英國(guó)的謝菲爾德大學(xué)創(chuàng)立于1828年，作為英國(guó)的老牌名校之一，謝菲爾德大學(xué)許多優(yōu)秀教育者的努力下，一起卓越的教學(xué)質(zhì)量享譽(yù)全球嗎，跟著出國(guó)留學(xué)網(wǎng)一起來(lái)了解下英國(guó)謝菲爾德大學(xué)基本概況吧，歡迎閱讀。
一、關(guān)于謝菲爾德大學(xué)
The University grew out of the Sheffield Medical School (founded in 1828), Firth College (1879) and the Sheffield Technical School (1884). These three institutions came together in 1897 to form the University College of Sheffield, which in turn became the University of Sheffield in 1905.Academic departments are grouped into six faculties: Arts and Humanities; Engineering; Medicine, Dentistry and Health; Science; Social Sciences; and International Faculty, City College, Thessaloniki, Greece.Our President and Vice-Chancellor’s Introduction,This wonderful academic community, the University of Sheffield, is such an important place for all the communities that we serve across our region, the UK and the world. And this is a crucial time for us to be thinking about our strategy.In writing it, we have taken the highest and finest ideas that have emerged from our discussions and woven them into a pattern for our future. We talk about the University of Sheffield Strategic Plan in communal terms – ‘our University, our future, our plan’. But I should be clear by who ‘we’ are.Our University does not exist for itself alone, and it never has. It was founded by individuals and groups who had a profound belief in the public value of universities for the economy, for health, for changes in the lives of children and of a community.To serve the people,Our University was envisioned as a place where knowledge would transform lives for the better.And our purpose remains the same, with the strategy to – as necessary – always be ready to reconfigure around that need.Our strategy is therefore more than simply ours as an academic community – it serves our wider world. And it is open and pragmatic – we are ready to try different approaches to offer the education and scholarship the world needs. We will be bold where we should be, while preserving what matters most.
Who is the University for? What benefits do we offer in the 21st century? These are the questions that truly matter, and they should not be separated from discussions of cost, funding, expansion or change.You’ll see our own aspirations and values in this plan – but also what others value about us and the challenges that are being set by our students, our society, our economy and indeed the world. In addition, we are not deaf to the challenges that are being set to us by government, by economic and demographic change or by technology.Our values are strong, but they are not holding us back from change. Far from it. Time and again, it is these very values which are repeatedly putting Sheffield at the forefront of translational research, new routes in higher education and questioning boundaries between scholarship and the wider world. Our strategy is to build on this.
謝菲爾德大學(xué)是從謝菲爾德醫(yī)學(xué)院(成立于1828年)、Firth學(xué)院(1879年)、謝菲爾德技術(shù)學(xué)校(1884年)發(fā)展而來(lái)。這些三個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)于1897年合并在一起，形成了謝菲爾德大學(xué)學(xué)院，1905年成為謝菲爾德大學(xué)。學(xué)術(shù)部門(mén)分為六個(gè)系：藝術(shù)與人文學(xué)科、工程、醫(yī)學(xué)、牙科與健康、科學(xué)、社會(huì)科學(xué)、和希臘塞薩洛尼基城市學(xué)院國(guó)際學(xué)院。謝菲爾德大學(xué)這個(gè)美好的學(xué)術(shù)團(tuán)體是我們?cè)谡麄€(gè)地區(qū)、英國(guó)和世界各地服務(wù)的所有社區(qū)的重要場(chǎng)所。這是我們考慮我們戰(zhàn)略的關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻 。就像我們所陳述的那樣，我們采取了從我們的討論中出現(xiàn)的最高和最好的想法，并把它們編成了我們未來(lái)的模式。我們以公共話語(yǔ) - “我們大學(xué)，我們的未來(lái)，我們的計(jì)劃”，談?wù)撝x菲爾德大學(xué)戰(zhàn)略計(jì)劃。但我應(yīng)該明白誰(shuí)是我們的。我們大學(xué)本身并不存在，而且從來(lái)沒(méi)有。它是由個(gè)人和團(tuán)體創(chuàng)立的，他們非常相信大學(xué)對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的公共價(jià)值、健康、兒童生活和社區(qū)的變化。為人民服務(wù)，我們的大學(xué)被設(shè)想為知識(shí)將改變生活的地方更好。我們的目的仍然是一樣的，隨著戰(zhàn)略 - 必要時(shí)，總是準(zhǔn)備好重新配置這種需求。因此，我們的戰(zhàn)略不僅僅是我們作為一個(gè)學(xué)術(shù)界 - 它服務(wù)于我們更廣泛的世界。
這是公開(kāi)務(wù)實(shí)的 - 我們準(zhǔn)備嘗試不同的方法來(lái)提供世界需要的教育和獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金。在保持最重要的事情的同時(shí)，我們將是大膽的。大學(xué)是誰(shuí)?我們?cè)?1世紀(jì)有什么好處?這些是真正重要的問(wèn)題，不應(yīng)與成本、資金、擴(kuò)張或變化的討論分開(kāi)。在這個(gè)計(jì)劃中，你會(huì)看到我們自己的愿望和價(jià)值觀 -還有別人對(duì)我們的看法以及我們的學(xué)生、社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)和世界所設(shè)定的挑戰(zhàn)。此外，我們不會(huì)因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)和人口變化或技術(shù)而受到政府的挑戰(zhàn)。但他們并沒(méi)有讓我們擺脫變革，我們的價(jià)值觀是強(qiáng)大的。謝菲爾德置于翻譯研究的前沿，高等教育的新路線，以及對(duì)獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金與更廣泛世界之間的邊界的質(zhì)疑都是非常有價(jià)值的。我們的策略正是建立在這一點(diǎn)上的。
