《采薇》是一首寫一位長期守衛(wèi)邊疆的戍邊戰(zhàn)士回家途中的情景的回憶。 薇：野豌豆，泛指可以充饑的野菜。“采薇”一詞，還見于伯夷、叔齊隱居山野，義不侍周的故事。司馬遷《史記卷六十一 伯夷列傳》：“武王已平殷亂，天下宗周，而伯夷、叔齊恥之，義不食周粟，陷于首陽山，采薇而食之” 此詩最后一章，優(yōu)美動聽，膾炙人口：“昔我往矣，楊柳依依;今我來思，雨雪霏霏。行道遲遲，載渴載饑;我心傷悲，莫知我哀。”
(一)
全詩意境生動，但需要解釋，注釋如下：
采薇采薇采薇，薇亦作止;曰歸曰歸，歲亦莫止。靡mi室靡家，玁yan狁yun之故;不遑huang啟居
玁狁之故。采薇采薇，薇亦柔止;曰歸曰歸，心亦憂止。憂心烈烈，載饑載渴;我戍未定，靡使歸聘。采薇采薇，薇亦剛止;曰歸曰歸，歲亦陽止。王事靡盬gu，不遑啟處;憂心孔疚，我行不來。彼爾維何，維常之華;彼路斯何，君子之車。戎車既駕，四牡mu業(yè)業(yè);豈敢定居，一月三捷。駕彼四牡mu，四牡骙kui骙;君子所依，小人所腓。四牡翼翼，象弭er魚服;豈不日戒，玁狁孔棘。昔我往矣，楊柳依依;今我來思，雨雪霏霏。行道遲遲，載渴載饑;我心傷悲，莫知我哀。
【注釋】“薇”：野豌豆，可食用。這里泛指可以充饑的野菜。
“作”：這里是不及物動詞，表示“發(fā)作，發(fā)生，發(fā)芽，生長，開始生長”之類意義。也可以是及物動詞，表示“生出”、“生成”、“造成”、“創(chuàng)造”之類意義。如《詩經(jīng).大雅.桑柔》：“不知而作”，“既作爾歌”。又如《詩經(jīng).大雅.皇矣》第二章開頭：“作之屏之”，“修之平之”，“啟之辟之”。又如《詩經(jīng).大雅.崧高》：“以作爾庸”，“以作爾寶”?！对娊?jīng).大雅.周頌.天作》：“天作高山，大王荒之;彼作矣，文王康之”。又如《詩經(jīng).大雅.商頌.那》：“自古在昔，先民有作”，“作”這里轉化為名詞，表示“作為”。“止”：句末助詞。
這里相當現(xiàn)代漢語“了”。如《詩經(jīng).小雅.杕杜》：“卉木萋止，女心悲止，征夫歸止”;又如《詩經(jīng).小雅.庭燎》：“君子至止，鸞聲將將”。又如《詩經(jīng).小雅.賓之初筵》：“賓之初筵，溫溫其恭;其未醉止，威儀反反”，“賓既醉止，載號載呶nao”。又如《詩經(jīng).大雅.民勞》：“民亦勞止，汔可小康”。“汔”同“乞”，“汔可小康”即可以乞求小康生活。“作止”與下文“柔止”，“剛止”照應。“柔”與“剛”在《詩經(jīng)》就常對應出現(xiàn)，又如《詩經(jīng).大雅.烝民》有一章：“人亦有言，柔則茹之，剛則吐之;維仲山甫，柔亦不茹，剛亦不吐;不侮矜寡，不畏強御。”
“曰”：放在句首，是助詞，但仍然帶有“說”字的含義。《詩經(jīng).大雅.周頌.載見》開頭：“載見辟王，曰求厥章”。比較《詩經(jīng).大雅.瞻卬》“豈曰不極”;“瞻卬”即“瞻仰”。再比較:《詩經(jīng).小雅.天?！罚?ldquo;君曰卜爾，萬壽無疆。”《詩經(jīng).大雅.常武》：“徐方不回，王曰還歸。”“莫”：“末尾”的“末”，“歲莫”，即“年末”。又如“維莫之春，亦又何求?”比較“暮春三月”之類文言!但本詩最后一句“莫知我哀”，“莫”表示“不”，后者是常見的用法。又如《詩經(jīng).小雅.天?！罚?ldquo;天保定爾，以莫不興;如山如埠，如岡如陵，如川之方至，以莫不增。”但《詩經(jīng).大雅.文王之什.皇矣》“求民之莫”：“莫”同“瘼”，表示“疾苦”。“靡mǐ”：無。“靡室靡家”，沒有家室。這個“靡mǐ”字常見于《詩經(jīng)》。王“王事靡盬gu”：國家的事情沒有結束的時候。
此話又三次見《詩經(jīng).唐風.鴇羽》。
“遑huáng”：《現(xiàn)代漢語詞典》解釋為“閑暇”。“不遑”：沒有閑暇時間。又如《詩經(jīng).小雅.四牡》：“豈不懷歸?王事靡盬gu，不遑啟處。”“王事靡盬gu，不遑將父。”。但我查《詩經(jīng)》，多次見到“皇”、“喤”等。“如《詩經(jīng).大雅.文王之什.皇矣》開頭：“皇矣上帝”?！对娊?jīng).大雅.周頌.執(zhí)競》：“上帝是皇”;《詩經(jīng).大雅.魯頌.閟宮》：“皇皇后帝”;又如《詩經(jīng).小雅.皇皇者華》：“皇皇者華”;“皇”表示“盛大”、“偉大”，“堂皇”、“茂盛”之類意義。“不遑huang啟居”：也可理解為“起居不安”，我認為：“
啟居”即“起居“。遑huang：表示“安閑”，
遑huang比其同音字“惶皇煌偟凰蝗篁”等少見。而下文“啟處”似表示“啟程”。玁xiǎn狁yǔn：指入侵或騷擾邊疆的異族。獫狁xianyun：當時稱“匈奴”為“獫狁xianyun”;“獫狁xianyun”與“匈奴xiongnu”幾乎同音，可能只是方音的差別。
“烈烈”：熾烈，形容憂心如焚。
載zài饑載渴：又饑又渴。又如現(xiàn)代漢語成語“載歌載舞”。
“我戍未定，靡使歸聘”：我守衛(wèi)的邊境還不安定，不讓我回家探親。“戍shù”：守衛(wèi)。“聘pìn”：問，探問。
“陽”：陽光，陽光燦爛，春光明媚，似指春節(jié)。我聯(lián)想到王安石《元日》中“春風送暖入屠蘇”與“千門萬戶曈曈日”的情景。
“靡盬gu”：沒有完結。“盬gǔ”：結束，完結。
“孔”：副詞，表示“很”。
“我行不來”：我的行程沒有到來。參見下文“行道遲遲”與“今我來思”，句尾的“思”字，是助詞或虛詞，相當“兮”字。“行”在《詩經(jīng)》常表示“行路”、“走路”這類意義，如《詩經(jīng).魏風.十畝之間》：“十畝之間兮，桑者閑閑兮，行與子還兮。十畝之外兮，桑者泄泄兮，行與子逝兮。”又如《詩經(jīng).唐風.杕di杜》：“嗟行之人，胡不比也”。常：常棣，植物名。
