德國的洪堡大學的創(chuàng)辦于1810年的10月，前身是柏林大學是歐洲最具有影響力的大學之一。那么跟著出國留學網(wǎng)一起來了解下德國洪堡大學基本概況吧，歡迎閱讀。
一、關(guān)于洪堡大學
General Facts about Humboldt-Universit?t,Two hundred years ago, in 1810, Wilhelm von Humboldt's vision of a new type of university became reality. The newly founded Prussian alma mater was the first to introduce the unity of research and teaching, to uphold the ideal of research without restrictions and to provide a comprehensive education for its students. These principles of Wilhelm von Humboldt and a select group of contemporaries soon became general practice throughout the world. A new era of university and academic research had begun.2010 marked the 200th anniversary of the Humboldt-Universit?t. Numerous events from October 2009 to December 2010 honoured the ideas of its founding fathers. In dialogue with the city of Berlin, the alma mater celebrated science, research and teaching, and the relevance of Humboldt’s founding principles for the present day.During it’s history, the Humboldt-Universit?t zu Berlin has undergone many profound changes. The most recent reformation followed the Peaceful Revolution in East Germany in 1989. Many new outstanding professors were appointed from East and West, from Germany and from abroad.As one of eleven German universities, the Humboldt-Universit?t was chosen “University of Excellence” in June 2012. It was successful in all three funding lines in the third round of the Excellence Initiative of the German federal and state governments and awarded for its future concept “Educating Enquiring Minds: Individuality – Openness – Guidance”. In an international comparison, Humboldt- Universit?t ranks among the top ten of German universities. Scientists here research socially relevant topics and challenges of the future and communicate these with the public. Humboldt-Universit?t invests all its energy in being a place of excellent research and teaching. It’s aim is to promote young talents and to positively influence society and economy outside the university framework.
關(guān)于洪堡大學的一般情況
二百年前，在1810年，威廉·洪堡一個新型大學的設想成了現(xiàn)實。新成立的普魯士母校是率先引進研究與教學統(tǒng)一性，無限制地維護研究理想，為學生提供全面的教育的學校。Wilhelm von Humboldt和一批同時代人的這些原則很快成為全球的普遍做法。大學和學術(shù)研究的新時代已經(jīng)開始。2010年是洪堡大學成立200周年。2009年10月至2010年12月的眾多活動榮獲了其創(chuàng)始人的觀點。在與柏林市的交流中，母校慶?？茖W、研究和教學以及洪堡今天的創(chuàng)始原則的相關(guān)性。在歷史上，柏林洪堡大學經(jīng)歷了許多深刻的變化。最近的改革是1989年東德和平革命之后，德國和國外從東西方委派了許多新的優(yōu)秀教授。作為十一個德國大學之一，洪堡大學在2012年6月被選為“卓越大學”。它在德國聯(lián)邦和州政府的第三輪卓越計劃中的所有三個資助項目中取得成功，并為其未來授予概念“教育思想：個性 - 開放 - 指導”。在國際比較中，洪堡大學位列德國大學十強之列。這里的科學家研究未來的社會相關(guān)話題和挑戰(zhàn)，并與大眾溝通。洪堡大學為成為優(yōu)秀研究和教學的學校投入了大量精力。其目標是促進年輕人才，積極影響大學框架之外的社會和經(jīng)濟。
二、歷史沿革
The modern classic of the reform university
The pioneering ideas of 1810 are as relevant today as they were two hundred years ago.Wilhelm von Humboldt and a select group of contemporaries were the first to call for the independence of academia, to envision the integration of the natural, social sciences and humanities and to demand the unity of research and teaching: none of these concepts have lost their relevance. The university they founded developed into a forum for lively discussion among eminent scholars like the philosopher Hegel, the law professor Savigny and the medical scientist Hufeland.Following the foundation of the German Empire in 1871, the alma mater became the largest and most renowned university in Germany, home to 29 Nobel Prize winners like Max Planck, Robert Koch or Fritz Haber. Prominent historical figures like Otto von Bismarck, Heinrich Heine and Karl Marx were students here. Owing to this newly gained