2021考研英語(yǔ):長(zhǎng)難句翻譯分析三

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    2021考研英語(yǔ):長(zhǎng)難句翻譯分析三
    1. It is true that CEO pay has gone up——top ones may make 300 times the pay of typical workers on average, and since the mid-1970s, CEO pay for large publicly traded American corporation has, by varying estimates, gone up by about 500%.
    生詞:typical(adj. 典型的,一般的);on average(平均);publicly traded corporation(上市公司);varying(adj. 不同的,易變的);estimate(n./v. 估計(jì),評(píng)估)
    句子拆分:
    第一步斷句,斷句一般根據(jù)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào),連詞,短語(yǔ)等標(biāo)準(zhǔn)將長(zhǎng)句子拆分,大致每一部分5-15詞左右,本句可以拆分為:It到破折號(hào);top到and;and到has;by到句末4個(gè)部分。
    第二部判斷句子的主干和修飾成分
    主句:It is true that CEO pay has gone up(形式主語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu),真正的主語(yǔ)是that從句,謂語(yǔ)是is,賓語(yǔ)是true)
    同位語(yǔ):top 到句末
    時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):since the mid-1970s
    定語(yǔ):of typical workers on average (修飾pay); for large publicly traded American corporation(修飾改部分前面的pay)
    插入語(yǔ):by varying estimates
    狀語(yǔ):by about 500%(修飾前面gone up)
    并列句:top ones may make 300 times the pay of typical workers on average, and since the mid-1970s, CEO pay for large publicly traded American corporation has, by varying estimates, gone up by about 500%(and并列兩個(gè)完整句子)
    第三步調(diào)整語(yǔ)序,偏短的定語(yǔ)一般翻譯到修飾對(duì)象的前面,插入語(yǔ)可以移到該句的前面。
    第四步全句翻譯: CEO的薪水確實(shí)上漲了——頂尖CEO們的薪水可能會(huì)達(dá)到普通工人平均薪水的300倍,而且自從20世紀(jì)70年代中期,據(jù)多方估計(jì),大型美國(guó)上市公司的CEO薪水上漲了500%
    2. The best model for understanding the growth of CEO pay, though, is that of limited CEO talent in a world where business opportunities for the top firms are growing rapidly.
    生詞:limited(adj. 有限的);talent(n. 人才);rapidly(adv. 迅速地)
    第一步斷句:本句不是很長(zhǎng),可以根據(jù)自己的基礎(chǔ)情況選擇斷句或者不斷句,如需要斷句,可以根據(jù)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)段成the到though;is到句末兩部分。
    第二部判斷句子的主干和修飾成分
    主句:The best model for understanding the growth of CEO pay, though, is that of limited CEO talent(主系表結(jié)構(gòu),核心主語(yǔ)是the best model,系動(dòng)詞is,表語(yǔ)that of limited CEO talent)
    定語(yǔ):for understand the growth(修飾model),of CEO pay(修飾growth),of limited CEO talent(修飾代詞that)
    插入語(yǔ):though
    狀語(yǔ):in a world(修飾主句)
    定語(yǔ)從句:where business opportunities for the top firms are growing rapidly.
    第三步調(diào)整語(yǔ)序,偏短的定語(yǔ)一般翻譯到修飾對(duì)象的前面,插入語(yǔ)翻譯到句子前面。
    第四步全句翻譯:然而,理解CEO薪水增長(zhǎng)的最佳模式,是頂尖公司的商業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)正迅速增加的世界中CEO人才的不足。
    3. On top all of this, major CEOs still have to do the job they have always done——which includes motivating empolyees, serving as an internal role model, helping to define and extend a corporate culture, understanding the internal accounting, and presenting budgets and business plans to the board.
