很多有申請美國的醫(yī)學(xué)院的學(xué)生都必須學(xué)習(xí)、參加并通過MCAT考試，所以接下來跟著出國留學(xué)網(wǎng)一起來了解一下2018年MCAT必知技巧吧，希望對您有幫助。
前言：MCAT是申請攻讀北美臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院的學(xué)生所必備的一項機(jī)考標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化考試。它考察應(yīng)試者解決問題的能力、批判性思維能力和分析，研究設(shè)計和圖形化分析&數(shù)據(jù)解析，可視數(shù)據(jù)中得出結(jié)論和推斷，以及考察應(yīng)試者對學(xué)科原理和知識的掌握程度。MCAT的總答題時間為6小時15分鐘，整個考試共持續(xù)約7小時30分鐘。
MCAT每年在授權(quán)的prometric考試中心舉辦25次考試，由于申請美國醫(yī)學(xué)院必須要有大學(xué)本科學(xué)位，參加考試的學(xué)生多為希望申請北美地區(qū)醫(yī)學(xué)院的大三或大四學(xué)生。MCAT在2007年1月改為cBT后，所有試題均需在計算機(jī)上輸入或回答。與GRE機(jī)考不同，每位MCAT考生的題庫是確定的，不會根據(jù)考生的表現(xiàn)改變題目的難度。MCAT自從2015年改版以后，一共是四個部分：Chemical and Physical Foundations of Biological Systems，Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems，Critical Analysis and Reasoning Skills，Psychological, Social and Biological Foundations of Behavior?？荚嚾恳詐assage-based(閱讀)題型出現(xiàn)，每個section要讀9-11篇閱讀不等然后回答問題，新版MCAT也更加要求考生的頭腦毅力，體力，和專注力。
考前注意
The current version of the MCAT, now nearing its third complete year of administration, is designed to assess several competency areas that are desirable in future physicians. One of these broad competency areas is the ability to demonstrate scientific inquiry and reasoning skills.This stands as perhaps one of the most important skills, assessed by three of the four test sections.It is of paramount importance that prospective medical school students address any weaknesses they might have when it comes to understanding research design, interpreting experimental data, drawing conclusions and predicting both ethical and scientific factors that might hinder a particular research experiment.As you prepare for the MCAT, you may wonder how you will be tested on scientific inquiry in the three MCAT sections – excluding the Critical Analysis and Reasoning Skills section – and how you can strengthen your readiness to answer these questions. Review the three sections below and learn how you can bolster your scientific inquiry skills for each.
當(dāng)前版本的MCAT考試包括三個部分的，旨在評估未來醫(yī)生所需要的幾個能力領(lǐng)域。其中一個廣泛的能力領(lǐng)域是展示科學(xué)探究和推理技能的能力。這可能是最重要的技能之一，由四個測試部分中的三個評估。在了解研究設(shè)計、解釋實(shí)驗數(shù)據(jù)、得出結(jié)論和預(yù)測可能會阻礙某一特定研究實(shí)驗的倫理和科學(xué)因素時，潛在的醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)生解決他們可能存在的任何弱點(diǎn)是至關(guān)重要的。在你為MCAT準(zhǔn)備的時候，你可能會想知道你將如何在三個MCAT部分的科學(xué)調(diào)查中測試——不包括批判性分析和推理技能部分——以及如何加強(qiáng)你準(zhǔn)備回答這些問題的能力?；仡櫹旅娴娜齻€部分，學(xué)習(xí)如何提高你的科學(xué)探究技能。
第一部分：生物系統(tǒng)的化學(xué)和物理基礎(chǔ)
By the time you take the MCAT, you will have likely been exposed to the scientific method in science courses from grade school to college. The MCAT assessment of your scientific inquiry skills is largely an extension of your ability to understand and manipulate the components of the scientific method when evaluating research designs and results.In the Chemical and Physical Foundations of Biological Systems section, for example, you may be presented with a research study's design and data aimed at proving or disproving a particular hypothesis. The corresponding questions might ask you to identify the original hypothesis, the conclusions the data support and the relationship between variables.How can you best prepare to answer such questions? Besides developing a solid understanding of the definitions of typical research study components, as well as how they function as a unit, you can become a frequent and skilled reader of scientific studies。Each week, take it upon yourself to read a research study in a hard science discipline and challenge yourself to identify the hypothesis the paper poses, the background evidence that supports that hypothesis, the variables being tested and any conclusions you can draw from the observed data.
