德國弗賴堡大學創(chuàng)辦于1457年，位于弗賴堡市中心，目前在QS世界排名第171位。下面是出國留學網(wǎng)整理并翻譯的弗賴堡大學基本概況，希望能增加同學們對這所學校的了解。
一、關(guān)于弗賴堡大學
Not only is Albert-Ludwig University physically located in the heart of the city of Freiburg - its students, professors, and staff are also an integral part of daily life in the Capital of the Black Forest. This is also one of the reasons why Freiburg has become such a popular place to study. Aside from the numerous leisure activities which may be enjoyed in and near the city and its proximity to the Alsace and Switzerland, it is above all the variety of academic progams which attracts so many students to Freiburg. The university boasts a variety of degree programs in any of more than 60 fields in 11 faculties. Upon its foundation in 1457, the university already offered courses of study at the Faculties of Theology, Law, Medicine, and Humanities. Matth?us Hummel, the first rector of the university, chose the leitmotif, wisdom has built itself a house, for his inaugural address. Archduke Albrecht VI of Western Austria, on the other hand, had the education of young law and theology students for governmental posts and the church in mind when founding the university.
弗賴堡大學位于弗賴堡市中心，其學生、教師和員工也是這座有“黑森林之都”之稱的城市日常生活的一部分。這可以解釋為什么學生們那么喜歡來弗賴堡大學學習。吸引學生來弗賴堡大學學習的，不僅是因為其大量的分布于弗賴堡市及附近的文娛活動以及其毗鄰法國阿爾薩斯和瑞士的地理關(guān)系，而且主要是因為弗賴堡大學提供的各種專業(yè)課程。弗賴堡大學有引以為豪的學位課程。這些課程涵蓋60多個領(lǐng)域，分布在11個院系。自1457年成立以來，弗賴堡大學已經(jīng)有了涵蓋神學、法學、醫(yī)學和人文學科的課程。弗賴堡大學的第一任校長 Matth?us Hummel在就職演說中選擇了“智慧建造自己的居所”作為主題。而奧地利大公阿爾布萊希特六世在建校之初已有了為政府公職和教會培養(yǎng)年輕法律和神學人才的教育理念。
Faculty staff and students (by QS)
| Number of academic faculty staff | Number of students | Number of international students | |||
| In total | 1966 | In total | 23214 | In total | 3897 |
| International | 413 | Postgraduate | 43% | Postgraduate | 51% |
| Undergraduate | 57% | Undergraduate | 49% | ||
師生人數(shù)(QS數(shù)據(jù))
| 專業(yè)教員人數(shù) | 學生人數(shù) | 國際學生人數(shù) | |||
| 總共 | 1966 | 總共 | 23214 | 總共 | 3897 |
| 國際教員 | 413 | 研究生占比 | 43% | 研究生占比 | 51% |
| 本科生占比 | 57% | 本科生占比 | 49% | ||
二、弗賴堡大學的歷史
Beginnings (15th Century)
In 1457 the Freiburg Cathedral was the site of the foundation of a university. The financier and figure after whom the institution was named was Archduke Albert VI, of whose dominion, Western Austria, Freiburg was then a part. The “Albertina” was founded as a comprehensive university, including all important faculties of the time: Theology, Law, Medicine, and Philosophy. Its purpose was to educate young theologians and administrators. Some of the first students lived in “Bursen” (hostels) on the site of what is now known as the “Old University,” where the first lectures also took place. Classes were held in Latin.
