，death penalty____.
[A] should be executed with due regard for human dignity
[B] should not be given in a way that degrades the murder
[C] meets the murder‘s need for claiming back his humanity
[D] serious crimes deserve cruel or even inhuman retribution
一、參考答案
1.[B] 意為：贊同。作者在第一段指出，雖然懲罰可能是不理智、令人厭惡或不合適的，那些受到懲治的人是值得憐憫的，但是對(duì)一個(gè)罪犯實(shí)施法律懲處在某種意義上不可能是不公正的。作者在第二段駁斥了兩種反對(duì)懲罰 (包括死刑)的觀點(diǎn)，并在第三、第四段駁斥了Brennan法官的觀點(diǎn)。最后一段提到，對(duì)那些犯有惡意殺人罪的犯人施以死刑也許每年只能終止一場(chǎng)殺人案，如果是那樣的話，實(shí)施死刑似乎也是值得的，這也是我能想像的對(duì)殺人罪惟一合適的懲罰?？梢?，作者是贊同實(shí)施死刑的。[C]意為：客觀的。D]意為：模棱兩可的。
2.[C] 意為：允分意識(shí)到了其行為后果。第一段最后一句提到，在決定犯罪時(shí)，罪犯就自愿承擔(dān)接受法律懲罰的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，而他是本來(lái)可以通過不去犯罪來(lái)避免這種懲罰的。這就是作者認(rèn)為懲罰不可能是不公正的理由。[A]意為：根本不想阻止自己犯罪。[B]意為：根本不尊重受害者的尊嚴(yán)。[D]意為：根本不可能被任何法律懲罰制止。
3.[B] 意為：關(guān)于死刑是不文明的論斷是武斷的(或沒道理的)。第三段提到Brennan法官的觀點(diǎn)，在他看來(lái)，死刑是“不文明的”表現(xiàn)，雖然他并沒有說(shuō)明其中的理由。但是，作者在第三段最后一句指出，迄今為止，許多文明社會(huì)都實(shí)行死刑，雖然歐洲廢除了死刑。言外之意是，實(shí)施死刑并不是區(qū)分社會(huì)是否文明的標(biāo)志。[A]意為：西歐國(guó)家的文明正在走向沒落。[C]意為：死刑是保護(hù)文明的一種有效法律體制。[D]意為：不文明不等于不人道。
4.[B] 意為：社會(huì)沒有權(quán)利剝奪一個(gè)人的性命。第三段提到，Brennan法官堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為，死刑是“不文明的”、“非人性的”，是與“人的尊嚴(yán)”和“生命的神圣”觀念不一致的，它“把人類的成員不當(dāng)做人來(lái)看，而是當(dāng)做可以隨意玩耍和丟棄的物品”，這是“對(duì)人的尊嚴(yán)的特有的貶低”，因此“就其本質(zhì)而言，是對(duì)被判死刑者人性的否定”。這里，Brennan法官始終強(qiáng)調(diào)了生命(權(quán)利)的不可侵犯性。事實(shí)上，Brennan法官的觀點(diǎn)就是第二段提到的第二類人的觀點(diǎn)，參閱第二段最后兩句。[A]意為：任何方式的死亡都是對(duì)一個(gè)人人性的否定。Brennan法官并沒有提到如何看待自然死亡或偶然死亡。[D]意為：貶斥一名罪犯就等于是將他處以死刑。
5.[C] 意為：滿足了殺人犯索回其人性的需要。根據(jù)第四段，在哲學(xué)家看來(lái)，如果死刑是罪有應(yīng)得，它就不會(huì)起到貶低被執(zhí)行死刑者的作用，相反它會(huì)通過確認(rèn)其行動(dòng)的理性和責(zé)任來(lái)確認(rèn)其人性。他們認(rèn)為，實(shí)行罪有應(yīng)得的死刑的目的是為了維護(hù)罪犯的尊嚴(yán)。這里所謂“確認(rèn)其行動(dòng)的理性和責(zé)任”，實(shí)際上指讓罪犯承擔(dān)其殺人的責(zé)任，也即將他處以死刑。因此，這里的邏輯是，將罪犯處以死刑就是還給他通過殺人喪失的人性，也就是維護(hù)其人性尊嚴(yán)。[A]意為：應(yīng)該在充分尊重人性尊嚴(yán)的前提下實(shí)施。[B]意為：不應(yīng)該以貶低兇手的方式實(shí)施。[D]意為：重罪應(yīng)該施以殘酷、甚至不人道的懲罰。
2021考研英語(yǔ)：閱讀題型的訓(xùn)練技巧八
Part of the scientific faith of the late nineteenth century was the view that there was one and only one scientific method.This method，argued writers like Karl Pearson in his Grammar of Science，was the only sure method for arriving at knowledge in any sphere.The method was easily described： collect the facts in the area under study;order them into sequences，such that law like occurrences could be seen;then，write down the laws so identified.According to this view，disciplines differed only as to subject matter，since the unity of science consisted of its method alone.Also，according to this view，the results of scientific investigation(that is，new knowledge)will always be embodied in the form of a law connecting the facts in the area under study.