attention, Humboldt’s ideas spread around the globe and inspired the creation of many akin universities.During National Socialism (from 1933 until 1945), the university experienced the most reprehensible period in its history: among its staff and students were many enthusiastic supporters of the National Socialism regime. There are few examples of resistance to the regime or the countless crimes that were committed against humanity. This made a new beginning from the physical and moral ashes all the more difficult in 1945. Yet, as early as 1946, lectures were held again in the heavily damaged main building, albeit under the watchful eyes of the Soviet occupying power. In 1949, the university parted with its old name, Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universit?t, and was renamed after the Humboldt brothers Wilhelm and Alexander.Under the influence of the higher education reforms in the GDR, the content and structure of degree courses as well as the conditions under which research was conducted altered increasingly and reflected the Communist ideology. It was not until German reunification in 1990 that the university could break new ground on the one hand and tie into older traditions on the other.Following German unification in 1990, Humboldt-Universit?t seized the opportunity to enhance international components in both teaching and research, and to increase the mobility of its students. This was done by explicitly continuing previously existing international cooperation and exchange agreements.Future development is focused upon three areas:the strengthening of contacts within the EC, especially under the auspices of the Socrates/Erasmus Program;,the boosting of researcher and student exchange opportunities with North American universities and colleges;,and the stabilisation of relations with partner institutions in Central and Eastern Europe..The University currently maintains formal contacts to nearly 100 academic institutions on all continents, and holds more than 400 formal contracts within the Socrates Program. Students from over 100 different foreign countries are presently enrolled at Humboldt-Universit?t. International students comprise 10.9% of the entire student population.Evaluation and Restructuring,As a result of the unification there were three universities in Berlin, somewhat later there were even four. Due to the problems connected with the unification process, Humboldt-Universit?t went through a quite extraordinary process of reorganisation in which it succeeded in attracting outstanding scientists and scholars from East and West, from home and abroad. Supported by the work of Structure and Appointment Commissions, partly consisting of academics from outside the University, and with the help of numerous expertises and recommendations from groups of experts, Humboldt-Universit?t began to develop its own new academic structures. The contents of study programmes was evaluated, changed and re-defined. At the same time, the entire staff was subjected to personal and academic scrutiny. Financial restrictions and structural factors led to a drastic reduction of staff.Following the internal restructuring process, Humboldt-Universit?t now consists of eleven faculties and two central institutes. The present Medical Faculty Charité has become the largest medical faculty in Europe as a result of the merger of the Charité University Clinics with the Virchow Clinics and the Benjamin Franklin Hospital Complex of the Freie Universit?t Berlin. It is now maintained by both universities.
1、歷史發(fā)展
