2018年考研英語一真題及答案(完整版)

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    2018年考研英語一真題及答案(完整版)
    Section I Use of English
    Directions：
    Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
    Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition _____(1) many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your _____(2)in the wrong place often carries a high _____(3).
    _____(4), why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. _____(5) people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that _____(6) pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that leads sheep to flock together for safety and prompts humans to _____(7) with one another. Swiss Scientists have found that exposure _____(8) this hormone puts us in a trusting _____(9): In a study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their _____(10) who inhaled something else.
    _____(11) for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may _____(12) us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate _____(13) a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each _____(14) to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, “What's in here?” before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look _____ (15). Half of them found a toy; the other half _____ (16)the container was empty-and realized the tester had _____(17) them.
    Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were _____ (18) to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. _____ (19), only five of the 30 children paired with the "_____(20)"tester participated in a follow-up activity.
    1. A.on B.like C.for D.from
    2. A.faith B.concern C.attention D.interest
    3. A.benefit B.debt C.hope D.price
    4. A.Therefore B.Then C.Instead D.Again
    5. A.Until B.Unless C.Although D.When
    6. A.selects B.produces C.applies D.maintains
    7. A.consult B.compete C.connect D.compare
    8. A.at B.by C.of D.to
    9. A.context B.mood C.period D.circle
    10. A.counterparts B.substitutes C.colleagues D.supporters
    11. A.Funny B.Lucky C.Odd D.Ironic
    12. A.monitor B.protect C.surprise D.delight
    13. A.between B.within C.toward D.over
    14. A.transferred B.added C.introduced D.entrusted
    15. A.out B.back C.around D.inside
    16. A.discovered B.proved C.insisted D.remembered
    17. A.betrayed B.wronged C.fooled D.mocked
    18. A.forced B.willing C.hesitant D.entitled
    19. A.In contrast B.As a result C.On the whole D.For instance
    20. A.inflexible B.incapable C.unreliable D.unsuitable
    1.【答案】C
    【解析】該題選擇的是介詞，與后面的many worthwhile things一塊做后置定語修飾前面的condition,表明對于許多重要事情來說是一個必要的條件。而A選項from(來自于)，C選項like(像)D選項on(關于)均語義不搭。
    2.【答案】A
    【解析】此處考察語義一致和對上下文辨析的問題。該空是做put的賓語，通過前面的On the one hand, it's a necessary condition _____(1) many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. (一方面,信任對許多重要事情來說是必要條件，比如照看孩子，友誼等);on the other hand 可以得知該題仍然是在講述關于主題 trust的問題，所以只有faith(信任)最合適。而B選項concern(關心，關注)，C選項attention(注意)，D選項interest(興趣，利益)均不符題意。
    3.【答案】D
    【解析】此處考察詞義辨析。前文說到putting your _____in the wrong place often carries a high _____(把……放在錯誤的地方通常會帶來巨大的……)，可以知道該空肯定也是填貶義，但肯定不能是debt債務這種具體含義，所以只能選price，并且carries a high price也指付出高昂的代價。