Explanation，according to this view，is simply accounting for facts on the basis of a deduction from a known law or laws，or accounting for some subordinate law on the basis of a deduction from some more general law or laws.The most influential formulation of this explanation is Carl G Hempel‘s， perhaps most accessibly articulated in his article“Explanation in Science and History”。Sometimes，according to Hempel，such laws are of a strictly universal form and other times they are of a probabilistic or statistical form.They are assertions，in this latter case，of the kind that if certain specified conditions are realized then an occurrence of such and such a kind will come about with such a probability.
I think that it would be true to say that in the late nineteenth century it was felt that one feature distinguishing physics from history as a discipline was that，even if they shared exactly the same method，physics had no need for the latter kind of probabilistic explanation——at least in principle——while in history it was unavoidable.
However，in the twentieth century，whatever else may distinguish physics and history as disciplines it is not that physics uses only strictly universal laws and deductive explanations in the nineteenth century sense，while history does not.The physics of the century，from 1 900 onward，has been interested in aggregates of certain classes of physical individuals(the particles)and in accounts of the individuals that would enable one to understand the aggregates.As a consequence partly of this interest in statistical data pertaining to the very small，as well as for a number of other reasons，physicists have tended to formulate the mechanics of the very small in terms of equations in which probabilistic notions are fundamental.
1. According to Karl Pearson，only one scientific method——。
[A J prevailed in every field of study during 1890s
[B]directed the collection and arrangement of facts
[C]served as a unique element uniting all disciplines
[D]made the identification of new knowledge plausible
2. As stated by Hempel，general laws are——。
[A]based on detailed accounts of actual facts
[B]composed of subordinate laws by deduction
[C]realized in probabilistic or statistic form
[D]applied to all cases or under certain conditions
3. The author feels sure of the truth that in 19th century———————
[A]physics and history shared a common feature
[B]the same method blended history with ph)rsics
[C]statistical laws were compatible with physics
[D]probabilistic method was inapplicable to history
4. In the 20th century， it was true that—————————
[A]universal laws ceased to belong merely to physics
[B]deductive explanations became dominant in history
[C]distinction between history and physics turned obscure
[D]statistical explanations were adopted by physicists
5. In the study of physical particles_____
[A]statistical information accounts for the interest in aggregates
[B]probabilistic conceptions result from their formulation
[C] description of their mechanics is based on statistical data
[D]physical equations are accountable for probabilistic ideas
一、核心詞匯
sphere n.范圍，領(lǐng)域
subordinate adj.從屬的
probability n.可能性
sequence n.次序，順序
articulate vt.清晰地表達(dá)
consequence n.結(jié)果