15世紀：初期
弗萊堡大學建校時尚屬于奧地利，因而以其資助人奧地利大公阿爾布萊希特六世命名。時為奧地利哈布斯堡王朝繼維也納大學后的第二所大學。
1457年，弗萊堡大教堂曾是某所大學的所在地。在大學成立之前的金融家和人物即大公阿爾布萊希特六世。當時，在大公阿爾布萊希特六世的統(tǒng)治下，弗賴堡還是奧地利西部的一部分。阿爾貝蒂娜大學即弗賴堡大學的前身，是一所綜合大學，有那個時代所有重要的學院：神學院、法學院、醫(yī)學院和哲學院。當時，學校的目的是培養(yǎng)年輕的神學家和管理員。在第一批學生中，有一部分學生是住在招待所，即現(xiàn)在所謂的“老大學”。最早的講座也在這里展開。課程用拉丁語授課。
Success (16th Century)
A number of well-known humanists studied and taught at Freiburg’s university. They were dedicated to the ideals of education and tolerance and understood the invention of the printing press as a signal. One of them was Martin Waldseemüller, the first person ever to use the name “America” for the recently discovered continent in his world atlas. The Reformation was a topic of heated debate at the University of Freiburg, the authorities finally opting for Catholicism and loyalty to Austria. Aristocrats and bourgeois who sent their sons to the university to prepare for a diplomatic or military career ushered in new trends: French became popular, the university hired fencing and dancing teachers.
16世紀：成功
許多著名的人文主義這都曾在弗賴堡大學學習或上課過。他們致力于教育和寬容的理念，得到印刷機作為訊號的發(fā)明的重要性。在這些著名的人文主義者中，就有馬丁·瓦爾德澤米勒。他是第一個在世紀地圖集中使用“美洲”一詞描述新大陸的人。宗教改革在當時的弗賴堡大學是一個熱門話題，當局最終為天主教義和忠誠選擇了奧地利。貴族和資本家在將他們的孩子送到大學接受外交或軍事教育的同時，也引入了新的風尚：法語變得流行起來，弗賴堡大學甚至還聘用了擊劍和舞蹈教師。
Jesuit Influence (17th Century)
The 17th century was marked by the rivalry between the confessions. In 1620 the Catholic rulers introduced the Jesuit Order at the faculties of theology and humanities. Although the order was regarded as modern and strong in education, its influence also led to severe restrictions in the curriculum. The Jesuits introduced theater to the University of Freiburg and strengthened the tradition of debating (How many angels fit on the tip of a needle?). The building known today as the “Old University” (after its destruction in World War II and its subsequent reconstruction) was originally built by the Jesuits over the course of several decades and served as their theological college.
17世紀：耶穌會士的影響
在17世紀留下烙印的是懺悔之間的競爭。1620年，天主教統(tǒng)治者們將耶穌會引入了神學院和人文學院。雖然耶穌會的引入在當時被視為教育現(xiàn)代化和強化的一個舉措，是積極的，但是它也導致了對課程內(nèi)容的嚴格限制。耶穌會將劇院引入弗賴堡大學，并強化了人辯論的傳統(tǒng)。(他們甚至會真論針尖上可以有幾個天使)。如今名為“老大學”的建筑最初即由耶穌會建立，并作為他們的神學院。建筑在二戰(zhàn)中被毀，后來得到了修復。
Reforms (18th Century)
The enlightened government administration had an ever increasing need for civil servants with practical skills, and the upper classes demanded a professional education. In 1768 Maria Theresa thus introduced an extensive reform which curtailed the financial independence of educational institutions in the empire, including the University of Freiburg. The reform increased competition among students by adding more examinations, limited the length of semester breaks, introduced modern textbooks and practical instructional materials, and replaced the instructional form of reading verbatim from books with explanatory lectures – in German. In 1773 the Pope dissolved the Jesuit Order (temporarily) in response to threats from several countries, and their theological college on Bertholdstra?e was given to the university.
18世紀：改革
開明的政府管理持續(xù)要求提供具備實踐技能的公務(wù)員，而上流社會則要求接受專業(yè)教育。在這樣的背景下，1768年，瑪麗婭·特蕾莎推行了廣泛的改革。改革剝奪了教育機構(gòu)在帝國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟獨立的特權(quán)，弗賴堡大學的經(jīng)濟獨立權(quán)也由此被剝奪。改革還增加了學生間的競爭，增加了考試，縮短了假期，引入了現(xiàn)代教材和實用教學材料，以解釋性的講座取代了逐字閱讀的教學形式(在德國)。1773年，作為對來自好幾個國家的威脅的回應(yīng)，教皇臨時解散了耶穌會。耶穌會在Bertholdstra?e的神學院也因此讓給了弗賴堡大學。
Expansion (19th Century)
As a result of the Napoleonic Wars, the Breisgau region fell to the Grand Duchy of Baden in 1805. At the same time, the University of Freiburg lost all of its possessions west of the Rhine, and with them a large portion of its income. Louis I, Grand Duke of Baden, arranged an endowment for the university in 1820, thus ensuring its continued existence. In thanks, the University changed its name to “Alberto-Ludoviciana” in honor of both of its founding fathers. Also in these years, the first student corporations were formed in a wave of enthusiasm for the nationalistic cause and democratic ideals inspired by the French Revolution. However, their hopes for a republic were soon dashed in the bloody revolution of 1848. Starting in 1850 enrollment began to grow, soon reaching 1500. The natural sciences campus was built to accommodate the increased enrollment.