    4.【答案】B
    【解析】此題考察上下文邏輯關系。上一段分析的是信任的利弊，該段所指內(nèi)容_____, why do we trust at all? (我們?yōu)槭裁磿湃?)所以采用了遞進關系，進一步說明信任的具體內(nèi)容。只有D選項then(然后，那么)最符合語義搭配。而A選項again(再次)表示強調(diào);B選項instead(然而)表轉折;而C選項therefore(因此)表結果，均不符合。
    5. 【答案】D
    【解析】此處再一次考察邏輯關系。該空_____ people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin，a hormone(___人們信任一個人或者一個機構，大腦都會釋放一種荷爾蒙),只有when(當……時)符合上下文語境和邏輯語境。
    6. 【答案】B
    【解析】該題是考察定語從句的動賓搭配問題。上一句說當人們產(chǎn)生信任感，大腦就會產(chǎn)生一種荷爾蒙，a hormone that _____(6) pleasurable feelings這個that就是定語從句，指這種荷爾蒙能_____令人愉悅的感覺，只能是produce 最符合語境。
    7.【答案】C
    【解析】考察詞義辨析。該空所填為動詞，并且要求與之后的with形成搭配。and triggers the herding instruct that leads sheep to flock together for safety and prompts humans to _____with one another. 說明這種荷爾蒙能夠引發(fā)一種群居本能，這種本能能讓羊群聚在一起，and的后面的內(nèi)容也與前面的flock together同義復現(xiàn)。所以只有connect最符合語境。
    8. 【答案】D
    【解析】該題考察固定搭配。與exposure to構成固定搭配的關系。表示“接觸”
    9. 【答案】B
    【解析】該題考察上下文語義。上文中說到這種荷爾蒙會給人帶來一種愉悅的情緒，通過這個結論，可以得出這種荷爾蒙能讓人有讓人信任的情緒/心緒。只有mood是最合適的答案。
    10.【答案】A
    【解析】此處仍然是考察上下文語境。上文中In a study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; 能從下文得知這也是只本句講另外一組受試者。conuterparts表示對應物，對應的人。
    11.【答案】B
    【解析】此處考察上下文邏輯關系。從后文中的also可以看出前后一致的關系。前文對于這種天賦都是褒義的色彩，所以答案此時應該是lucky。
    12.【答案】B
    【解析】同樣也是因為also，說明前后一致關系。只能選擇protect.
    13.【答案】A
    【解析】考察固定搭配。A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate _____ a credible person and a dishonest one. 選則between 意為：14個月大的孩子能在誠實和不誠實的人之間進行區(qū)分。
    14.【答案】C
    【解析】考察搭配。結合原文語境，“Sixty toddlers were each__to adult tester holding a plastic container”選項C“be introduced to sth ”表示“初次認識某物?！狈显恼Z境。
    15.【答案】D
    【解析】本題考察借此搭配及詞義復現(xiàn)。根據(jù)原文“what’s in here?”before looking into the container...Each subject was then invited to ___.” 選項D與前文所表達的in here和looking into相關。因此D為正選。
    16.【答案】A
    【解析】本題考察詞義復現(xiàn)。根據(jù)語境“half of them found a toy; the other half 16 the container was empty...”這是用分好并列連接的兩個句子，屬于并列關系。因此，前半句講一般的受測者在盒子里面找到了玩具，后半句在肯定其他人會怎么說。像個小分局的結構基本一直。因此本題填入的含義應該與found 含義相同。因此，A選項發(fā)現(xiàn)為正選。
    17.【答案】C
    【解析】根據(jù)本題語境，此句在破折號后面，是對前面的意思解釋說明。前面提到了另一半人發(fā)現(xiàn)盒子是空的，并且易世達測試者對他們怎么樣。既然盒子是空的，那么肯定認識到測試者是在戲弄他們，所以對此題必須要理解測試者是主語，賓語是Them 指的是受測者。主語的含義決定了謂語的含義為戲弄。因此C選項為正選。
    18.【答案】B
    【解析】考察搭配。根據(jù)句子結構我們可以看出逗號之前是一個介詞短語，意為在所有沒有被戲弄過的孩子里面，大多數(shù)的孩子在習得一種新技能的時候與測試者的合作是如何的。Demonstrating that they trusted his leadership 表明這些孩子信任他的領導。因此，既然信任他們就表示愿意合作。所B選項willing to do 構成固定搭配。
    19.【答案】A
    【解析】本題考察邏輯關系。根據(jù)原文語境“”only five of the 30 children paried with the “20” tester participated in a follow-up activity.” 通過該句中的only，可以看出與上文的“大多數(shù)”形成鮮明對比。因此，本題應該選擇轉折邏輯關系。A選項為正選。
    20.【答案】C
    【解析】本題考察詞義辨析。根據(jù)原文語境;在接下來的活動中，30個孩子中有5個孩子與...樣的測試者能合作，所以結合上文提到的大部分孩子信任測試者，但是5/30屬于小部分，大部分測試者對應的是信任，而小部分應該對應的是不信任。因此，C選項“不可靠”為正選。
    Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
    Part A
    Directions:
    Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
    Text 1
    Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?
    Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering — have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.
    This isn't to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.