改革大學的現(xiàn)代經(jīng)典，1810年的開創(chuàng)性思想與二百年前相同。
威廉·洪堡和一批同時代人首先要求學術(shù)界的獨立，設想自然、社會科學和人文科學的一體化，要求研究與教學的統(tǒng)一：這些概念都沒有失去相關(guān)性。他們創(chuàng)立的大學發(fā)展成為一個論壇，供諸如哲學家黑格爾、法學教授薩維尼和醫(yī)學科學家洪堡大學菲蘭等知名學者進行熱烈的討論。繼1871年德國帝國的基礎之后，母校成為德國最大最知名的大學，擁有29位諾貝爾獎得主，如馬克斯·普朗克，羅伯特·科赫或弗里茨·哈伯。像Otto von Bismarck，Heinrich Heine和Karl Marx這些突出的歷史人物就是這里的學生。由于這一新的關(guān)注，洪堡的想法遍布全球，激發(fā)了許多亞洲大學的創(chuàng)立。在國家社會主義(1933年至1945年)期間，大學歷史上最受譴責的時期：其工作人員和學生都是國家社會主義制度的許多熱心支持者。很少有對政權(quán)的抵制或反對人類的無數(shù)罪行的例子。這在1945年從物理和道德灰燼變成了一個新的開始，并且變得更加困難。然而，早在1946年，盡管在蘇維埃占領國的監(jiān)視下，在嚴重受損的主樓再次舉行了講座。在1949年，大學與舊名稱弗里德里希 - 威廉姆斯大學分開，并在洪堡兄弟威廉和亞歷山大之后更名。在德意志民主共和國高等教育改革的影響下，學位課程的內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)以及研究的條件越來越多地反映了共產(chǎn)主義意識形態(tài)。直到德國1990年的統(tǒng)一，大學才打破新的領域與老式傳統(tǒng)相聯(lián)系。1990年德國統(tǒng)一后，洪堡大學抓住機會，加強教學和研究方面的國際組成部分，增加學生的流動性。這是通過明確繼續(xù)以前存在的國際合作和交換協(xié)議來實現(xiàn)的。
2、未來發(fā)展
未來發(fā)展集中在三個方面：在蘇格拉底/伊拉斯姆斯計劃的支持下加強歐共體內(nèi)的聯(lián)系;與北美大學和學院一起提高研究者和學生交流機會;以及穩(wěn)定與中歐和東歐伙伴機構(gòu)的關(guān)系;大學目前與各大洲近百所學術(shù)機構(gòu)保持正式聯(lián)系，并在蘇格蘭計劃范圍內(nèi)擁有400多項正式合同。來自100多個不同國家的學生目前在洪堡大學招收。國際學生占全體學生人數(shù)的10.9%。評估與重組，由于統(tǒng)一，柏林有三所大學，稍后還有四所。由于與統(tǒng)一過程相關(guān)的問題，洪堡大學經(jīng)歷了非常特別的重組過程，成功吸引了來自國內(nèi)外的東西方優(yōu)秀科學家和學者。由結(jié)構(gòu)和任用委員會的工作支持，部分由大學以外的學者組成，并在專家組的眾多專家和建議的幫助下，洪堡大學開始發(fā)展自己的新學術(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)。研究方案的內(nèi)容進行了評估，修改和重新界定。同時，全體員工受到個人和學術(shù)審查。在內(nèi)部重組進程之后，洪堡大學現(xiàn)由11個院系和兩個中央研究所組成。由于Charité大學診所與Virchow診所和柏林自由大學本杰明富蘭克林醫(yī)院綜合大樓合并，現(xiàn)在的醫(yī)學系Charité已經(jīng)成為歐洲最大的醫(yī)學教師?，F(xiàn)在由兩所大學維系。
三、教研優(yōu)勢
1.概況
Research at Humboldt-Universit?t
Research at the Humboldt-Universit?t goes beyond the traditional division of humanities and social sciences on one hand and natural and life sciences on the other.Amongst the wide spectrum of research activities, the university has identified the following focal points: studies of the ancient world and history of science; philosophy; quantitative economics; life sciences with a focus on theoretical biology, neuroscience and immunobiology; mathematics as a key technology; material and optical sciences as well as climate and sustainability research. These focal points are grounded on ten Collaborative Research Centres, twelve Research Training Groups and eleven interdisciplinary centres. As nerve centres for collaboration, integrative research institutes in the life sciences and natural sciences – a unique phenomenon of Humboldt-Universit?t – cross-link different research areas and identify as well as address pressing issues of the future.Over 400 professors work at Humboldt-Universit?t in research and teaching. The university is well aware of the importance of supporting the next generation of researchers. Thus, for many years it has had a pioneering role in instigating and securing funding for various junior training groups, graduate colleges and graduate schools from many funding bodies. Humboldt-Universit?t was among the first universities to introduce the junior professorship. At a doctoral level, the Humboldt Graduate School has been designed as an umbrella organisation to train doctoral students. Exceptional academic candidates are given the opportunity of conducting research independently and teaching very early on.Interdisciplinarity is key to all research efforts. The Berlin School of Mind and Brain, is a vivid example of experts working closely together to grasp today’s relevant questions. Here, philosophers work alongside neuroscientists to reflect on decision-making processes, conscious and unconscious perception or mental disorders is.