二、歷史沿革
1.概述
The University Arms, whose background colour is azure, contains a gold-edged open book at its centre, on which is inscribed Disce Doce (Learn and Teach). On either side is a sheaf of eight silver arrows, which is derived from the shield of old Sheffield. The gold crown is the Crown of Success and the White Rose of York denotes the University's home county. The scroll carries the motto of Firth College, Rerum Cognoscere Causas (To Discover the Causes of Things; from Virgil's Georgics II, 490).The coat of arms should not be confused with the University's logo, which appears at the top left of this page. The logo consists of a redrawn version of the coat of arms set alongside the University's name in our own distinctive Stephenson font, on a white background. Introduced in 2005, the University's centenary year, the logo complements but does not supersede the coat of arms, which remains the University's official heraldic symbol.Reproduction of the University's Coat of Arms is restricted by copyright to formal University of Sheffield documents. It may not be used by external organisations in their marketing activities, whether in hard copy or on the web.The University of Sheffield developed from three local institutions: the Sheffield School of Medicine, Firth College and the Sheffield Technical School. The School of Medicine, founded 1828, was by far the oldest. Its early history was very insecure and it was saved from collapse by the opening of Firth College, which took over the teaching of all basic science subjects to medical students.Firth College was one of a group of university colleges founded in the later 19th century. It developed out of the Cambridge University Extension Movement, a scheme designed to bring university teaching to the large towns and cities of England, most of which lacked any university provision. The success of these courses in Sheffield led Mark Firth, a local steel manufacturer, to establish the College in 1879 as a centre for teaching Arts and Science subjects.
大學(xué)的徽章，其背景顏色是天藍(lán)色的，在其中心包含一個(gè)金邊開(kāi)放的書(shū)，在其上刻有Disce Doce(學(xué)習(xí)和教學(xué))。在任何一邊是一捆八銀箭，這是從舊謝菲爾德的盾牌衍生出來(lái)的。金冠是成功冠軍，約克的白玫瑰是大學(xué)的家鄉(xiāng)。卷軸上載有Firth College，Rerum Cognoscere Causas(發(fā)現(xiàn)事物的原因;維吉爾的Georgics II，490)的座右銘?；照虏粦?yīng)與大學(xué)徽標(biāo)混淆，該徽標(biāo)出現(xiàn)在本頁(yè)的左上角。該標(biāo)志包括與我們自己獨(dú)特的斯蒂芬森字體大學(xué)名稱一起的重繪版本，在白色背景上。2005年，大學(xué)誕生了一年，這個(gè)標(biāo)志補(bǔ)充被正式的補(bǔ)充上去，但并沒(méi)有取代徽章，這仍然是大學(xué)的官方紋章象征。大學(xué)的徽章復(fù)制受正版謝菲爾德大學(xué)文獻(xiàn)版權(quán)的限制。外部組織在營(yíng)銷活動(dòng)中可能不會(huì)使用它，無(wú)論是在硬拷貝還是在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上。謝菲爾德大學(xué)由三家當(dāng)?shù)貦C(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)展起來(lái)：謝菲爾德醫(yī)學(xué)院，弗斯學(xué)院和謝菲爾德技術(shù)學(xué)校。醫(yī)學(xué)院成立于1828年，是迄今為止最古老的的醫(yī)學(xué)院。它的早期歷史非常不安全，由Firth學(xué)院接管了所有基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)課程的教學(xué)給醫(yī)學(xué)生。Firth學(xué)院是19世紀(jì)后期成立的一批大學(xué)院校之一。它是由劍橋大學(xué)延伸運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)展而來(lái)的，該計(jì)劃旨在將大學(xué)教學(xué)帶到英格蘭的大城市和城市，其中大部分缺乏大學(xué)課程。謝菲爾德這些課程的成功率領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了當(dāng)?shù)匾患忆撹F制造商馬克·福斯(Mark Firth)，于1879年成立了該學(xué)院，將其作為藝術(shù)和科學(xué)課程的教學(xué)中心。
2.謝菲爾德大學(xué)的歷史發(fā)展
History of the University
The Sheffield Technical School,The Sheffield Technical School was the product of local concern about the need for better technical training of the men responsible for running the great industries of Sheffield, particularly steelmaking. A movement was started within Firth College to collect funds to create a technical department, which was established in 1884 as the Sheffield Technical School. In 1886 the School moved to new premises on the site of the old Grammar School at St George's Square.In 1897, the three institutions were amalgamated by Royal Charter to form the University College of Sheffield. This step was part of the plan to link up with the Victoria University, a federation of the University Colleges at Manchester, Liverpool and Leeds.
By 1900, however, the Federal University was disintegrating and within a few years independent universities were formed from the three University Colleges.
On 31 May 1905 the University of Sheffield was granted its Royal Charter, and in July the new Firth Court Building on Western Bank was opened by King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra. St George's Square remained the centre of Applied Science departments, with Arts, Medicine and Science being housed at Western Bank.
