2021考研英語語法:作后置定語的3種短語辨析

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    2021考研英語語法:作后置定語的3種短語辨析
    一、介詞短語作后置定語
    ,如the bird in the tree(樹上的小鳥),the standard of living(生活水平),the way to the hotel(去旅館的路),the life in the future(未來的生活)。
    二、不定式短語作后置定語,用來修飾限定其前的名詞或名詞性短語
    分為以下三類:
    1. 在某些名詞結構中可用動詞不定式作后置定語。
    I have a lot of homework to do.
    He is the first to finish the task.
    There are a lot of things to do.
    2. 在某些抽象名詞后可用動詞不定式作后置定語,具體說明抽象名詞的內容。常見名詞有ability, anxiety, attempt, decision, chance, courage, right, determination, promise, ambition, effort, drive, eagerness, failure, inclination, intention, movement, need, opportunity, plan, reason, struggle, time, way, wish等。例句:
    He has the ability to do the work.
    I don’t have the courage to tell you the secret.
    3. 動詞不定式有時可替代一個定語從句,與其前修飾的名詞是主動關系,在時態(tài)上含有將來的含義。例如:
    Perhaps in the years to come(=that will come),we will meet again.
    In the lectures to follow(=that will follow), she talked about her trip to China.
    三、分詞短語作后置定語
    這時一般可以改寫為定語從句,現(xiàn)在分詞作后置定語與修飾的名詞是主動關系,過去分詞作后置定語與修飾的名詞是被動關系。例如,
    S1:There is a lady waiting for you.=There is a lady who waits for you.
    S2:What is the language spoken in China?=What is the language which is spoken in China?
    S1中,lady和wait之間是主動關系,S2中,language與spoken之間是被動關系。
    我們在寫作時,為了讓句子結構更為高級,或是達到句式多樣的目的,常用分詞短語作后置定語來代替定語從句。如在2012年的考研英語作文中,我們在描圖表示兩個人對同樣的半瓶水表現(xiàn)出不同的態(tài)度時,可以說:As is shown in the picture, there is a contrast between two men facing the same problem with half a bottle of water. 在這個英語句子中,我們用現(xiàn)在分詞短語作men的后置定語,相當于定語從句who face the same problem with half a bottle of water. 再如,在表達一個人眉頭緊縮,因為水撒了發(fā)出嘆息,可以說:The one frowning in anxiety is sighing because the water is spoilt out of the bottle。此句中,現(xiàn)在分詞短語作one的后置定語,相當于從句who frowns in anxiety。用現(xiàn)在分詞短語代替從句可以使句式更簡短,句型也更為高級,更加豐富,同時也顯示出考生深厚的語法功底。
    2021考研英語語法:名詞性的主語從句的解析
    名詞性從句。名詞性從句的功能相當于名詞詞組,它在復合句中能擔任主語、賓語、表語、同位語等,因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語法功能,名詞性從句又可分為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。今天我們就來重點講一下其中的主語從句。
    在復合句中充當主語成分的句子叫作主語從句。它的具體表現(xiàn)形式是:引導詞引導一個從句作主語或者it作形式主語+謂語/系表結構+引導詞+從句。
    【例1】that
    That Chris Lee won the champion of Super Girl in 2005 arouse wide public concern.李宇春贏得2005年超女冠軍這件事引起了社會的廣泛關注。
    【例2】what
    What caused the accident remains unknown.是什么引起了這一事故仍然未知。
    【例3】where
    Where my wife and I should choose to continue my further education is a question of great importance.我太太和我應該去哪享受我們的蜜月還沒有最后決定。
    【例4】which
    Which university I should choose to continue my further education is a question of great importance.我應該考哪個大學的研究生是個很重要的問題。
    【例5】when