embody vt.使具體化
statistical adj.統(tǒng)計(jì)的
formulate vt.用公式表示
二、完整譯文
19世紀(jì)末期的科學(xué)信仰中包括這樣一種觀點(diǎn)，即世界上有且僅有一種科學(xué)方法。一些作家指出(如卡爾。皮爾遜在其著作《科學(xué)的語(yǔ)法》中寫道)：這種方法是惟一一種在任何領(lǐng)域都可獲得知識(shí)的有效方法。這種方法描述起來(lái)十分容易：通過調(diào)查研究后，在該領(lǐng)域收集事實(shí);將這些事實(shí)按順序排好，以保證根據(jù)所發(fā)生的事件總結(jié)出定律;然后，將所發(fā)現(xiàn)的定律寫下來(lái)。根據(jù)這種觀點(diǎn)，既然科學(xué)是統(tǒng)一的，并且只包含這惟一一種方法，因此各個(gè)學(xué)科的區(qū)別僅僅在于內(nèi)容的不同。同樣，根據(jù)這種觀點(diǎn)，科研調(diào)查的結(jié)果(也就是新知識(shí))永遠(yuǎn)都是以在該領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行調(diào)查的前提下連接各類事實(shí)的定律的形式所體現(xiàn)出來(lái)的。
根據(jù)這種觀點(diǎn)，解釋僅僅是在演繹的基礎(chǔ)上說(shuō)明事實(shí)，而這種演繹來(lái)自于著名的定律，或者是在演繹的基礎(chǔ)上說(shuō)明某種從屬定律，這種演繹來(lái)自于更普遍的定律。關(guān)于解釋最具影響力的確切表達(dá)來(lái)自于卡爾吉。亨普爾，在他的《科學(xué)與歷史中的解釋》一文中表述得很清楚。根據(jù)亨普爾的觀點(diǎn)，有的時(shí)候，這些定律有著十分嚴(yán)格的共同形式;其他時(shí)候，這些定律體現(xiàn)的則是概率或是統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字的形式，這種情況下，這些定律屬于論斷，即如果滿足某些具體條件，某種結(jié)果便會(huì)依某種概率而發(fā)生。
在19世紀(jì)末期，人們認(rèn)為物理作為一門學(xué)科，與歷史相比，一個(gè)明顯區(qū)別就是即使兩種學(xué)科均使用同一種方法，但至少?gòu)脑瓌t上講，物理沒有必要進(jìn)行概率解釋，而歷史這門學(xué)科則不可避免。我個(gè)人認(rèn)為這種說(shuō)法是正確的。
但是，在20世紀(jì)，不論還有些什么別的特征可能用來(lái)區(qū)分物理學(xué)與歷史學(xué)這兩門學(xué)科，從以下角度加以區(qū)分肯定是不對(duì)的：物理學(xué)只是嚴(yán)格運(yùn)用19世紀(jì)那個(gè)意義上的普遍規(guī)律和演繹性解釋，而歷史學(xué)并非如此。從1900年以后，20世紀(jì)的物理研究興趣主要在于某些種類的物質(zhì)個(gè)體(粒子)的總計(jì)及對(duì)這些物質(zhì)個(gè)體的解釋以便人們了解這種總計(jì)。部分地由于物理學(xué)對(duì)于微觀世界的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)的興趣，同時(shí)也由于很多其他相關(guān)原因，物理學(xué)家們傾向于用方程式來(lái)闡述微觀世界的力學(xué)原理，而在這些方程式中，有關(guān)概率的概念是最基礎(chǔ)的。
三、參考答案
1. c推斷題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞Karl Pearson定位文章第一段。根據(jù)第二句之后的內(nèi)容，可立即排除A(流行于每一個(gè)研究領(lǐng)域);題干中的According to Karl Pearson相當(dāng)于第四句的According to this View，因此可將答案鎖定在此句，推斷可知c與其內(nèi)容一致，是正確答案;B(指導(dǎo)事實(shí)論據(jù)的搜集和整理)不全面;D中的plausible(似是而非的)是一種不確定的說(shuō)法，不合文意。
2. D推斷題。由題干中關(guān)鍵詞Hempel定位第二段第三、四句，其中的such laws即general laws(普遍規(guī)律)。選項(xiàng)D概括了這兩句的內(nèi)容，all cases相當(dāng)于第三句中的universal from(普遍型)，certain conditions即specified conditions(特定情況)。A(基于對(duì)事實(shí)的詳細(xì)說(shuō)明)、B(由演繹得出的從屬定律構(gòu)成)兩項(xiàng)指的是explanation;C不全面，只是指general laws中的一種，即概率型或統(tǒng)計(jì)型。
3. A推斷題。題干中的The author feels相當(dāng)于第三段開頭的I think，故答案應(yīng)在此段之中。A說(shuō)物理學(xué)和歷史學(xué)有共同特點(diǎn)，即指此段所說(shuō)的也same method(同樣的方法)，故為答案。B(同樣的方法把歷史學(xué)和物理學(xué)混為一談)不合邏輯;C的comparable with(相符的)和D的was inapplicable to(不適用于)皆與句意相悖。
4. D推斷題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞20m century定位文章最后一段。文中指出用19世紀(jì)的普遍規(guī)律和演繹性解釋來(lái)區(qū)分物理學(xué)和歷史學(xué)是不對(duì)的。由此可知選項(xiàng)A(普遍規(guī)律不再只屬于物理學(xué))、B(演繹性解釋在歷史學(xué)中占主導(dǎo)地位)、c(歷史學(xué)和物理學(xué)之間的區(qū)別變得模糊)是對(duì)文章的故意曲解;文章末句說(shuō)，物理學(xué)家往往用方程式來(lái)闡述微觀世界的力學(xué)原理，而方程式的基礎(chǔ)就是概率概念，故推斷可知D正確。
5. C推斷題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞physical particles定位最后一段第二、三句，其中提到20世紀(jì)的物理研究興趣主要在于某些種類的物質(zhì)個(gè)體的總計(jì)及對(duì)這些物質(zhì)個(gè)體的解釋以便人們了解這種總計(jì)，由此可知A(統(tǒng)計(jì)信息說(shuō)明人們對(duì)總計(jì)的興趣)因果顛倒;文中說(shuō)物理學(xué)家們傾向于用方程式來(lái)闡述微觀世界的力學(xué)原理，而在這些方程式中，有關(guān)概率的概念是最基礎(chǔ)的，言外之意，微觀世界的描述是以概率的概念為基礎(chǔ)的，由此可知B(概率的概念由方程式而生)本末倒置，D(物理方程式可以解釋概率理念)因果顛倒，而c(對(duì)其力學(xué)原理的描述基于統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù))正確。