洪堡大學的研究一方面超越傳統(tǒng)的人文科學和社會科學，另一方面也是自然與生命科學。在廣泛的研究活動中，大學確定了以下協(xié)調(diào)中心：古代世界研究和科學史、哲學、定量經(jīng)濟學、生命科學、重點理論生物學、神經(jīng)科學和免疫生物學、數(shù)學作為關(guān)鍵技術(shù)、材料和光學科學以及氣候和可持續(xù)性研究。這些協(xié)調(diào)中心建立在十個合作研究中心，十二個研究培訓組和十一個跨學科中心的基礎上。作為協(xié)作的神經(jīng)中心，生命科學和自然科學的綜合研究機構(gòu) - 洪堡大學的獨特現(xiàn)象 - 跨越不同的研究領域，識別和解決未來的緊迫問題。洪堡大學400多名教授在研究和教學中工作。大學非常了解支持下一代研究人員的重要性。因此，多年來它在許多資助機構(gòu)為各種初級培訓班，研究生院和研究生院煽動和獲得資金方面發(fā)揮了開創(chuàng)性的作用。洪堡大學是首批引進初級教授的大學之一。在博士級別，洪堡研究生院被設計為一個傘式組織來培養(yǎng)博士生。優(yōu)秀的學術(shù)候選人有機會獨立進行研究，獨立教學?？鐚W科是所有研究工作的關(guān)鍵。柏林心理腦學院是一個生動的例子專家緊密合作，掌握今天的相關(guān)問題。在這里哲學家與神經(jīng)科學家一起工作，反思決策過程，有意識和無意識的認知或精神障礙等的相關(guān)問題。
2.研究重點
Research Focuses
Since its foundation, Humboldt-Universit?t has been a “universitas litterarum” embracing all major scientific disciplines in the humanities and arts, social and cultural sciences, mathematics and natural sciences, medicine and agricultural sciences. The profile of Humboldt research is reflected in Clusters of Excellence, 5 DFG Collaborative Research Centers and in 8 Research Training Groups in which Humboldt-Universit?t has the coordinating function. Humboldt-Universit?t also plays a significant role in the DFG Research Center Matheon. Being aware of the growing need for interdisciplinary research, Humboldt began to set up ad hoc Integrative Research Institutes and Interdisciplinary Centres across faculty boundaries, some of which include Collaborative Research Centres.
洪堡大學成立以來一直是人文與文藝、社會科學、數(shù)學、自然科學、醫(yī)藥、農(nóng)業(yè)科學等各個科學領域的“宇宙學”。洪堡研究的概況在卓越叢書有所反映，5個DFG 合作研究中心和8個研究培訓組織中，洪堡大學具有協(xié)調(diào)功能。洪堡大學也在德國 DFG研究中心扮演重要角色。意識到日益需要跨學科研究，洪堡開始設立特設綜合研究所和跨學科界限的跨學科中心，其中包括合作研究中心。
3.卓越計劃
The Excellence Initiative at HU
Since 2006, the German federal and state administrations give additional funding to universities that are leading in science and research through the Excellence Initiative. The funding is divided in three formats: Clusters of Excellence, Graduate Schools and Institutional Strategies. With the latter, universities have the opportunity to plan their development towards world-wide leading research over a longer period of time. The funding of an Institutional Strategy is therefore the highest achievement in the Excellence competition. Humboldt-Universit?t was able to reach this goal in the funding decision in June 2012.Since November 2012, Humboldt-Universit?t’s Institutional Strategy “Educating Inquiring Minds: Individuality - Openness - Guidance" is funded as one of only eleven universities to receive this recognition. Equally convincing are also HU`s Clusters of Excellence and Graduate Schools."2017 Humboldt-Universit?t, through its many funding formats, wants to have seen to an advance of a new generation of excellent researchers. Those researchers will have made international experiences and benefited from an inspired and stable environment during their education."Prof. Dr. Jan-Hendrik Olbertz., former President of Humboldt-Universit?tIn order to achieve its goals, Humboldt-Universit?t has developed a wide range of funding formats and institutions. In addition to the Clusters of Excellence and the Graduate Schools, the university uses funds to establish three Integrative Research Institutes (IRI), at which young researches find a perfect work environment. Competitive funding lines assure that the money reaches the persons and institutions who need it most.Additionally, Humboldt-Universit?t has set up three boards to help the President’s Office with the execution of the funding process.