    The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums —from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.
    The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.
    Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.
    Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.
    21.【題干】Who will be most threatened by automation?
    【選項】
    A.Leading politicians.
    B.Low-wage laborers.
    C.Robot owners.
    D.Middle-class workers.
    21答案D Middle-class workers
    這是一道具體細節(jié)題，題干問道“那些人受自動化威脅最大?”根據(jù)段落定位原則，第一題應該到第一段和第二段尋找答案，A選項主要的政治領導人，而原文只是在一段提到了presidential campaign，并未提到政治領導人受自動化影響;B選項低收入勞動者，在二段說道lower-income jobs don’t appeal to robots，說明不會受到影響;C選項機器人的所有者，在二段末句提到the rich own the robots, so they will be fine. 可以看到他們也是不受影響的;故選擇C，可以從二段的But后找到根據(jù)。
    22 . 【題干】Which of the following best represent the author's view?
    【選項】
    A.Worries about automation are in fact groundless.
    B.Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support.
    C.Issues arising from automation need to be tackled
    D.Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided
    22答案C Issues arising from automation need to be tackled
    這是一道作者觀點細節(jié)題，題干問道“下列哪項最能代表作者觀點”根據(jù)上一題可知，這道題應該從第三段尋找答案，這種題一般到首句、末句或轉折后尋找觀點。首句就說到上面提到的威脅不是alarmist危言聳聽的;末句提到中產(chǎn)階級工人需要很多幫助來調(diào)整自己。根據(jù)這兩部分可知選項C是正確的，A選項說對自動化的擔心是groundless的和文意相反;B選項說樂觀主義者對新技術的支持幾乎沒有找到支持不符合本段第二句和第三句，與原文相反;D選項新技術的負面影響可以避免與本段末句不符，既然需要中產(chǎn)階級去適應，那就說明是不可避免的，也應排除。
    23.【題干】Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on_____.
    【選項】
    A.creative potential.
    B.job-hunting skills.
    C.individual needs.
    D.cooperative spirit.
    23答案A creative potential
    這是一道具體細節(jié)題，題干問到“自動化時代的教育應該重視什么”可定位到第四段，第一句就提到了應對這個時代的第一步就是rethinking education and job training。具體方法在后面也給出來了，curriculums should focus more on creativity and complex communication，更重視創(chuàng)新和復雜的交際，故A選項是正確的。這道題的對應非常直接，其他幾個選項幾乎不構成干擾。
    24.【題干】The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at_____.
    【選項】
    A.encouraging the development of automation.
    B.increasing the return on capital investment.
    C.easing the hostility between rich and poor.
    D.preventing the income gap from widening.
    24.答案D.preventing the income gap from widening.
    這是一道觀點細節(jié)題，問作者認為稅收政策應該以什么為目標。根據(jù)題干關鍵詞定位至第六段，六段首句說因為自動化預示著勞資雙方的收入在擴大，所以，稅收和安全保障也將必須重新考慮。接著第二句就在具體解釋稅收政策該如何改變，如應該免去低工資工人的稅，個人所得稅應該增加，最后一句話指出，這將提高收入，鼓勵就業(yè)，激勵那些創(chuàng)造就業(yè)的公司，減少不平等。由此可得知，關于稅收政策的目標就是阻止收入差距擴大，答案是D。
    25. 【題干】In this text, the author presents a problem with_____.
    【選項】
    A.pposing views on it.
    B.possible solutions to it.
    C.its alarming impacts.
    D.its major variations.
    25. 答案B.possible solutions to it.
    縱觀全文，作者在前兩段提出了一個問題，即自動化將威脅到中產(chǎn)階級工人的工作，第三段指出樂觀主義者認為這也許對工人們是有利的，只不過中產(chǎn)階級工人可能需要做出一定的改變。從第四段到第六段就是作者給出的一些解決辦法，如教育上要改變，培養(yǎng)學生的創(chuàng)造性和實際技能，以及對于稅收政策的調(diào)整等，最后一段是概括總結，所以這是一篇提出問題，分析問題并解決問題的文章，所以，答案是B，作者提出了問題，并且給出了可能的解決措施。
    

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