當(dāng)你接受MCAT的測試的時候，你很可能已經(jīng)接觸到了從小學(xué)到大學(xué)的科學(xué)方法科學(xué)課程。MCAT測試對你的科學(xué)探究技能的評估，很大程度上是你在評估研究設(shè)計和結(jié)果時理解和操縱科學(xué)方法的組成部分的能力的延伸。例如，在生物系統(tǒng)部分的化學(xué)和物理基礎(chǔ)上，你可能會得到一項研究的設(shè)計和數(shù)據(jù)，目的是證明或否定一個特定的假設(shè)。相應(yīng)的問題可能要求你識別原始的假設(shè)，結(jié)論，數(shù)據(jù)支持和變量之間的關(guān)系。你怎樣才能最好地準(zhǔn)備回答這些問題呢?除了發(fā)展堅實(shí)的典型研究組件的定義的理解以及他們?nèi)绾螌⒑瘮?shù)作為一個單元，你可以成為一個經(jīng)常和熟練的讀者科學(xué)，好好在自己閱讀自然科學(xué)學(xué)科的研究和挑戰(zhàn)自己來識別假說提出背景的證據(jù)支持這一假說，被測試的變量和觀測數(shù)據(jù)可以得出什么結(jié)論。
第二部分：生物和生化基礎(chǔ)的生命系統(tǒng)
As anyone who has spent time conducting research will have observed, the process of scientific inquiry and the way in which that process is presented in the scientific literature varies slightly across fields. As a result, you should understand the different varieties of research designs that are present in each field tested on the MCAT.In the Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems portion, for instance, you may be asked to identify research questions and hypotheses from given background information. You may also be asked to evaluate the validity of proposed research designs.To strengthen these scientific inquiry skills, make a habit of attempting to think through some yet-unsolved questions in biology.The point of this exercise is not to establish a definitive answer about how, say, scientists might correct genetics that have gone awry in tumor cells but rather to think through what kind of testable hypothesis and research setting would most likely yield information that can help you answer such a question.
任何花時間進(jìn)行研究的人都會觀察到，科學(xué)探究的過程和在科學(xué)文獻(xiàn)中呈現(xiàn)的過程在各個領(lǐng)域中都有細(xì)微的差別。因此，您應(yīng)該了解在MCAT上測試的每個領(lǐng)域中存在的各種不同的研究設(shè)計。例如，在生命系統(tǒng)部分的生物和生物化學(xué)基礎(chǔ)上，你可能被要求從給定的背景信息中識別研究問題和假設(shè)。你也可以被要求評估研究設(shè)計的有效性。要加強(qiáng)這些科學(xué)探究的技巧，養(yǎng)成一種習(xí)慣，在生物學(xué)中思考一些尚未解決的問題。此練習(xí)的目的不是要建立一個明確的答案。例如，科學(xué)家正確的基因、在腫瘤細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)了問題等等。而是想通過什么樣的可測試的假設(shè)和研究設(shè)置最有可能產(chǎn)生信息可以幫助你回答這樣一個問題。
第三部分：行為的心理、社會和生物學(xué)基礎(chǔ)
This section is perhaps the most likely area in which you will be assessed on the ethical principles of research studies, your ability to identify bias in research studies and whether a particular research study can be generalized for a larger population.As such, you may be asked to evaluate whether a proposed research design is appropriate or ethical, identify points of bias implicit or explicit to a certain experiment and predict whether the validity of given data would extend to another particular population.You can ready yourself for the questions posed in this section by familiarizing yourself with commonly used research designs in the social sciences and by understanding each design's pitfalls as well as learning which known studies have used such designs.Ensure you understand the ethical problems and biases involved in famous social science experiments such as Harlow's monkeys and the Bobo doll experiment. Ask yourself if these scientists would be allowed to repeat these experiments today, if their original study designs best prove their results and what populations are best reflected by the information that they yielded.