《詩經(jīng).小雅.常棣》：“常棣之華，鄂不樺樺。凡今之人，莫如兄弟。死喪之威，兄弟孔懷。”
“君子”：指將帥。“小人”：指士兵。
“戎(róng)”：車，兵車，戰(zhàn)車。引申為“從軍打仗”。如成語“兵戎相見”，“投筆從戎”，“戎馬一生”等。
“牡(mǔ)”：雄馬。
“四牡業(yè)業(yè)”：“業(yè)業(yè)”形容認真努力;見成語“兢兢業(yè)業(yè)”
。“四牡骙kui骙”：“骙kui骙”形容威武雄壯;比較成語“眾目睽睽”"四牡翼翼”：“翼翼”形容警惕小心;見成語“小心翼翼”。“捷”：走捷徑。
“腓féi”：庇護，掩護。
“弭mǐ”：弓的一種，其兩端飾以骨角。“象弭”是象牙裝飾兩端的弓。“魚服”，是魚皮制的箭袋或箭囊。
“豈不日戒，玁狁孔棘jí。”“日戒”：天天戒備或常備不懈。“孔棘”：很棘手，很厲害，很麻煩。“孔”：副詞，表示“很”?！对娊?jīng)》里常見。
“霏(fēi)霏”：雪花紛落的樣子。比較"靡mi"(與糜mi同音)，”，其同音字有不少，如“非菲匪扉斐緋”等。按《現(xiàn)代漢語詞典》，“靡mi”：無，沒有;如“靡日不思”。
值得注意的是：此詩最后一章(段)帶有總結性質。前幾段(章)是寫出征守邊的情景，因此寫“昔我往矣，楊柳依依”;后六句則寫今天回家途中的情景與心情：“今我來思，雨雪霏霏。行道遲遲，載渴載饑;我心傷悲，莫知我哀。”
(二)
下面推薦兩位英美漢學家的譯文：
譯文一(James Legge 譯)
Let us gather the thorn-ferns, let us gather the thorn-ferns; The thorn-ferns are now springing up.When shall we return ? When shall we return ?It will be late in the [next] year.Wife and husband will be separated,Because of the Xian-yun.We shall have no leisure to rest,Because of the Xian-yun.Let us gather the thorn-ferns, let us gather the thorn-ferns; The thorn-ferns are now tender.When shall we return? When shall we return?Our hearts are sorrowful; Our hearts are sad and sorrowful; We shall hunger, we shall thirst.While our service on guard is not finished,We can send no one home to enquire about our families.Let us gather the thorn-ferns, let us gather the thorn-ferns;The thorn-ferns are now hard.When shall we return? When shall we return?The year will be in the tenth month.But the king's business must not be slackly performed;We shall have no leisure to rest.Our sorrowing hearts are in great distress;But we shall not return from our expedition.What is that so gorgeous?It is the flowers of the cherry tree.What carriage is that?It is the carriage of our general.His war carriage is yoked;The four steeds are strong.Dare we remain inactive?In one month we shall have three victories.The four steeds are yoked,The four steeds, eager and strong; –The confidence of the general,The protection of the men.The four steeds move regularly, like wings ; –There are the bow with its ivory ends, and the seal-skin quiver.Shall we not daily warn one another?The business of the Xian-yun is very urgent.At first, when we set out,The willows were fresh and green;Now, when we shall be returning,The snow will be falling in clouds.Long and tedious will be our marching;We shall hunger ; we shall thirst.Our hearts are wounded with grief,And no one knows our sadness.
