2021考研英語(yǔ):基礎(chǔ)句式的語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)

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    2021考研英語(yǔ):基礎(chǔ)句式的語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)
    1.當(dāng)主語(yǔ)由either...... or. neither...... nor , not only ...... but(also) 或or連接時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常和最臨近的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)一致。
    例如:Either you or he is to do the work. 不是你就是他來(lái)做這件事。
    Not only you but also Tom often comes late to class. 不光是你,湯姆上課也遲到。
    Neither the children nor the teacher knows anything about it.
    孩子們和老師都不知道這件事。
    2.當(dāng)there be結(jié)構(gòu)后面有并列主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)也和最臨近的那個(gè)一致。
    如:There is a dictionary and many books on the table.
    桌子上有一本詞典和許多本書。
    There' re ten chairs and a table in the house.
    屋子里有十把椅子和一張桌子。
    Here is a pen, a few envelopes and same paper far you.
    這兒有一支筆,幾個(gè)信封和一些紙給你。
    這種就近一致的情況在非正式文體中越來(lái)越普遍。但在下列情況不提倡模訪。
    如:Where is your mother and sisters?
    你媽媽和你姐妹到哪兒去了?
    Is your sister and her husband coming to see you?
    你姐姐和姐夫要來(lái)看你嗎?
    One in ten are expected to take part in the contest.
    預(yù)計(jì)每十個(gè)人就有一個(gè)要來(lái)參加這次比賽。
    3.做主語(yǔ)的名詞或代詞后接with,together with,along with,as well as等短語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般和前面名詞或代詞一致。這些短語(yǔ)前后可用可不用逗號(hào)。
    如:A woman with a baby is coming to the hospital
    一個(gè)婦女抱著個(gè)嬰兒正向醫(yī)院走來(lái)。
    The girl, as well as the bays , has learned to drive a car.
    這個(gè)姑娘和那些那孩子一樣也學(xué)會(huì)了開汽車。
    (四)代詞一致
    代詞一致是指句子中代詞應(yīng)在數(shù)、性、人稱等方面彼此保持一致,
    如:One must do one' s best to increase production.
    Everybody talked at the tap of his/their voice.
    If anyone calls, tell him I' 11 be back in a moment. (him也可用him or her代替)
    在寫作中,如果表示不定的人,可以用you, we, one等,需要注意的是:同一篇文章中,只用同一個(gè)不定代詞,而且所有格要與其一致。
    2021考研英語(yǔ):后置定語(yǔ)的3種短語(yǔ)解析
    一、介詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)
    如the bird in the tree(樹上的小鳥),the standard of living(生活水平),the way to the hotel(去旅館的路),the life in the future(未來(lái)的生活)。
    二、不定式短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ),用來(lái)修飾限定其前的名詞或名詞性短語(yǔ)
    分為以下三類:
    1. 在某些名詞結(jié)構(gòu)中可用動(dòng)詞不定式作后置定語(yǔ)。
    I have a lot of homework to do.
    He is the first to finish the task.
    There are a lot of things to do.
    2. 在某些抽象名詞后可用動(dòng)詞不定式作后置定語(yǔ),具體說(shuō)明抽象名詞的內(nèi)容。常見(jiàn)名詞有ability, anxiety, attempt, decision, chance, courage, right, determination, promise, ambition, effort, drive, eagerness, failure, inclination, intention, movement, need, opportunity, plan, reason, struggle, time, way, wish等。例句:
    He has the ability to do the work.
    I don’t have the courage to tell you the secret.
    3. 動(dòng)詞不定式有時(shí)可替代一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,與其前修飾的名詞是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,在時(shí)態(tài)上含有將來(lái)的含義。例如:
    Perhaps in the years to come(=that will come),we will meet again.
    In the lectures to follow(=that will follow), she talked about her trip to China.
    三、分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)
    這時(shí)一般可以改寫為定語(yǔ)從句,現(xiàn)在分詞作后置定語(yǔ)與修飾的名詞是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,過(guò)去分詞作后置定語(yǔ)與修飾的名詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。例如,
    S1:There is a lady waiting for you.=There is a lady who waits for you.