The University in 1905，At the time of the University's foundation in 1905 there were 114 full-time students reading for degrees in Arts, Pure Science, Medicine and Applied Science. In 1919 when returning ex-servicemen were admitted in large numbers, the full-time student figure rose to a short-lived peak of about 1,000. By then the Faculty of Applied Science had split into Engineering and Metallurgy; the University's first Hall of Residence (the original Stephenson Hall) had been established; and the Edgar Allen library had opened (1909).At that time the University was as committed to non-degree teaching as to teaching full-time students. Courses covered not only many conventional academic subjects but also topics as diverse as cow-keeping, railway economics, mining and razor-grinding. During the First World War some of these were replaced by teaching of (and participation in) munitions making, medical appliances design and production, translation and politics。Between the two wars full-time student numbers stabilised at about 750 and expansion into new areas of specialist teaching and research continued slowly. The Second World War brought with it new areas of specialist research and training - in, for example, radar, dietary and vitamin studies, production of anaesthetics and chemicals (as substitutes for materials previously imported from Europe), magnetism, fuel production and economy, naval cartography, glass manufacture and English language teaching.
Since the Second World War，Since the Second World War, many older houses have been brought into academic use and major new buildings have been constructed - the Main Library in 1959, and the Arts Tower, Hicks Building, Alfred Denny Building, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Chemical Engineering Building, University House, five Halls of Residence and the Union of Students in the 1960s.New buildings for Geography and Psychology followed in the 1970s, along with the Crookesmoor Building (for Law and Management), the Royal Hallamshire Hospital, and purpose-built student flats. The next decade saw the opening of the Octagon Centre, the Sir Henry Stephenson Building (for engineering), and major extensions at the Northern General Hospital.
In the 1990s, new premises for the School of Clinical Dentistry, the Management School, the Division of Education, St George's Library (incorporating Blackwell's University Bookshop) and St George's Flats and Lecture Theatre were opened, together with extensions to Stephenson, Halifax, and Tapton Halls of Residence, and three new blocks of student flats.The Regent Court building, which houses the Departments of Computer Science and Information Studies and the Sheffield Centre for Health and Related Research, were also completed. The Union of Students underwent a ￡5 million development programme, improving welfare, social and meetings facilities.Following the University's integration with the Sheffield and North Trent College of Nursing and Midwifery in 1995, a building programme provided new facilities for nursing and midwifery teaching and research. This includes the extension and conversion of the St George's Hospital site on Winter Street, and the construction of a new building at the Northern General Hospital.
謝菲爾德技術(shù)學(xué)校，謝菲爾德技術(shù)學(xué)校是當(dāng)?shù)厝岁P(guān)注的問(wèn)題，需要對(duì)負(fù)責(zé)運(yùn)營(yíng)謝菲爾德偉大工業(yè)，特別是煉鋼的男子進(jìn)行更好的技術(shù)培訓(xùn)。在Firth學(xué)院開(kāi)始運(yùn)動(dòng)的過(guò)程中，收集資金，創(chuàng)建一個(gè)技術(shù)部門(mén)，這就是當(dāng)初的成立于1884年的謝菲爾德技術(shù)學(xué)校。在1886年，學(xué)校搬到了圣喬治廣場(chǎng)舊語(yǔ)法學(xué)?，F(xiàn)場(chǎng)的新場(chǎng)所。
1897年，三個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)合并了“皇家憲章”，形成了謝菲爾德大學(xué)學(xué)院。這一步是與維多利亞大學(xué)、曼徹斯特、利物浦和利茲大學(xué)聯(lián)合會(huì)聯(lián)合計(jì)劃的一部分。
然而到1900年，聯(lián)邦大學(xué)正在瓦解，幾年內(nèi)，三所大學(xué)成立了獨(dú)立的大學(xué)。