譯文二(Ezra Pound 譯)
SONG OF THE BOWMAN OF SHUHere we are, picking the first fern-shootsAnd saying: When shall we get back to our country?Here we are because we have the Ken-nin for our foemen,We have no comfort because of these Mongols.We grub the soft fern-shoots,When anyone says "Return," the others are full of sorrow.Sorrowful minds, sorrow is strong, we are hungry and thirsty.Our defense is not yet made sure, no one can let his friend return.We grub the old fern-stalks.We say: Will we be let to go back in October?There is no ease in royal affairs, we have no comfort.Our sorrow is bitter, but we would not return to our country.What flower has come into blossom?Whose chariot? The General's.Horses, his horses even, are tired. They were strong.We have no rest, three battles a month.By heaven, his horses are tired.The generals are on them, the soldiers are by them.The horses are well trained, the generals have ivory arrows andquivers ornamented with fish-skin.The enemy is swift, we must be careful.When we set out, the willows were drooping with spring,We come back in the snow,We go slowly, we are hungry and thirsty,Our mind is full of sorrow, who will know of our grief?
(三)
我根據(jù)自己對原文的以上理解，學習、參考、借鑒英美漢學家的譯文(主要是他們地道的英語)，重新試譯初稿如下：
(先逐段翻譯，后全詩整合)
采薇Song of Gathering Ferns采薇采薇, 薇亦作止;曰歸曰歸，歲亦莫止。靡mi室靡家， 玁yan狁yun之故;不遑huang啟居 玁狁之故。 I am gathering ferns in the field, And the ferns are growing green.Who can tell me the date to return? This year has already come to the end. We left home for war against foreigners;We have no leisure because of Yan-yuns,Nor peace because of their offence.We live far from my wife and parents.采薇采薇，薇亦柔止;曰歸曰歸，心亦憂止。憂心烈烈，載饑載渴;我戍未定，靡使歸聘。I am gathering ferns in the field, And the ferns are growing tender.Who can tell me the date to go home? My heart is full of sorrow and pain. My soul is so sad, my body so tired;We often suffer from hunger and thirst.Our service in borders isn't finished,We are not allowed to get home yet. 采薇采薇，薇亦剛止;曰歸曰歸，歲亦陽止。王事靡盬gu，不遑啟處;憂心孔疚，我行不來。I am gathering ferns in the field, And the ferns are growing strong.Who can tell me the date to go home? This New year has been coming now. The national affairs are always busy;We have no time to rest during service.My heart is full of sorrows and pains,For the date to return comes not yet. 彼爾維何，維常之華;彼路斯何，君子之車。戎車既駕，四牡mu業(yè)業(yè);豈敢定居，一月三捷。What are those that bloom?It is the flowers of cherry trees.What is on the road there?It is the carriage of our general.Our chariots are ready to fight;The four steeds strong for each .Every one must be brave in battlesTo win victory after victory always.駕彼四牡，四牡骙kui骙;君子所依，小人所腓fei。四牡翼翼，象弭mi魚服;豈不日戒，玁狁孔棘。The four steeds drive chariots on,Every steed is eager and strong; –That is confidence of our general,That is secure of the men's life.The four steeds move in good order; –Ivory bows and seal-skin quiverare ready.Shall we not always warn against The troubles of the foreingers.昔我往矣，楊柳依依;今我來思，雨雪霏霏。行道遲遲，載渴載饑;我心傷悲，莫知我哀。 I'm on the way home now at lastThe snow is falling in flakes;When I left home, as I remember, Willows were green and fresh then;My way will be long and tedious;I've to suffer from thirst and hunger .My heart is filled with sorrows,And no one can know my sadness.