這一節(jié)可能是你在研究研究的倫理原則、你在研究研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)偏見的能力以及某一特定研究研究是否可以推廣到更大群體的最可能的領(lǐng)域。因此，你可能會被要求評估一個建議的研究設(shè)計是否恰當(dāng)或合乎倫理，確定隱含的或明確的偏向點(diǎn)，并預(yù)測給定數(shù)據(jù)的有效性是否會延伸到另一個特定人群。你可以為這一節(jié)所提出的問題做好準(zhǔn)備，讓自己熟悉社會科學(xué)中常用的研究設(shè)計，了解每個設(shè)計的陷阱以及了解哪些已知的研究使用了這些設(shè)計。確保你了解在著名的社會科學(xué)實(shí)驗中涉及的倫理問題和偏見，如哈洛的猴子和波波娃娃實(shí)驗。問問你自己，如果他們最初的研究設(shè)計能最好地證明他們的研究結(jié)果以及他們所獲得的信息能最好地反映出哪些人群，那么這些科學(xué)家今天是否會被允許重復(fù)這些實(shí)驗。
臨考注意事項
The seven days before your MCAT test date can be an anxiety-provoking time. Many students attempt to frantically review the full scope of material they have studied in preparation for the exam, while others spend a significant amount of time resting their minds.In truth, the best approach falls squarely in-between these two extremes. Below are several last-minute tips to help you do your best on your MCAT test day.
在你的MCAT考試前的7天是一個令人焦慮的時候。許多學(xué)生試圖瘋狂地復(fù)習(xí)他們?yōu)闇?zhǔn)備考試而學(xué)習(xí)的全部內(nèi)容，而另一些學(xué)生花了大量的時間休息他們的思想。事實(shí)上，最好的方法正好落在這兩個極端之間。下面是一些最后的建議，可以幫助你在MCAT考試當(dāng)天做到最好。
1. Complete a full-length practice exam: Early in the week leading to your test, take the time to simulate the exam day experience with a full-length practice test. Since the MCAT is a lengthy assessment, it is important to complete this practice exam at least two days before you sit for the actual test so you do not drain your mental stamina. Note when you begin to feel fatigued while taking this practice exam, and plan to pause during those times on test day. For example, when I was studying for the test, I noted that I could usually finish two MCAT portions before I struggled to focus. So I made a point to take a brief break after every pair of sections during my real test.
1.完成一個完整的練習(xí)考試:在一周的早些時候你的考試，花時間模擬考試日的經(jīng)驗和一個完整的練習(xí)測試。因為MCAT是一個冗長的評估，所以在你參加實(shí)際測試前至少兩天完成這個練習(xí)是很重要的，這樣你就不會消耗你的精力。注意當(dāng)你在參加這個練習(xí)考試時感到疲勞，并計劃在考試當(dāng)天暫停。例如，當(dāng)我在為考試而學(xué)習(xí)時，我注意到在我努力集中注意力之前，我通?？梢酝瓿蓛蓚€MCAT的部分。所以我在我的真實(shí)測試中，每隔一段時間就休息一下。
2. Review data interpretation and statistics: Many students incorrectly answer questions on the MCAT not because they do not understand its scientific content, but instead because they simply do not grasp what data they are being presented with on exam questions. Review how to interpret data, as well as the differences between various statistical tests such as chi-squared and T-tests. Ensure you are fresh on these topics when it comes time to apply them to the experiments you will encounter on the MCAT.