1905年5月31日，謝菲爾德大學(xué)獲得了“皇家憲章”，7月，新西蘭西部的Firth Court大樓由愛(ài)德華七世國(guó)王和亞歷山大女王開(kāi)幕。圣喬治廣場(chǎng)仍然是應(yīng)用科學(xué)部門(mén)的中心，藝術(shù)，醫(yī)學(xué)和科學(xué)在西岸。在大學(xué)建立1905年，共有114名全日制學(xué)生閱讀藝術(shù)，純科學(xué)，醫(yī)學(xué)和應(yīng)用科學(xué)學(xué)位。在1919年，當(dāng)返回前軍人大量入學(xué)時(shí)，全日制學(xué)生人數(shù)上升到約1000人，達(dá)到了短暫高峰。屆時(shí)，應(yīng)用科學(xué)學(xué)院又分為工程冶金學(xué)院，大學(xué)的第一個(gè)住所(原斯蒂芬森廳)成立了。 埃德加·艾倫圖書(shū)館已經(jīng)開(kāi)放(1909年)。當(dāng)時(shí)大學(xué)致力于非學(xué)位教學(xué)，教授全日制學(xué)生。課程不僅涵蓋了許多常規(guī)學(xué)科，而且涵蓋了保養(yǎng)，鐵路經(jīng)濟(jì)，采礦和剃刀研磨等多種主題。在第一次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，其中一些被替換為(和參與)彈藥，醫(yī)療器具設(shè)計(jì)和制作，翻譯和政治。兩戰(zhàn)之間的全日制學(xué)生數(shù)字穩(wěn)定在750左右，擴(kuò)展到新的專業(yè)教學(xué)和研究領(lǐng)域繼續(xù)緩慢。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)帶來(lái)了新的專業(yè)研究和培訓(xùn)領(lǐng)域，例如雷達(dá)、膳食和維生素研究、麻醉劑和化學(xué)品的生產(chǎn)(作為以前從歐洲進(jìn)口的材料的替代品)、磁性、，燃料生產(chǎn)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、海軍繪圖、玻璃制造和英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的發(fā)展到等等。
自二戰(zhàn)以來(lái)，許多老房子已經(jīng)被引入學(xué)術(shù)用途，主要的新建筑物已經(jīng)建成 - 1959年的主圖書(shū)館、藝術(shù)塔、希克斯大廈、阿爾弗雷德·丹尼大廈、化學(xué)工程大樓羅伯特·哈德菲爾德大樓、大學(xué)府、五間住宅和六十年代的學(xué)生聯(lián)盟。
20世紀(jì)70年代以來(lái)，地理和心理學(xué)的新建筑以及Crookesmoor大樓(法律和管理)，皇家哈勒姆郡醫(yī)院和專門(mén)的學(xué)生公寓。在那之后的十年八角龍中心、亨利·斯蒂芬森爵士大樓(工程)、北方總醫(yī)院的主要推廣活動(dòng)開(kāi)幕。
在二十世紀(jì)九十年代，開(kāi)設(shè)了臨床牙科學(xué)院、管理學(xué)院、教育學(xué)院、圣喬治圖書(shū)館(并入布萊克威爾大學(xué)書(shū)店)和圣喬治公寓和講堂的新場(chǎng)所，以及斯蒂芬森，哈利法克斯和塔波頓公寓大廈和三個(gè)新的學(xué)生單位。設(shè)有計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)與信息研究系院士和謝菲爾德健康及相關(guān)研究中心的攝政法院大樓也已完成。學(xué)生聯(lián)盟經(jīng)歷了500萬(wàn)英鎊的發(fā)展計(jì)劃，改善福利，社會(huì)和會(huì)議設(shè)施。隨著大學(xué)與謝菲爾德和北特倫特護(hù)理和助產(chǎn)學(xué)院1995年的融合，一個(gè)建筑方案為護(hù)理和助產(chǎn)教學(xué)和研究提供了新的設(shè)施。這包括圣喬治醫(yī)院在冬季街道的擴(kuò)建和改造，以及在北方總醫(yī)院建造一座新建筑。
三、教研優(yōu)勢(shì)
1.概況
With almost 27,000 of the brightest students from over 140 countries, learning alongside over 1,200 of the best academics from across the globe, the University of Sheffield is one of the world’s leading universities.A member of the UK’s prestigious Russell Group of leading research-led institutions, Sheffield offers world-class teaching and research excellence across a wide range of disciplines.Unified by the power of discovery and understanding, staff and students at the university are committed to finding new ways to transform the world we live in.Sheffield is the only university to feature in The Sunday Times 100 Best Not-For-Profit Organisations to Work For 2017 and was voted number one university in the UK for Student Satisfaction by Times Higher Education in 2014. In the last decade it has won four Queen’s Anniversary Prizes in recognition of the outstanding contribution to the United Kingdom’s intellectual, economic, cultural and social life.Sheffield has six Nobel Prize winners among former staff and students and its alumni go on to hold positions of great responsibility and influence all over the world, making significant contributions in their chosen fields.Global research partners and clients include Boeing, Rolls-Royce, Unilever, AstraZeneca, Glaxo SmithKline, Siemens and Airbus, as well as many UK and overseas government agencies and charitable foundations.
謝菲爾德大學(xué)擁有來(lái)自140多個(gè)國(guó)家的近27,000名最具有智慧的學(xué)生，與全球超過(guò)1200名最好的學(xué)者一起學(xué)習(xí)，是世界領(lǐng)先的大學(xué)之一。英國(guó)著名的羅素集團(tuán)領(lǐng)先研究型機(jī)構(gòu)的成員之一，謝菲爾德在廣泛的學(xué)科范圍內(nèi)提供世界一流的教學(xué)和研究成果。通過(guò)發(fā)現(xiàn)和理解的力量，大學(xué)的員工和學(xué)生致力于尋找改變我們所處世界的新途徑。，并在2014年被英國(guó)第一高校評(píng)為“泰晤士高等教育學(xué)生滿意度”。過(guò)去十年中被評(píng)選為對(duì)英國(guó)的知識(shí)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化和社會(huì)生活作出杰出貢獻(xiàn)的皇后紀(jì)念獎(jiǎng)。謝菲爾德在前工作人員和學(xué)生中獲得六個(gè)諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)得主，其校友繼續(xù)擔(dān)任世界各地的重大責(zé)任和影響力，在選定的領(lǐng)域做出了重大貢獻(xiàn)。全球研究合作伙伴和客戶包括波音、羅爾斯·羅伊斯、聯(lián)合利華、阿斯利康、葛蘭素史克公司、西門(mén)子和空中客車公司以及許多英國(guó)和海外政府機(jī)構(gòu)以及慈善基金會(huì)。
2.杰出研究成果展示
Size matters: for bacteria, smaller is better for causing superbug infections
New research discovers how a common hospital superbug called Enterococcus faecalis causes infections – currently poorly understood by scientists.Scientists uncover several complex mechanisms that enable bacteria to evade the immune system.Findings could be used to develop treatments for E. faecalis infections, such as heart valve infections and bacteraemia, which can be life-threatening.Scientists at the University of Sheffield have discovered a new insight into how one of the most common hospital superbugs causes infections – something which could be used to develop new antibiotic treatments.