以上分段英譯，現(xiàn)整合全文如下：
Song of Gathering Ferns
I am gathering ferns in the field, And the ferns are growing green.Who can tell me the date to return? This year has already come to the end. We left home for war against foreigners;We have no leisure because of Yan-yuns,Nor peace because of their offence.We live far from my wife and parents.I am gathering ferns in the field, And the ferns are growing tender.Who can tell me the date to go home? My heart is full of sorrow and pain. My soul is so sad, my body so tired;We often suffer from hunger and thirst.Our service in borders isn't finished,We are not allowed to get home yet. I am gathering ferns in the field, And the ferns are growing strong.Who can tell me the date to go home? This New year has been coming now. The national affairs are always busy;We have no time to rest during service.My heart is full of sorrows and pains,For the date to return comes not yet. What are those that bloom?It is the flowers of cherry trees.What is on the road there?It is the carriage of our general.Our chariots are ready to fight;The four steeds strong for each .Every one must be brave in battlesTo win victory after victory always.The four steeds drive chariots on,Every steed is eager and strong; –That is confidence of our general,That is secure of the men's life.The four steeds move in good order; –Ivory bows and seal-skin quiverare ready.Shall we not always warn against The troubles of the foreingers.I'm on the way home now at length.The snow is falling in flakes;When I left home, as I remember,Willows green seemed to be grievous;My way will be long and tedious;I've to suffer from thirst and hunger.My heart is filled with sorrows,And no one can know my sadness.
(四)
《小雅.采薇》名段九種英譯文對比
(曾沖明2011年12月8日傍晚發(fā)稿)
《小雅.采薇》的最后一節(jié)、即第六節(jié)，是人們最喜歡的;主要還是因為它沒有生僻的字，比較通俗易懂。我收集九種英譯文如下：昔我往矣，楊柳依依;今我來思，雨雪霏霏fei;行道遲遲，載渴載饑;我心傷悲，莫知我哀。
譯文一(理雅各譯)
At first, when we set out,
The willows were fresh and green;
Now, when we shall be returning,
The snow will be falling in clouds.
Long and tedious will be our marching,
We shall hunger; we shall thirst.
Our hearts are wounded with grief.
And no one knows our sadness.
譯文二(翟寧斯譯)
At first, when we started on our track,
The willows green were growing,
And now, when we think of the journey back,
It is raining fast and snowing.
And tendious and slow the march will be,
And food and drink will fail us.
Ah, hard bear is the misery!
None knows what grief asails us.
譯文三(龐德譯)
Willows were green when we set out,
It's blowin’an’snowin’as we go down this road,
muddy and slow,hungry and thirsty and blue a doubt
no one feels half of what we know.
譯文四(Authur.Waley阿瑟.威利譯)
Long ago, when we started,
The willows spread their shade.
Now that we turn back
The snowflakes fly.
The march before us is long,
We are thirsty and hungry,
Our hearts are striken with sorrow,
But no one listens to our plaint.
譯文五(Burton Watson 譯)
Long ago we set out when willows were rich and green.
Now we come back through thickly falling snow.slow,
slow our march,we were thirsty, we are hungry,
our hearts worn with sorrow,
No one knows our woe.
譯文六(汪榕培譯)
When I set out so long ago,
Fresh and green was the willow.
When now homeward I go,T
here is a heavy snow.
The homeward march is slow;
My hunger and thirst grow.
My heart is filled with sorrow;
Who on earth will ever know!
The homeward march is slow;
My hunger and thirst grow.
譯文七(許淵沖譯)
When I left here,
Willows shed tear.
I come back now,
Snow bends the bough.
Long, long the way;
Hard, hard the day,
Hunger and thirst
Both press me worst.
My grief o'erflows.
Who knows!who knows!
譯文八(卓振英譯)
Gathering Ferns
My native willows green and gay
Did wave me farewell in the past;
Now that I'm on my home-bound way,
The sleet is falling thick and fast.
Stricken with both hunger and thirst,
I'm staggering at a pace slow;
And worst of all, my heart does burst
With such sorrow as none could know!
譯文九(曾沖明譯)
I'm on the way home now at length.
The snow is falling in flakes;
When I left home, as I remember,
Willows green seemed to be grievous;
My way will be long and tedious;
I've to suffer from thirst and hunger.
My heart is filled with sadness,
And no one can know my sorrows.
| 詩 | 詩句 | 詩詞鑒賞 | 詩詞 | 散文詩 | 現(xiàn)代詩 | 打油詩 |
| 詩 | 詩句 | 詩詞鑒賞 | 詩詞 | 散文詩 | 現(xiàn)代詩 | 打油詩 |