    When and where the test will be given is not yet decided.什么時候在什么地方進行考試還沒定下來。
    【例6】-ever
    Whoever gets the job will have a lot of work to do.任何得到這份工作的人都將要有很多工作要做。
    【例7】how
    How we can protect the grain from damp needs to be discussed.我們怎樣才能保護糧食不受潮需要討論。
    【例8】whether
    Whether this is true or not remains a mystery.這是對是錯還是個謎。
    It句型
    有的時候主語從句過長,根據(jù)人類短暫記憶規(guī)律,主語過長會影響理解和閱讀,往往會用it作形式主語,而把真正的主語放在句尾,加以強調,是為it句型。
    【例】
    It is a pity that we won't be able to go to the south to spend our summer vacation.我們不能去南方度過我們的暑假很遺憾。
    為表示強調,常以形式主語it引導從句。It+謂語+引導詞+從句。由于主語從句一般被認為是單數(shù)形式,形式主語代表真正的主語,因此要用it。因此形式主語的謂語動詞、be動詞+表語均為第三人稱單數(shù)形式或過去式。
    英國桂冠詩人約翰·梅斯菲爾德說:“快樂的日子使人睿智?!焙芏嗫忌赡苡X得這句話應該反過來說,但其實復習過一段時間以后,面對著越來越復雜的難題,你就會發(fā)現(xiàn),保持快樂的心態(tài),復習效率自然而然就會提高。
    2021考研英語語法:獨立主格結構的語法精讀
    一、獨立主格結構
    獨立主格結構由名詞或代詞加上其他成分(分詞、不定式、名詞、代詞、形容詞、副詞或介詞短語)構成。
    獨立主格結構沒有主語和謂語,所以在語法上不是句子。但多有名詞或代詞表示的邏輯主語,分詞或不定式表示的邏輯謂語,有時還有其他修飾成分。(判斷一個結構是否是句子的標準就是看看這個結構是否有謂語動詞。)這種結構通常在句子中起方式、時間、原因、條件等狀語或狀語從句的作用,主要用于書面語。使用動詞非謂語形式的獨立主格結構可以改為句子形式(從句):獨立主格結構加上連詞,非謂語動詞改為謂語動詞形式,這樣就成為從句了。
    例如:
    Today being Sunday, the library isn' t open.今天星期天,圖書館不開放。
    (原因)改為從句:
    As (Since) today is Sunday, the library isn' t open.
    例如:
    There being no buses,we had to take a taxi. 沒有汽車了,我們只好坐出租車了。
    Because there were no buses, we had to take a taxi.
    The signal given,the bus started.信號發(fā)出后,公共汽車就啟動了。
    (時間)改為從句:
    After the signal was given, the bus started.
    The boy followed that man here,and climbed in,sword in hand.少年跟那個人到這里,并爬了進來,手里拿著劍。
    The boy followed that man here,and climbed in,and had a sword in his hand.
    The mid-term examination is over, the end-of-term examination to come two months later.期中考試結束了,兩個月之后進行期末考試.
    The mid-term examination is over, and the end-of-term examination is to come two months later.
    Weather permitting, we' 11 visit the Great Wall.如果天氣允許的話,我們就去參觀長城。
    If weather permits, we' 11 visit the Great Wall.
    The boy followed that man here, and climbed in, sword in hand.少年跟那個人到這里,并爬了進來,手里拿著劍。(伴隨狀語)
    上文例句中sword in hand是由“名詞+介詞短語”構成,表示伴隨的情況。這種表示伴隨情的獨立主格結構,有時可以用with
    引出,二者的意思是一樣的,with結構更加口語話,更加常用。
    She left the office with tears in her eyes.她眼里含著淚水,離開了辦公室。
    The teacher walked into the classroom, with a ruler under his arm and some books in his hand.老師胳膊底下挾著一把尺子,手里拿著幾本書,走進了教室。
    The teacher walked into the classroom. He was holding a ruler under his arm and some books in his hand.
    Tian' anmen Square looks magnificent with all the lights on.華燈齊放,天安門廣場顯得美麗動人。
    With the boy leading the way, we found his house with no difficulty.由這孩子領路,我們毫不費勁地找到他的家。
    With him to give us a lead, our team is bound to turn out well.有他給我們帶頭,我們對一定能搞好。