自2006年以來，德國聯(lián)邦和州政府為通過“卓越計劃”引領科學和研究的大學提供了額外的資金。該基金分為三種形式:卓越的集群、研究生院和機構(gòu)戰(zhàn)略。有了后者，大學就有機會在更長的一段時間內(nèi)，規(guī)劃他們的全球領先研究。因此，機構(gòu)戰(zhàn)略的資金投入是卓越競爭的最高成就。在2012年6月的資助決策中，洪堡大學能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)這一目標。自2012年11月以來，洪堡大學的機構(gòu)戰(zhàn)略“教育咨詢?nèi)瞬?個性-開放-指導”是僅有的11所獲得這一認可的大學之一。同樣令人信服的還有洪堡大學的優(yōu)秀和研究生院。2017年的美國大學，通過它的許多資助形式，希望看到新一代優(yōu)秀研究人員的進步。這些研究人員將在他們的教育過程中獲得國際經(jīng)驗，并從一個受啟發(fā)和穩(wěn)定的環(huán)境中受益，Jan-Hendrik Olbertz博士教授說道。前美國大學的前校長為了實現(xiàn)它的目標，洪堡大學已經(jīng)發(fā)展出了廣泛的資金形式和制度。除了優(yōu)秀和研究生院外，該大學還利用資金建立了三個綜合研究機構(gòu)(IRI)，在這些研究機構(gòu)中，年輕的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個完美的工作環(huán)境。有競爭力的資金來源保證這些資金能夠到達最需要的人和機構(gòu)。此外，洪堡大學還設立了三個委員會來幫助總統(tǒng)辦公室執(zhí)行資金的運作。
四、校園環(huán)境
1.阿德勒肖夫校區(qū)
Campus Adlershof
With more than 6,000 students, Humboldt-Universit?t’s Campus Adlershof is the pulsating heart of Berlin Adlershof Science City. The buildings, which were built between 1998 and 2003, provide first-class teaching and research facilities to the departments of Chemistry, Geography, Computer Science, Mathematics, Physics and Psychology.
洪堡大學阿德勒肖夫校區(qū)擁有6000多名學生，是柏林阿德勒肖夫科學城的脈搏中心。其中的建筑均建于1998年至2003年，為化學、地理、計算機科學、數(shù)學、物理和心理學等部門提供一流的教學和研究設施。
2.米特校區(qū)
Campus Mitte
Campus Mitte is the oldest of the three HU campuses. Nearly all of the humanities, social sciences, economics and business administration faculties and their departments are located here between the French Cathedral, Lustgarten, Berbelplatz, Brandenburg Gate and other sights around the magnificent boulevard of Unter den Linden in Berlin’s historical centre. The heart of Campus Mitte is HU’s main building at Unter den Linden 6, with numerous political institutions, embassies, historic buildings, cultural institutes, cafés, shops and hotels nearby.With its true research and teaching treasures, Campus Mitte adds a gallant touch to its historical surroundings. The more than 100 different scientific collections there contain over 30 million objects – including exhibits from Alexander von Humboldt’s travels and the private library of the Brothers Grimm. Humboldt-Universit?t has an impact on city life as a result of its artistic and scientific collections. The campus has experienced more than 200 years of eventful history – a history shaped by its very special location, once at the centre of Prussia and Germany, next the capital of East Germany, and now the centre of the reunified German nation.
米特校區(qū)是三個洪堡大學校區(qū)中最古老的校區(qū)。幾乎所有的人文科學、社會科學、經(jīng)濟學和工商管理學系及其部門都位于法國大教堂，Lustgarten，Berbelplatz，勃蘭登堡門和柏林歷史中心的Unter den Linden壯麗的大道周圍的其他景點。校園中心是洪堡大學主席在Unter den Linden 6的主樓附近有眾多政治機構(gòu)、大使館、歷史建筑、文化學院、咖啡館、商店和酒店。憑借其真正的研究和教學寶庫，米特爾校區(qū)對其歷史環(huán)境增添了一個很大的觸感。超過100種不同的科學藏品包含超過3000萬件物品，包括亞歷山大·馮·洪堡旅行的展品和格林兄弟的私人圖書館。由于其藝術(shù)和科學收藏洪堡大學對城市生活產(chǎn)生了影響。校園經(jīng)歷了二百多年的悠久歷史，位于普魯士和德國的中心，毗鄰東德首府，現(xiàn)在是德國統(tǒng)一的中心。
