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中考英語語法：直接引語和間接引語
語法要點：直接引語和間接引語屬于賓語從句范疇。直接引述別人的原話，叫直接引語;用自己的話轉述別人的話， 或引用自己說過的話，叫間接引語。由于時間、地點以及人物都有可能起變化，所以間接引語中的時態(tài)、人稱、語序、指示代詞、時間狀語、地點狀語等要作相應的變化。
1. 直接引語和間接引語的轉換方法
① 間接引語語序改為陳述句語序
陳述句用 that 引導，口語中常省略 She said，例：
“I am going to the cinema. ”
→ She said (that) she was going to the cinema.
② 一般疑問句
用if/whether連接，例：
“Have you ever travelled by plane?” she asked me.
→ She asked me if / whether I had travelled by plane.
③ 反意疑問句
用if/whether連接，例：
He asked，“You are a doctor， aren’t you?”
→ He asked (me) if / whether I was a doctor.
④ 特殊疑問句
由原疑問詞連接(如疑問代詞是主語，不要改變語序)，例：
He asked, “Who will come to help us?”
→ He asked who would come to help them.
She said, “Where have you been， Simon?”
→ She asked Simon where he had been.
⑤ 選擇疑問句
由 whether…or 引導，例：
Eddie said, “Is this a TV set or a computer?”
→ Eddie asked (me) whether that was a TV set or a computer.
⑥ 祈使句
用“tell /ask /order someone (not) to do something” 結構，將動詞原形變?yōu)閯釉~不定式，例：
“Put up your hands，” said the teacher.
→ The teacher told them to put up their hands.
“Don’t play football on the street，” the policeman said.
→ The policeman ordered us not to play football on the street.
2. 時態(tài)的變化
如主句的謂語動詞是一般過去時，直接引語變間接引語時，從句的謂語動詞在時態(tài)上要作相應變化：
直接引語 間接引語
一般現(xiàn)在時 → 一般過去時
現(xiàn)在進行時 → 過去進行時
現(xiàn)在完成時 → 過去完成時
一般過去時 → 過去完成時
過去完成時 → 過去完成時(不變)
一般將來時 → 過去將來時
3. 指示代詞、時間狀語和地點狀語，直接引語變間接引語時的變化
① 指示代詞
this →that
these → those
② 時間狀語
now → then
today → that day
tonight → that night
this morning(week， month…) → that morning(week， month …)
tomorrow → the next day
next week(month…) → the next week(month …)
yesterday → the day before
last week(month…) → the week(month…) before
three days(a year …) ago → three days(a year …) before
③ 地點狀語 here → there
④ 動詞 come → go
特別提示：以上變化要根據(jù)說話的實際情況來定，不要機械地照搬。假如就在當?shù)剞D述，here 就不必改為there;如果就在當天轉述，yesterday，tomorrow 等時間狀語也不必改變。
直擊考點
一、單項填空
1. — My parents always tell me others late at night.
— They’re right. It’s not polite.
A. call B. not call C. to call D. not to call
(06年 福州)
【答案】D
【解析】從答語“他們說得對，那是不禮貌的”可知，“My parents always tell me…”意為“父母常叫我不要在夜里給別人打電話”。動詞不定式是not to do，即tell sb. not to do sth. 。
2. This morning my mother asked me .
A. why he is not here B. how did my brother do it
C. what time is it D. what Judy did over the weekend
(06年 長春)
【答案】D
【解析】主句動詞asked是過去式，間接引語應用與過去有關的時態(tài)，并用陳述語序，只有選項D符合要求。
3. They say there a new bridge across the river in two years.
A. will have B. is going to be C. has
(06年 武漢)
【答案】B
【解析】They say句是一般現(xiàn)在時，又因in two years“兩年之后”，間接引語要用一般將來時;there be 不可與have一起用，故答案是B。
4. — Could you tell me ?
— Glad to help.
A. if I have been to the Great Wall B. where did he study
C. how I can get to the station D. what’s your name
(06年 錦州)
【答案】C
【解析】根據(jù)間接引語應該是陳述句語序，排除B、D選項，A意思不合邏輯。句中could是一種委婉語氣，不要和過去時態(tài)聯(lián)系在一起。
5. The students said they have a picnic together after the big test.
A. would love to B. would love C. had love D. had love
(06年 呼和浩特)
【答案】A
【解析】主句中的said是動詞過去式，從after the big test可判斷，間接引語應該用過去將來時;to have a picnic together是would love的賓語。
6. — What did the head teacher say at the meeting?
— He said， “We be proud of working hard. We mustn’t be lazy. ”
A. must B. needn’t C. may D. can’t
(06年 福州)
【答案】A
【解析】此題是一句直接引語，根據(jù)句意“我們應該以勤勞為榮，不應該懶惰”，選擇A。
7. Who can tell me at the meeting?
A. what he said B. he said what
C. what did he say D. how he said
(06年 徐州)
【答案】A
【解析】根據(jù)間接引語對連接詞和語序的要求，排除B、C選項;said是及物動詞，what作賓語。
8. Will you please tell us before you came to our city?
A. where do you work B. where did you work
C. where you worked
(06年 成都)
【答案】C
【解析】 從句應該是用陳述語序。
二、根據(jù)要求完成下列各題。
1. If you ask someone to help you carry a heavy box， what will you say?
(06年 連云港)
【答案】Could you give/lend me a hand? 或：Could you help me，please?
【解析】因為請求別人幫忙，所以說話語氣要委婉，使用could要比can更好。
2. My brother said he (let) me have the bike as soon as he had cleaned it.
(用所給詞的適當形式填空)
(06年 無錫)
【答案】would let/ was going to let
【解析】as soon as引導的是時間狀語從句，因為主句是過去式，所以從句由一般將來時改變?yōu)檫^去將來時。
3. She said to me， “Don’t write the letter with a pencil. ” (改為間接引語)
She told me with a pencil.
(06年 廣州)
【答案】not to write the letter
【解析】直接引語是否定祈使句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，用not to do sth.作賓語補足語。
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