2.回顧數(shù)據(jù)的解釋和統(tǒng)計:許多學(xué)生錯誤地回答了MCAT的問題，不是因為他們不了解它的科學(xué)內(nèi)容，而是因為他們根本不了解他們在考試問題上所呈現(xiàn)的數(shù)據(jù)。復(fù)習(xí)如何解釋數(shù)據(jù)，以及各種統(tǒng)計測試之間的差異，如chi - squared和t - tests。當(dāng)你將這些話題應(yīng)用到你將在MCAT上遇到的實(shí)驗時，確保你對這些話題保持新鮮感。
3. Review central physiology concepts: Much of biology can be understood by relating certain details to overarching concepts. These concepts include negative and positive feedback, physiological homeostasis, cell membrane physiology, action potentials and basic intracellular signaling pathways like G proteins.Thoroughly revisit these high-yield topics in the days leading up to the MCAT, and verify that you understand them well. Several questions on the exam will ask you to apply these basic principles to various experimental scenarios.
3.回顧中心生理學(xué)概念:通過將某些細(xì)節(jié)與總體概念聯(lián)系起來，可以理解許多生物學(xué)知識。這些概念包括陰性和正反饋、生理穩(wěn)態(tài)、細(xì)胞膜生理學(xué)、動作電位和G蛋白等基本的細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號通路。在MCAT的前幾天，徹底重新審視這些高收益的話題，并驗證你是否理解它們?？荚囍械膸讉€問題會要求你將這些基本原則應(yīng)用到各種實(shí)驗場景中。
4. Return to details you struggle to remember: Look over your notes and identify those details that you had a hard time memorizing during your preparation period. I found it helpful to maintain a running list of details that I knew I would have to review again closer to test day. While it is important to do your best to memorize fundamental aspects of biology, chemistry, physics, psychology and sociology , remember that the exam is often more about the application of these details. Possessing a sound conceptual understanding of these topics is critically important.Use these suggestions as a starting point for guiding your preparation in the days immediately before your test. In addition to the above, remember to also take some time to rest your mind before the MCAT, as it is a lengthy challenge.The most intense parts of your MCAT review should occur well before the week leading to your exam. Do your best to front-load your study schedule so you can avoid both procrastination and panic.
4.回到你努力記住的細(xì)節(jié):看看你的筆記，找出那些你在準(zhǔn)備期間很難記住的細(xì)節(jié)。我發(fā)現(xiàn)保持一份詳細(xì)的清單是很有幫助的，因為我知道我必須再復(fù)習(xí)一遍，以接近考試日。雖然要盡力記住生物學(xué)、化學(xué)、物理、心理學(xué)和社會學(xué)的基本方面，但要記住，考試往往更多的是關(guān)于這些細(xì)節(jié)的應(yīng)用。對這些主題有良好的概念性理解是至關(guān)重要的。在考試前的幾天里，把這些建議作為指導(dǎo)你準(zhǔn)備的開始。除了上述，還記得在MCAT之前花些時間讓你的大腦休息一下，因為這是一個很長的挑戰(zhàn)。你的MCAT檢查中最緊張的部分應(yīng)該在你考試前一周進(jìn)行。盡量提前安排學(xué)習(xí)時間，這樣你就可以避免拖延和恐慌。
考試中的技巧
Taking the MCAT can seem like a daunting experience for any student – especially when you consider the sheer length of the exam. If you use every moment of your time, including breaks, the test takes roughly seven and a half hours.In addition to ensuring that you have reviewed all the academic material that might be assessed, think about other factors that could affect the outcome of such a long testing session. If you are already deep into prep for the medical school admissions exam, check out these tips to help you ensure a smooth testing process when exam day finally arrives.