Short chains of cells (green) escaping immune cells (magenta).The study, led by researchers from the University of Sheffield’s Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, investigated how Enterococcus faecalis – bacteria commonly found in the digestive tracts of humans and multi-resistant to antibiotics – can out-compete other microorganisms and cause life-threatening infections E. faecalis is frequently responsible for causing hospital-acquired infections such as urinary tract infections, heart valve infections and bacteraemia, however scientists currently have a poor understanding of how this happens.Now, the University of Sheffield-led research team has discovered several complex mechanisms controlling the maintenance of the distinctive shape of E. faecalis that forms cell pairs or short chains of cells.The team has revealed that the formation of short chains of cells is a crucial factor in stopping bacteria being recognised as a threat by the immune system. This then enables infection to spread.Dr Stéphane Mesnage, who led the research from the University of Sheffield, said: “Our study shows that the formation of short chains of cells by E. faecalis is a critical step for causing an infection. Bacteria that form long chains of cells are efficiently recognised and engulfed by the host immune system, whereas short chains of cells can evade host immune cells and spread in the host to cause infection.“E. faecalis is an opportunistic pathogen. It is naturally resistant to a wide range of antibiotics, including synthetic penicillin derivatives. Following an antibiotic treatment, E. faecalis can out-compete other microorganisms to cause infection. Our work suggests that targeting the mechanisms controlling the formation of short chains of cells could be a novel strategy for developing new treatments to fight E. faecalis infections.”The research, Bacterial size matters: multiple mechanisms controlling septum cleavage and diplococcus formation are critical for the virulence of the opportunistic pathogen Enterococcus faecalis, is published in PLOS Pathogens: Bacterial size matters (PLOS Pathogens journal)Findings from the study build on the University of Sheffield’s position at the forefront of world-class research into infectious diseases. Scientists at the University are developing radical solutions to the global threat of disease and antimicrobial resistance as part of signature research projects such as Florey, Imagine and the Sheffield Antimicrobial Resistance Network (SHAMROK).The University is also training the next generation of highly skilled scientists through its undergraduate and postgraduate programmes to find exciting new approaches to bioscience and tackle some of the world’s biggest biomedical problems.
研究成果一：尺寸重要：對(duì)于細(xì)菌，較小的較好是導(dǎo)致超級(jí)細(xì)菌感染
新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，普通醫(yī)院的超大腸桿菌叫糞腸球菌引起感染 - 目前科學(xué)家們的理解很少，科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)了幾種使細(xì)菌逃避免疫系統(tǒng)的復(fù)雜機(jī)制，研究結(jié)果可用于開(kāi)發(fā)糞便糞便感染的治療方法，如心臟瓣膜感染和細(xì)菌性貧血，可能危及生命，謝菲爾德大學(xué)的科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種新的見(jiàn)解，即一種最常見(jiàn)的醫(yī)院超級(jí)細(xì)菌是如何導(dǎo)致感染的 - 這可以用于開(kāi)發(fā)新的抗生素治療。短鏈細(xì)胞(綠色)逃避免疫細(xì)胞(品紅色)。由謝菲爾德分校生物學(xué)和生物技術(shù)系研究人員領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的這項(xiàng)研究調(diào)查了糞便腸球菌 - 人類消化道中通常發(fā)現(xiàn)的細(xì)菌和耐多種抗生素的細(xì)菌是否可以競(jìng)爭(zhēng)其他微生物并導(dǎo)致危及生命感染。
糞便糞便常常導(dǎo)致醫(yī)院獲得性感染，如尿路感染，心臟瓣膜感染和細(xì)菌性貧血，然而科學(xué)家們對(duì)如何發(fā)生這種情況的了解不大?，F(xiàn)在，謝菲爾德大學(xué)的研究小組已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了幾種復(fù)雜的機(jī)制來(lái)控制糞便排泄物的維持，形成細(xì)胞對(duì)或短鏈細(xì)胞。該小組已經(jīng)透露，短鏈細(xì)胞的形成是阻止細(xì)菌被免疫系統(tǒng)威脅的關(guān)鍵因素。這樣可以使感染傳播。領(lǐng)導(dǎo)謝菲爾德大學(xué)研究的StéphaneMesnage博士說(shuō)：“我們的研究表明糞腸球菌形成短鏈細(xì)胞是導(dǎo)致感染的關(guān)鍵步驟。形成長(zhǎng)鏈細(xì)胞的細(xì)菌被宿主免疫系統(tǒng)有效地識(shí)別并吞噬，而短鏈細(xì)胞可以逃避宿主免疫細(xì)胞并在宿主中擴(kuò)散以引起感染?！? 糞腸球菌是一種條件致病菌。天然抗多種抗生素，包括合成青霉素衍生物。經(jīng)過(guò)抗生素治療后，糞腸球菌可能會(huì)與其他微生物競(jìng)爭(zhēng)引起感染。我們的工作表明，針對(duì)控制細(xì)胞短鏈形成的機(jī)制可能是開(kāi)發(fā)新的治療糞便糞便感染的新策略?！把芯?，細(xì)菌大小問(wèn)題：控制隔膜切割和雙球菌形成的多種機(jī)制對(duì)機(jī)會(huì)性病原體糞腸球菌的毒力至關(guān)重要，發(fā)表于PLOS病原體：細(xì)菌大小事項(xiàng)(PLOS病原體雜志)。研究結(jié)果建立在謝菲爾德大學(xué)在世界級(jí)傳染病研究領(lǐng)域前列的地位。大學(xué)的科學(xué)家正在開(kāi)發(fā)針對(duì)全球疾病和抗微生物藥物耐藥性威脅的根本解決方案，作為諸如Florey，Imagine和謝菲爾德抗菌素抗性網(wǎng)絡(luò)(SHAMROK)等簽名研究項(xiàng)目的一部分。該大學(xué)還通過(guò)其本科和研究生課程培養(yǎng)下一代高科技科學(xué)家，以尋找令人興奮的生物科學(xué)新方法，并解決世界上一些最大的生物醫(yī)學(xué)問(wèn)題。
Study shows new ambulance service standards could lead to a better response for patients