    生詞:motivate(v. 刺激,激勵(lì));internal(adj. 內(nèi)部的);define(v. 定義);extend(v. 延伸,推廣,擴(kuò)展);budget(n. 預(yù)算);board(n. 董事會(huì))
    第一步斷句:可以根據(jù)破折號(hào),逗號(hào)結(jié)合長(zhǎng)度適中原則斷成on到done,which到model,helping到accounting,and到句末4部分。
    第二部判斷句子的主干和修飾成分
    主句:major CEOs still have to do the job
    定語(yǔ)從句:(that)they have always done(修飾job);which到句末(修飾job)
    狀語(yǔ):on top all of this
    并列結(jié)構(gòu):
    1. define and extend 由and并列兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞
    2. budgets and business plan 由 and并列一個(gè)名詞和一個(gè)名詞短語(yǔ)
    3. motivating empolyees, serving as an internal role model, helping to define and extend a corporate culture, understanding the internal accounting, and presenting budgets and business plans to the board. 由四個(gè)逗號(hào)和and并列的五個(gè)動(dòng)詞-ing短語(yǔ)
    第三步調(diào)整語(yǔ)序,偏短的定語(yǔ)一般翻譯到修飾對(duì)象的前面,并列結(jié)構(gòu)順序不變。
    第四步全句翻譯:最重要的是,大部分CEO仍然要做他們一直在做的事——包括激勵(lì)員工,樹立內(nèi)部榜樣,參與定義和推廣企業(yè)文化,理解內(nèi)部財(cái)務(wù)管理以及向董事會(huì)呈現(xiàn)預(yù)算和商業(yè)計(jì)劃。
    2021考研英語(yǔ):長(zhǎng)難句翻譯分析二
    一、虛張聲勢(shì)的句子
    They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded.(2018 text 2)
    這一句話看起來(lái)真的很長(zhǎng),而且也似乎是有難度的,因?yàn)榇蠹业氖紫雀杏X就是逗號(hào)少,一句話很長(zhǎng)。這種先入為主的觀念就會(huì)在無(wú)形中給大家?guī)?lái)壓力,因此一定要拋棄,我們要學(xué)會(huì)用科學(xué)的方法去判斷。
    首先是并列連詞“and”,它一出現(xiàn),前后并列,在成分和語(yǔ)義上具有一致性,因此原本很長(zhǎng)的句子,就可以看作是A and B這樣一個(gè)小結(jié)構(gòu)。其次是單破折,英語(yǔ)中的單破折跟漢語(yǔ)中的單破折發(fā)揮著同樣的作用,那就是解釋說(shuō)明。因此前面一句話就是“A and B,例如C”。 即“他們反復(fù)核查信息源,并且更偏愛從不同的角度看新聞,尤其是那些對(duì)所有偏見都持開放態(tài)度的新聞”。這句話翻譯成漢語(yǔ)后基本的主謂賓順序都沒有發(fā)生大的變化,只不過(guò)修飾的位置有些許調(diào)整。所以像這種,就是“虛胖”的長(zhǎng)難句,不值得大家擔(dān)心。
    二、定語(yǔ)從句
    長(zhǎng)難句之所以難,是因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)中多了一些漢語(yǔ)沒有的東西,比如從句。從句中,定語(yǔ)從句是我們常見到的從句類型,它的作用主要是修飾。定語(yǔ)從句一個(gè)明顯的識(shí)別標(biāo)志就是“名詞+that/which”,而且從句中的“which”或“that”在句中是扮演成分的。
    Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new reality. (2018 text 4)
    本句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)可以簡(jiǎn)化為:the USPS is in a historic squeeze between A and B,里面的A就是technological change,B是 a regulatory structure。A、B兩個(gè)為名詞短語(yǔ),后面分別跟了that引導(dǎo)的從句。從句“that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new reality”,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是denies,前面必然需要一個(gè)主語(yǔ),因此從句中的that就起到了主語(yǔ)的作用,以此來(lái)確定為定語(yǔ)從句。A后的that從句同樣道理。這兩個(gè)從句分別修飾了A,B。此外第二個(gè)從句中,“to adjust its operations to the new reality”為不定式作flexibility的定語(yǔ)。
    整個(gè)句子翻一下來(lái),定語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)可以不必前置:從根本上說(shuō),美國(guó)郵政總局面臨技術(shù)變革和管理結(jié)構(gòu)的雙重歷史性擠壓,技術(shù)變革永久地減少了對(duì)主要產(chǎn)品——平郵的需求,而管理結(jié)構(gòu)拒絕為適應(yīng)新形勢(shì)調(diào)整其運(yùn)營(yíng)管理的靈活性。
    2021考研英語(yǔ):長(zhǎng)難句翻譯分析一
    到底什么算長(zhǎng)難句呢?顧名思義,就是又長(zhǎng)又難的句子,專業(yè)點(diǎn)來(lái)講就是一個(gè)詞匯偏多、結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的英文句子。我們今天就以2006年英語(yǔ)一中的一個(gè)長(zhǎng)難句為例來(lái)看一看,到底如何去用我們所學(xué)的單詞和語(yǔ)法知識(shí)快速理解長(zhǎng)難句。
    首先看一個(gè)句子:
    France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman.