3.北校區(qū)
Campus Nord
Humboldt-Universit?t zu Berlin’s Campus Nord is located in the heart of Berlin’s lively Mitte district, between Invalidenstra?e and Luisenstra?e.The core of the campus is an 80,000 m2 park area with old trees and historical, red clinker brick buildings that were built between the late 18th and mid-20th centuries. They are joined by the former Royal Veterinary College’s anatomy theatre, designed more than 200 years ago by Carl Gotthard Langhans (the architect behind Brandenburg Gate).The modern Life Sciences campus has grown up around this structure (commonly known as the ‘Trichinae Temple’). It is home to the Faculty of the same name, which encompasses the Department of Biology, Department of Psychology and the Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences. The Faculty aims to strengthen research and teaching in the Life Sciences at Humboldt-Universit?t and in the Berlin region, anchoring it in the regional, national and international research landscape.Faculty subject areas collaborate in research alliances such as the Bernstein Centre, the Mind and Brain Graduate School and the Neuroure, UniCat and Image Knowledge Gestaltung excellence clusters. The Integrative Research Institute (IRI) for the Life Sciences (also located on Campus Nord) plays a pivotal role in this process. HU, Charité and the Max Delbrück Centre are partners there, working in the fields of systems biology, neuroscience and infection biology.Humboldt-Universit?tzu Berlin's Campus Nord酒店位于柏林熱鬧的Mitte區(qū)的中心，介于Invalidenstra?e和Luisenstra?e之間。
校園的核心是一個8萬平方米的公園區(qū)，內(nèi)有老樹和歷史悠久的紅色熟料磚建筑，建于18世紀和20世紀中葉之間。他們由前皇家獸醫(yī)學院的解剖學劇院加盟，由二百年前的卡爾·哥德蘭·朗哈斯(勃蘭登堡門后的建筑師)設計?，F(xiàn)代生命科學校園圍繞這種結(jié)構(gòu)長大(俗稱“Trichinae Temple”)。它是同名的學院的所在地，其中包括生物系、心理學系和泰勒農(nóng)業(yè)和園藝科學研究所。該學院旨在加強洪堡大學生命科學和柏林地區(qū)的研究與教學工作，將其國家和國際研究領域納入研究區(qū)域。教師學科領域與伯恩斯坦中心，心理與腦研究生院以及Neuroure，UniCat和Image Knowledge Gestaltung卓越團隊等研究聯(lián)盟合作。生命科學綜合研究所(IRI)(也位于北校區(qū))在此過程中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用。HU，Charité和MaxDelbrückCenter是合作伙伴在系統(tǒng)生物學，神經(jīng)科學和感染生物學領域工作。
五、杰出校友(源自網(wǎng)絡，非本網(wǎng)站翻譯，排名不分先后)
在二次世界大戰(zhàn)之前，柏林洪堡大學可以說是世界學術(shù)的中心。許多知名學者、政治家都在這里留下了他們的身影，產(chǎn)生過29位在化學、醫(yī)學、物理和文學等領域的諾貝爾得主，成就驚人。
第一個諾貝爾化學獎獲得者就出自柏林洪堡大學即當時的柏林大學，他是1901年獲獎的荷蘭教授雅可比·亨里修斯·凡霍夫因研究出化學動力學定律而獲得諾貝爾獎。
包括物理學家愛因斯坦、普朗克，哲學家費希特、謝林、黑格爾、叔本華，神學家施萊馬赫，法學家薩維尼都曾在此任教。
與此同時，共產(chǎn)黨理論的創(chuàng)始者馬克思、恩格斯都曾就讀過柏林大學，其他曾在此就讀過的還包括歐洲議會主席舒曼、哲學家費爾巴哈、著名詩人海涅、鐵血宰相俾斯麥及作家?guī)鞝柼亍D霍爾斯基等。
柏林大學也吸引了不少中國留學生，中央大學老校長羅家倫、美學家宗白華、物理學家王淦昌、氣象學家呂炯、地球物理學家趙九章、獸醫(yī)學家盛彤笙、歷史學家陳寅恪、傅斯年、韓儒林以及周恩來、溫朋久、馬君武、顧孟余、朱家驊、谷正綱、關(guān)吉玉、章伯鈞、張君勱、俞大維和包爾漢等人曾在此就讀。1
946-1985年，洪堡大學先后向國際上150位杰出人物頒發(fā)名譽博士證書，其中包括中國的周恩來和郭沫若。
在20世紀20年代，柏林大學成為歐洲乃至世界的學術(shù)中心，這一時期也被稱為“黃金柏林1920年代”。
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