對任何一個學(xué)生來說，接受MCAT都是一種令人畏縮的經(jīng)歷，尤其是當(dāng)你考慮到考試的長度時。如果你利用你的每一分鐘，包括休息時間，那么測試大約需要7個半小時。除了確保你已經(jīng)復(fù)習(xí)了所有可能被評估的學(xué)術(shù)資料外，還要考慮其他可能會影響長期測試結(jié)果的因素。如果你已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備好參加醫(yī)學(xué)院的入學(xué)考試了，看看下面這些小貼士，幫助你在考試當(dāng)天順利完成考試。
1. Decide how to use your breaks: There is quite a bit of advice available about how to not spend your MCAT breaks – including foregoing them altogether – but there is less direction about how to plan for these precious few minutes away from the testing screen.On a typical break during class, you might check your phone or review course materials. On MCAT exam day, however, your activity during breaks will be limited – none of these usual methods of passing the time will be available.There are two main ways that you can spend the breaks: using active recall techniques to prepare for the next section on the test, or giving your mind a rest by using mindfulness and meditation techniques. Of course, do not forget that the lunch break is for lunch, as well as for any other strategies you find useful.When choosing your techniques for exam day, consider taking each for a trial run during the breaks of your full-length practice tests. With practice test No. 1, for example, you might spend time mentally reviewing several relevant equations, like the Hardy-Weinberg equation, before the Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems section. With your second practice test, in contrast, you could spend five of your free minutes with your eyes closed, visualizing a calming scene.You may even find that different break strategies work better for you depending on which portion of the MCAT is next. Begin experimenting with different techniques as soon as you begin taking full-length practice exams.
1.決定如何利用你的休息時間:關(guān)于如何不讓你的MCAT休息時間(包括完全放棄)有很多的建議，但是關(guān)于如何計劃這些寶貴的幾分鐘遠(yuǎn)離測試屏幕的建議卻少之又少。在一個典型的課間休息時間，你可以查看你的手機(jī)或復(fù)習(xí)課程材料。但是，在MCAT考試日，你在休息期間的活動將是有限的-這些通常的方法都不會有時間。你可以有兩種方式來度過休息時間:用積極的回憶技巧來為下一節(jié)做準(zhǔn)備或者用專注力和冥想技巧讓你的大腦休息一下。當(dāng)然，不要忘記午餐休息是午餐，以及其他你認(rèn)為有用的策略。當(dāng)你在考試的時候選擇你的技巧時，考慮在你的全身練習(xí)測試的休息時間里參加一個試運(yùn)行。例如，通過第1號練習(xí)測試，你可能會在生命系統(tǒng)部分的生物和生化基礎(chǔ)之前，花時間回顧幾個相關(guān)的方程，比如hard- weinberg方程。與你的第二次練習(xí)測試相比，你可以用五分鐘的空閑時間閉上眼睛，想象一個平靜的場景。你甚至?xí)l(fā)現(xiàn)，不同的休息策略對你的效果會更好，這取決于接下來的MCAT的哪一部分。開始嘗試不同的技巧，只要你開始做全身練習(xí)。
2. Consider how you will use scratch paper: Scratch paper can be a tremendous advantage for the most difficult MCAT questions, but when used unwisely, it can also cause you to fritter away your time by focusing an inordinate amount on just one or two problems.Before you sit for the real MCAT, explore several ways to use scratch paper during the four portions of the test. Certain people find it helpful to jot down relevant formulas or shorthand concepts prior to beginning particular sections.Others prefer to use their scrap paper for summarizing Critical Analysis and Reasoning Skills passages or for identifying important points within these passages. Still others use their scratch paper to better understand question stems.You may find that a combination of these approaches works best for you. Regardless of how you think you will use scratch paper, practice putting your predictions to work on the practice tests. This can help ensure your preferred strategies are efficient and helpful.