    拿到這個(gè)句子時(shí)是不是感覺很復(fù)雜,但是再?gòu)?fù)雜的句子也是由簡(jiǎn)單的主干加上若干修飾構(gòu)成的,接下來(lái)我們來(lái)找一找這個(gè)句子中的主干和修飾是誰(shuí)。首先映入眼簾的就是which,大家都知道which引導(dǎo)從句,從句不屬于主干,所以我們先把這部分刪掉。
    France has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman.
    這樣來(lái)看句子是不是短了不少,但是此時(shí)大家會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)我們的句子中含有兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ),has decided 和 has lost,但是根據(jù)語(yǔ)法規(guī)則我們應(yīng)該在句中看到一個(gè)連詞,但是這里顯然沒有。其實(shí)句子中是有個(gè)that的,但是被省略掉了,即decided 后面有一個(gè)省略that的賓語(yǔ)從句。
    接下來(lái)我們看這個(gè)從句:
    its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman.
    此時(shí)的這個(gè)句子是不是就不屬于長(zhǎng)難句了,因?yàn)榻Y(jié)構(gòu)非常清晰。
    主語(yǔ)為: its fashion industry;
    謂語(yǔ)為:has lost
    賓語(yǔ)為:an absolute right
    最后,to define physical beauty for woman為right的定語(yǔ)。
    整理完句子構(gòu)架,我們可先將這個(gè)從句進(jìn)行理解和翻譯:時(shí)尚業(yè)失去了定義女性形體美的絕對(duì)權(quán)力。
    從句翻譯完,我們回到主句中,同時(shí)可以把省略掉的that補(bǔ)全:France has decided(that)its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman.
    意思即:法國(guó)作出決定,使其時(shí)尚業(yè)失去了定義女性形體美的絕對(duì)權(quán)力。
    進(jìn)行到這一步,我們的句子主干部分就已經(jīng)解決了,接下來(lái)只要添加被我們刪減的which從句,which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion中,pride oneself as可理解為某人/某物引以為傲的是,即這個(gè)句子為:(法國(guó))以作為全球時(shí)尚創(chuàng)新者而引以為傲。
    最后,根據(jù)我們講過(guò)的“大八小八”原則將定語(yǔ)前置處理:以全球時(shí)尚創(chuàng)新者自居的法國(guó)法國(guó)作出決定,使其時(shí)尚業(yè)失去了定義女性形體美的絕對(duì)權(quán)力。
    怎么樣,這個(gè)長(zhǎng)難句是不是輕輕松松被我們解決了!所以以后再碰到長(zhǎng)難句,大家不要害怕,我們可根據(jù)四步走原則進(jìn)行破解:尋標(biāo)志,斷長(zhǎng)句;抓主干,識(shí)修飾;調(diào)語(yǔ)序,定句意;組成句,成表達(dá)。四個(gè)步驟搞定長(zhǎng)難句,無(wú)往而不勝,大家記住了嗎!