19世紀：擴展
拿破侖戰(zhàn)爭導致布列斯高地區(qū)于1805年落入了 巴登大公國的統(tǒng)治。與此同時，弗賴堡大學喪失了其在萊茵河西岸的所有財產(chǎn)，也因此喪失了一大筆收入。巴登大公國的路易一世于1820年發(fā)起了籌款，弗賴堡大學因此才得以繼續(xù)存在。作為感激，也是對其創(chuàng)始者的紀念，弗賴堡大學更名為Alberto-Ludoviciana大學。也正是在這段時間，法國大革命掀起的國家事業(yè)和民主理念浪潮讓第一批學生企業(yè)得以形成。不過，他們的共和國理想沒有實現(xiàn)，在1848年的血腥革命中被粉碎了。從1850年起，弗賴堡大學注冊的人數(shù)開始增多，很快就超過了1千5百人。為了容納增加的學生，學校建立了自然科學校區(qū)。
Contrasts (20th Century)
In 1900 the University of Freiburg began admitting women to studies – as the first university in Germany. In 1902 the new University Library was opened (in what is today university building IV), and in 1911 the new main university building (today university building I) was dedicated, providing space for the 3000 students now enrolled. The tower of the building still contains the “Karzer,” a detention room in which students who had misbehaved were locked up as punishment. This privilege was banned in 1920. In the same year, the new University Medical Center opened its doors on Hugstetter Stra?e.
On the top floor of university building I there is still a monument for students and employees of the university who were among the victims of the two world wars. In the heart of the same building, in the main foyer, the university erected a memorial in 2005 to commemorate the almost 400 known employees and students of the University of Freiburg who suffered death, banishment, or severe discrimination under the National Socialist regime. However, many other victims remain unnamed: Over 1500 persons were assigned to forced labor at the medical center, where there is also evidence of criminal medical interventions. The university followed the orders of the National Socialists, at times even with conviction. Martin Heidegger’s appointment as rector of the university in 1933, for instance, was celebrated as a “takeover.” Heidegger did not comment on his role as rector of the university until his death in 1976.
20世紀：反差
1900年，弗賴堡大學開始招生女學生。這也是德國最先招收女學生的大學。1902年，新的大學圖書館開放(即今天的第四棟大學樓)。1911年，新的主大學樓即今天的第一棟大學樓開放，為3千名學生提供了學習空間。大學樓第一棟的頂樓現(xiàn)在仍然有“學生監(jiān)獄”——行為不當?shù)膶W生遭受懲罰都會被關(guān)在這里。這個特權(quán)在1920年被取消。同年，新的大學醫(yī)學中心在Hugstetter Stra?e開放。
在大學樓第一棟頂部仍然有一座紀念碑。它記錄了在兩次世界大戰(zhàn)中遇害的學生和大學員工。在大學樓第一棟的中部主大廳，學校于2005年立了一座紀念碑，作為對在納粹統(tǒng)治下遇害、被驅(qū)逐或遭受嚴重歧視的近4百名學生和大學員工的紀念。不過，許多受害人仍然沒有對應(yīng)的名字：在納粹統(tǒng)治期間，1千5百多人被派往醫(yī)療中心做苦力。在那里，證據(jù)表明他們遭到了刑事醫(yī)療干預。即便在定罪期間，弗賴堡大學還是遵循了納粹黨的指令。海德格爾1933年被任命為弗賴堡大學校長，他的就任竟然被人們慶祝為“接管”。而海德格爾本人直到1976年逝世，才會他作為大學校長的角色稍有提及。