University of Sheffield study provides independent evaluation of new ambulance service standards announced by NHS England.Research finds new ways of working can enable ambulance services to use their resources much more effectively.Up to 750,000 more ambulance vehicles available for immediate response each year across England.6.5 per cent of the most serious 999 calls received a faster emergency response when call handlers are allowed a small amount of extra time to assess calls.A new set of performance targets for the ambulance service announced by NHS England today (Thursday 13 July 2017) could allow the ambulance service to use their resources much more efficiently, according to new research from the University of Sheffield.The study, led by the Centre for Emergency and Urgent Care Research (CURE) at the University of Sheffield, has conducted an independent evaluation of the NHS England Ambulance Response Programme which includes initiatives that allow more time for 999 call handlers to identify the urgency of calls and type of response required.It has also assessed the effects of changes, which aim to support early identification of the most life-threatening calls and to ensure the right clinical response is made for all 999 calls.The University of Sheffield research team analysed more than 14 million 999 calls and found that the changes to call handling and dispatch will enable ambulance services to use their resources much more effectively, so that up to 750,000 vehicles will be available to immediately respond to emergency calls each year in England.During the 18 month trial period, the study found that 6.5 per cent of the most serious calls received a faster response, more patients who needed to go to hospital got the right response first time and 75 per cent of calls for cardiac arrest were identified early in the call - most of these within one minute. The Sheffield evaluation also found there were no reports of any safety issues for patients.Results from the study suggest that having more vehicles available reduces the risk of some patients waiting for long periods of time before help arrives.Janette Turner, Reader in Emergency and Urgent Care Research at the University of Sheffield, who led the independent evaluation, said: “Ambulance services in England receive around 10 million calls a year for a wide range of urgent health problems. For many years ambulance service performance has been measured using response time targets but over time these have led to inefficient practices, such as sending multiple vehicles to the same call in order to stop the clock. It also meant that sometimes the wrong type of vehicle arrived, for example a car, which resulted in hidden waits for the right vehicle for patients who need to be taken to hospital. Chasing targets for some calls also meant unacceptably long waiting times for others.“Ambulance services in England are under significant pressure as demand continues to increase. Our study at the University of Sheffield has shown that the new ambulance service standards announced by NHS England have, overall, allowed the services testing these changes to provide a consistent service for people calling 999 despite these challenges.“More long term changes in, for example, the mix of vehicles needed to support these initiatives will be required but the early experience indicates this is a step in the right direction and there is scope for continued further improvement.”
研究成果二：研究顯示，新的救護(hù)車服務(wù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可以為患者帶來(lái)更好的反應(yīng)
謝菲爾德大學(xué)的研究為NHS英國(guó)公布的新型救護(hù)車服務(wù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提供獨(dú)立評(píng)估，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)新的工作方式可以使救護(hù)車服務(wù)更有效地利用其資源，每年可在英格蘭每年可提供75萬(wàn)輛救護(hù)車，當(dāng)呼叫處理程序允許少量額外的時(shí)間來(lái)評(píng)估呼叫時(shí)，最嚴(yán)重的999個(gè)呼叫中的6.5%接收到更快的應(yīng)急響應(yīng)，根據(jù)謝菲爾德大學(xué)的新研究，NHS英格蘭今天(2017年7月13日星期四)宣布的救護(hù)車服務(wù)的新一套性能指標(biāo)可以使救護(hù)服務(wù)更有效地利用其資源。該研究由謝菲爾德大學(xué)緊急和緊急護(hù)理研究中心(CURE)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，對(duì)NHS英國(guó)救護(hù)車應(yīng)急計(jì)劃進(jìn)行了獨(dú)立評(píng)估，其中包括允許999名呼叫處理程序更多的時(shí)間來(lái)確定緊急情況呼叫和響應(yīng)類型。它還評(píng)估了變化的影響，其目的是支持早期識(shí)別最危及生命的電話，并確保對(duì)所有999個(gè)電話進(jìn)行正確的臨床響應(yīng)。謝菲爾德大學(xué)的研究團(tuán)隊(duì)分析了1400多萬(wàn)999個(gè)電話，發(fā)現(xiàn)呼叫處理和調(diào)度的變化將使救護(hù)車服務(wù)更有效地使用他們的資源，以便最多可以使用75萬(wàn)輛車輛立即響應(yīng)緊急呼叫每年在英國(guó)。在18個(gè)月的試用期間，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，6.5%的最嚴(yán)重的呼叫得到了更快的反應(yīng)，更多的病人需要去醫(yī)院得到正確的反應(yīng)第一次，75%的心臟驟停呼叫被早期識(shí)別在電話中 - 大多數(shù)在一分鐘內(nèi)。謝菲爾德評(píng)估還發(fā)現(xiàn)，沒(méi)有任何關(guān)于患者安全問(wèn)題的報(bào)道。研究結(jié)果表明，有更多的車輛可以減少一些患者在幫助到達(dá)之前長(zhǎng)時(shí)間等待的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。領(lǐng)導(dǎo)獨(dú)立評(píng)估的謝菲爾德大學(xué)緊急和緊急護(hù)理研究讀者Janette Turner說(shuō)：“英國(guó)的救護(hù)車服務(wù)每年有大約1000萬(wàn)個(gè)呼叫，用于廣泛的緊急衛(wèi)生問(wèn)題。多年來(lái)，救護(hù)車服務(wù)表現(xiàn)已經(jīng)通過(guò)響應(yīng)時(shí)間目標(biāo)進(jìn)行了測(cè)量，但隨著時(shí)間的推移，這些導(dǎo)致了低效率的做法，例如發(fā)送多個(gè)車輛進(jìn)行相同的呼叫以停止時(shí)鐘。這也意味著有時(shí)錯(cuò)誤的車輛到達(dá)，例如一輛汽車，導(dǎo)致隱藏的等待正確的車輛需要被帶到醫(yī)院的病人。追查一些電話的目標(biāo)也意味著別人等待時(shí)間長(zhǎng)了不可接受?！坝捎谛枨蟛粩嘣黾樱?guó)的救護(hù)車服務(wù)面臨重大壓力。我們?cè)谥x菲爾德大學(xué)的研究表明，NHS英國(guó)公布的新型救護(hù)車服務(wù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)總體上允許服務(wù)測(cè)試這些變化，為呼吁999的人提供一致的服務(wù)，盡管面臨這些挑戰(zhàn)?！靶枰嗟拈L(zhǎng)期變化，例如支持這些舉措所需的車輛組合，但早期的經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明，這是朝著正確方向邁出的一步，還有進(jìn)一步改進(jìn)的余地?！?BR> Why did hunter-gatherers first begin farming?