2.考慮一下你將如何使用草稿紙:草稿紙對于最難回答的MCAT問題來說是一個巨大的優(yōu)勢，但是當(dāng)你不明智地使用它時，它也會使你浪費(fèi)你的時間，把過多的注意力集中在一個或兩個問題上。在你坐到真正的MCAT之前，在測試的四部分中探索幾種使用草稿紙的方法。某些人發(fā)現(xiàn)在開始特定的部分之前，記下相關(guān)的公式或簡化的概念是有幫助的。另一些人則喜歡用他們的廢紙來總結(jié)批判性分析和推理技巧的段落，或者在這些段落中找出重要的點(diǎn)。還有一些人用他們的草稿紙來更好地理解問題的根源。您可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些方法的組合對您最有效。不管你如何認(rèn)為你會使用草稿紙，練習(xí)把你的預(yù)測寫在練習(xí)測試上。這有助于確保你喜歡的策略是有效和有幫助的。
3. Confirm your understanding of the MCAT’s virtual tools: Some online practice tests have their own tools with which you can eliminate answers, highlight within passages and scroll. Because every company is different and not all may emulate the MCAT exactly, it is best to review the tools used by the MCAT itself prior to sitting for the real computer-based exam.Ensure you know how to select answers, highlight passages and cross out answers before test day. In addition, remember that eliminating all answers but one with a cross-out does not automatically select the remaining answer.Finally, at the end of each section, make sure you have answered all questions using the appropriate MCAT tools. Knowing all of the features of the MCAT testing platform can help you feel more confident on exam day.The current version of the MCAT, now nearing its third complete year of administration, is designed to assess several competency areas that are desirable in future physicians. One of these broad competency areas is the ability to demonstrate scientific inquiry and reasoning skills.This stands as perhaps one of the most important skills, assessed by three of the four test sections.It is of paramount importance that prospective medical school students address any weaknesses they might have when it comes to understanding research design, interpreting experimental data, drawing conclusions and predicting both ethical and scientific factors that might hinder a particular research experiment.As you prepare for the MCAT, you may wonder how you will be tested on scientific inquiry in the three MCAT sections – excluding the Critical Analysis and Reasoning Skills section – and how you can strengthen your readiness to answer these questions. Review the three sections below and learn how you can bolster your scientific inquiry skills for each.
3.確認(rèn)您對MCAT的虛擬工具的理解:一些在線實(shí)踐測試有他們自己的工具，您可以消除答案，在段落和滾動中突出顯示。因為每個學(xué)校都是不同的，所以最好是在參加真正的計算機(jī)考試之前，先復(fù)習(xí)一下MCAT本身所使用的工具。確保你知道如何選擇答案，突出段落并在考試前把答案劃掉。此外，要記住，去掉所有的答案，只有一個交叉的答案不會自動選擇剩下的答案。最后，在每個部分的結(jié)尾，確保您使用適當(dāng)?shù)腗CAT工具回答了所有問題。了解MCAT測試平臺的所有功能可以幫助你在考試當(dāng)天更加自信。目前已接近其第三個完整任期的MCAT的當(dāng)前版本，旨在評估未來醫(yī)生所需要的幾個能力領(lǐng)域。其中一個廣泛的能力領(lǐng)域是展示科學(xué)探究和推理技能的能力。這可能是最重要的技能之一，由四個測試部分中的三個評估。在了解研究設(shè)計、解釋實(shí)驗數(shù)據(jù)、得出結(jié)論和預(yù)測可能會阻礙某一特定研究實(shí)驗的倫理和科學(xué)因素時，潛在的醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)生解決他們可能存在的任何弱點(diǎn)是至關(guān)重要的。在你為MCAT準(zhǔn)備的時候，你可能會想知道你將如何在三個MCAT部分的科學(xué)調(diào)查中測試——不包括批判性分析和推理技能部分——以及如何加強(qiáng)你準(zhǔn)備回答這些問題的能力。回顧下面的三個部分，學(xué)習(xí)如何提高你的科學(xué)探究技能。
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