    S2:What is the language spoken in China?=What is the language which is spoken in China?
    S1中,lady和wait之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,S2中,language與spoken之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
    我們?cè)趯懽鲿r(shí),為了讓句子結(jié)構(gòu)更為高級(jí),或是達(dá)到句式多樣的目的,常用分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)來(lái)代替定語(yǔ)從句。如在2012年的考研英語(yǔ)作文中,我們?cè)诿鑸D表示兩個(gè)人對(duì)同樣的半瓶水表現(xiàn)出不同的態(tài)度時(shí),可以說(shuō):As is shown in the picture, there is a contrast between two men facing the same problem with half a bottle of water. 在這個(gè)英語(yǔ)句子中,我們用現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作men的后置定語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于定語(yǔ)從句who face the same problem with half a bottle of water. 再如,在表達(dá)一個(gè)人眉頭緊縮,因?yàn)樗隽税l(fā)出嘆息,可以說(shuō):The one frowning in anxiety is sighing because the water is spoilt out of the bottle。此句中,現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作one的后置定語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于從句who frowns in anxiety。用現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)代替從句可以使句式更簡(jiǎn)短,句型也更為高級(jí),更加豐富,同時(shí)也顯示出考生深厚的語(yǔ)法功底。
    2021考研英語(yǔ):名詞性從句的基礎(chǔ)語(yǔ)法
    【例1】that
    That Chris Lee won the champion of Super Girl in 2005 arouse wide public concern.李宇春贏得2005年超女冠軍這件事引起了社會(huì)的廣泛關(guān)注。
    【例2】what
    What caused the accident remains unknown.是什么引起了這一事故仍然未知。
    【例3】where
    Where my wife and I should choose to continue my further education is a question of great importance.我太太和我應(yīng)該去哪享受我們的蜜月還沒(méi)有最后決定。
    【例4】which
    Which university I should choose to continue my further education is a question of great importance.我應(yīng)該考哪個(gè)大學(xué)的研究生是個(gè)很重要的問(wèn)題。
    【例5】when
    When and where the test will be given is not yet decided.什么時(shí)候在什么地方進(jìn)行考試還沒(méi)定下來(lái)。
    【例6】-ever
    Whoever gets the job will have a lot of work to do.任何得到這份工作的人都將要有很多工作要做。
    【例7】how
    How we can protect the grain from damp needs to be discussed.我們?cè)鯓硬拍鼙Wo(hù)糧食不受潮需要討論。
    【例8】whether
    Whether this is true or not remains a mystery.這是對(duì)是錯(cuò)還是個(gè)謎。
    It句型
    有的時(shí)候主語(yǔ)從句過(guò)長(zhǎng),根據(jù)人類短暫記憶規(guī)律,主語(yǔ)過(guò)長(zhǎng)會(huì)影響理解和閱讀,往往會(huì)用it作形式主語(yǔ),而把真正的主語(yǔ)放在句尾,加以強(qiáng)調(diào),是為it句型。
    【例】
    It is a pity that we won't be able to go to the south to spend our summer vacation.我們不能去南方度過(guò)我們的暑假很遺憾。
    為表示強(qiáng)調(diào),常以形式主語(yǔ)it引導(dǎo)從句。It+謂語(yǔ)+引導(dǎo)詞+從句。由于主語(yǔ)從句一般被認(rèn)為是單數(shù)形式,形式主語(yǔ)代表真正的主語(yǔ),因此要用it。因此形式主語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、be動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)均為第三人稱單數(shù)形式或過(guò)去式。
    英國(guó)桂冠詩(shī)人約翰·梅斯菲爾德說(shuō):“快樂(lè)的日子使人睿智?!焙芏嗫忌赡苡X(jué)得這句話應(yīng)該反過(guò)來(lái)說(shuō),但其實(shí)復(fù)習(xí)過(guò)一段時(shí)間以后,面對(duì)著越來(lái)越復(fù)雜的難題,你就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),保持快樂(lè)的心態(tài),復(fù)習(xí)效率自然而然就會(huì)提高。