Maize seeds are now 15 times bigger than the wild variety due to domestication.New study has important implications for understanding how crops evolved.The beginnings of agriculture changed human history and has fascinated scientists for centuries.Researchers from the Grantham Centre for Sustainable Futures at the University of Sheffield have shed light on how hunter-gatherers first began farming and how crops were domesticated to depend on humans.Domesticated crops have been transformed almost beyond recognition in comparison with their wild relatives – a change that happened during the early stages of farming in the Stone Age.For grain crops like cereals, the hallmark of domestication is the loss of natural seed dispersal – seeds no longer fall off plants but have become dependent on humans or machines to spread them.Professor Colin Osborne, from the Grantham Centre for Sustainable Futures at the University of Sheffield, said: “We know very little about how agriculture began, because it happened 10,000 years ago – that’s why a number of mysteries are unresolved. For example why hunter-gatherers first began farming, and how were crops domesticated to depend on people.“One controversy in this area is about the extent to which ancient peoples knew they were domesticating crops. Did they know they were breeding domestication characteristics into crops, or did these characteristics just evolve as the first farmers sowed wild plants into cultivated soil, and tended and harvested them?”The new research, published in the journal Evolution Letters, shows the impact of domestication on vegetable seed size.Any selective breeding of vegetables by early farmers would have acted on the leaves, stems or roots that were eaten as food, but should not have directly affected seed size.Instead, any changes in vegetable seed size must have arisen from natural selection acting on these crops in cultivated fields, or from genetic links to changes in another characteristic like plant or organ size. In the last instance, people might have bred crops to become bigger, and larger seeds would have come along unintentionally.The University of Sheffield researchers gathered seed size data from a range of crops and found strong evidence for a general enlargement of seeds due to domestication.
They discovered domesticated maize seeds are 15 times bigger than the wild form, soybean seeds are seven times bigger. Wheat, barley and other grain crops had more modest increases in size (60 per cent for barley and 15 per cent for emmer wheat) but these changes are important if they translate into yield.“We found strong evidence for a general enlargement of seeds due to domestication across seven vegetable species,” said Professor Osborne.“This is especially stunning in a crop like a sweet potato, where people don’t even plant seeds, let alone harvest them. The size of this domestication effect falls completely within the range seen in cereals and pulse grains like lentils and beans, raising the possibility that at least part of the seed enlargement in these crops also evolved during domestication without deliberate foresight from early farmers.”P(pán)rofessor Osborne added: “Our findings have important implications for understanding how crops evolved, because they mean that major changes in our staple crops could have arisen without deliberate foresight by early farmers.“This means that unconscious selection was probably more important in the genesis of our food plants than previously realised. Early increases in the yields of crops might well have evolved in farmers' fields rather than being bred artificially.”
研究成果三：為什么狩獵采集者首先開(kāi)始種植?
由于馴化，玉米種子現(xiàn)在比野生品種大15倍，新研究對(duì)于了解作物如何演變具有重要意義，農(nóng)業(yè)的開(kāi)始改變了人類的歷史，并使科學(xué)家們迷戀了幾個(gè)世紀(jì)。來(lái)自謝菲爾德大學(xué)格蘭瑟姆可持續(xù)未來(lái)中心的研究人員揭示了狩獵采集者如何首先開(kāi)始種植，以及如何將作物馴化為依賴人類。
與其野生親屬相比，馴養(yǎng)作物幾乎不被承認(rèn) - 這是在石器時(shí)代早期階段發(fā)生的變化。對(duì)于糧食作物如谷物，馴化的標(biāo)志是喪失自然種子分散 - 種子不再脫落植物，而是依賴人類或機(jī)器傳播它們。謝菲爾德大學(xué)格蘭瑟姆可持續(xù)未來(lái)中心的科林·奧斯本(Colin Osborne)教授說(shuō)：“我們對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)如何開(kāi)始非常了解，因?yàn)樗l(fā)生在一萬(wàn)年前，這就是為什么一些奧秘未解決。例如為什么狩獵采集者首先開(kāi)始種植，而作物如何馴化依賴于人們?！斑@個(gè)領(lǐng)域的一個(gè)爭(zhēng)議就是古代人民知道他們?cè)诜N植作物的程度。他們是否知道他們正在種植作物的馴化特征，或者這些特征是否隨著第一批農(nóng)民將野生植物播種到栽培土壤中而發(fā)展，并傾向并收獲?在“進(jìn)化論”雜志上發(fā)表的新研究顯示了馴化對(duì)蔬菜種子大小的影響。早期農(nóng)民對(duì)蔬菜的任何選擇性育種都會(huì)對(duì)作為食物的葉子，莖或根進(jìn)行作用，但不應(yīng)該直接影響種子的大小。相反，蔬菜種子大小的任何變化都必須來(lái)自于在耕地上作物對(duì)這些作物的自然選擇，或者是與植物或器官大小等其他特征變化的遺傳連接。最后一點(diǎn)，人們可能會(huì)把作物變得越來(lái)越大，種子越大，就越有意思。謝菲爾德大學(xué)的研究人員收集了一系列作物的種子數(shù)據(jù)，并發(fā)現(xiàn)有力的證據(jù)表明歸因于種子的普遍擴(kuò)大。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)家養(yǎng)玉米種子比野生型大15倍，大豆種子大7倍。小麥，大麥和其他糧食作物的規(guī)模增長(zhǎng)較為適度(大麥為60%，麥子小麥為15%)，但如果轉(zhuǎn)化成產(chǎn)量，這些變化很重要。奧斯本教授說(shuō)：“我們發(fā)現(xiàn)通過(guò)種植七種植物種子，普遍擴(kuò)大種子的有力證據(jù)?！斑@在一個(gè)像甘薯這樣的農(nóng)作物尤其令人驚嘆，人們甚至沒(méi)有種植種子，更不用說(shuō)收獲它們了。這種馴化效應(yīng)的大小完全落在像扁豆和豆類這樣的谷物和脈沖谷物的范圍內(nèi)，提高了在馴化過(guò)程中至少部分種子擴(kuò)大的可能性，而不是早期農(nóng)民的預(yù)見(jiàn)?！皧W斯本教授補(bǔ)充說(shuō)：“我們的研究結(jié)果對(duì)于了解作物如何演變具有重要意義，因?yàn)樗鼈円馕吨覀冎饕魑锏闹卮笞兓赡軟](méi)有早期農(nóng)民的有意見(jiàn)的前景而出現(xiàn)?！斑@意味著無(wú)意識(shí)的選擇在我們的食物植物的成因中可能比以前認(rèn)識(shí)到的更重要。農(nóng)作物產(chǎn)量的早期增加可能在農(nóng)民領(lǐng)域不斷演變，而不是人為地繁殖。“
3.設(shè)施先進(jìn)的研究中心
Research centres, institutes and networks
Our research institutes and centres have been created to address global challenges facing society, today and in the future. They are often interdisciplinary, with external collaboration and funding, and have earned international recognition.
Cross-cutting research centres
· Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre (AMRC) · Advanced Resource Efficiency Centre (AREC) · Bateson Centre · Centre for Assistive Technology and Connected Healthcare (CATCH) · Centre for Wellbeing in Public Policy (CWiPP) · Digital Humanities Institute (DHI) · Energy 2050 · The Florey Institute · Food Futures (The University of Sheffield Sustainable Food Futures) · Grantham Centre for Sustainable Futures · iHuman · Imagine: Imaging Life · Institute for in silico Medicine (Insigneo) | · Medical Humanities Sheffield (MHS) · P3 - Plant Production and Protection · Polymer Centre · Sheffield Institute for International Development (SIID) · Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA) · Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN) · Sheffield Neuroscience · Sheffield Political Economy Research Institute (SPERI) · Sheffield Robotics · Sheffield Water Centre · Urban Institute |
研究中心，研究所和網(wǎng)絡(luò)
我們的研究機(jī)構(gòu)和研究中心的設(shè)立是為了應(yīng)對(duì)當(dāng)今和將來(lái)社會(huì)面臨的全球挑戰(zhàn)。他們通常是跨學(xué)科的，外部合作和資金，并獲得了國(guó)際認(rèn)可。
交叉研究中心
· 先進(jìn)制造研究中心（AMRC） · 高級(jí)資源效率中心（AREC） · 巴特森中心 · 輔助技術(shù)和關(guān)聯(lián)醫(yī)療中心（CATCH） · 公共衛(wèi)生福利中心（CWiPP） · 數(shù)字人文學(xué)院（DHI） · 能量2050 · 弗洛里學(xué)院 · 食品期貨（謝菲爾德大學(xué)可持續(xù)糧食未來(lái)） · 格蘭瑟姆可持續(xù)未來(lái)中心 · iHuman · 想像：成像生活 · 計(jì)算機(jī)醫(yī)學(xué)研究所（Insigneo） | · 醫(yī)學(xué)人文謝菲爾德（MHS） · P3 - 植物生產(chǎn)和保護(hù) · 聚合物中心 · 謝菲爾德國(guó)際發(fā)展研究所（SIID） · 謝菲爾德核酸研究所（SInFoNiA） · 謝菲爾德翻譯神經(jīng)科學(xué)研究所（SITraN） · 謝菲爾德神經(jīng)科學(xué) · 謝菲爾德政治經(jīng)濟(jì)研究所（SPERI） · 謝菲爾德機(jī)器人 · 謝菲爾德水中心 · 城市研究所 |