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2017中考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法：定語(yǔ)從句
定義：在復(fù)合句中，修飾主句中的某一名詞或代詞的句子(從句)叫定語(yǔ)從句。
A doctor is a person who looks after the sick people’s health.
先行詞 關(guān)系代詞 謂語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)
(定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞)
其中，who是關(guān)系代詞，在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)。
先行詞：被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞叫先行詞，通常位于定語(yǔ)從句之前。
關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。它既起連接作用，又充當(dāng)從句中的一個(gè)成分。
含定語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為：先行詞+關(guān)系詞+定語(yǔ)從句
This is the school where my mother works.
先行詞=關(guān)系詞
如：That is the bike which my father bought for me. which= bike
考點(diǎn)：引導(dǎo)詞的選擇
定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞：
關(guān)系代詞 that、which、who、whom(賓格)、whose;
關(guān)系副詞 when、where、why
關(guān)系代詞
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關(guān)系代詞 |
指代對(duì)象 |
在從句中的成分 |
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人 |
物 |
主語(yǔ) |
賓語(yǔ) |
定語(yǔ) |
|
who(whom) |
√ |
|
√ |
√ |
|
|
which |
|
√ |
√ |
√ |
|
|
that |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
|
|
whose |
√ |
√ |
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|
√ |
1. Do you know the girl who/that has got an “A” in the exam?
2. She has got a computer which/that her parents bought for her.
3. This is the factory that/which his father visited three years ago.
4. The boy whose father is a doctor studies very hard.
5. The room whose window is open is mine.
6. I still remember the day when you left for Beijing.
7. This is the factory where I worked three years ago.
8. Could you explain the reason why you were late again?
注意：
一、which與that指物時(shí)可互相代替，但也有只能用that不能用which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句：
口訣：兩代限形特疑序
①兩：先行詞詞中同時(shí)含有“人”和“物”的名詞時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句只能用that引導(dǎo)。
I can remember the persons and the pictures that I saw in the room.
②代：先行詞為everything、something、anything、nothing、all、none、much、little、few等不定代詞或被這些不定代詞修飾時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句只能用that引導(dǎo)。
Here is all the money (that) I have.
③限：先行詞同時(shí)又被the only、the very或the right修飾時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句只能用that引導(dǎo)。
It is the only word that I know in the passage.
④形：先行詞同時(shí)又被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句只能用that引導(dǎo)。
This is the most interesting story that I have ever heard.
⑤特疑：當(dāng)主句是who或 which開頭的特殊疑問句時(shí)，用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。
Who is the girl that won the first place?
⑥序：先行詞同時(shí)又被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句只能用that引導(dǎo)。
This is the first composition that he has written in English.
二、不能使用that的定語(yǔ)從句
1、主句與從句用逗號(hào)隔開，先行詞是物時(shí)，只用which，不用that。
She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into her mouth.
2、關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí)。(關(guān)系詞前有介詞時(shí)，關(guān)系詞只能為which或whom)
This is the hotel in which you will stay.
Who is the teacher to whom Lily is talking?
3、先行詞是one(s)、anyone、someone、those時(shí)，關(guān)系詞使用who。
Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.
三、關(guān)系詞的省略
關(guān)系詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)可省略;但關(guān)系代詞which, whom在從句中做介詞的賓語(yǔ)且介詞位于關(guān)系代詞前時(shí)，不可
以省略;that、which、who在從句中做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，不能省略。
1、The boy (who/ that) I like isn’t here now.(作賓語(yǔ)，可省略)
2、I’ll never forget the day on which I joined the army.
3、Who is the boy that is talking with our teacher?
注：判斷關(guān)系詞的成分可以通過還原法，即把先行詞帶入從句 中，先行詞的成分就是關(guān)系詞的成分。
四、whose 指人，也可指物，表示某人的或 某物的，在從句中作定語(yǔ)，不可省略。Please show me the book whose cover is red.
關(guān)系副詞
關(guān)系副詞用來引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，在句中作狀語(yǔ)。
Where—修飾地點(diǎn)詞，在從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。
When—修飾時(shí)間詞，在從句中做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
Why—修飾reason，在從句中做原因狀語(yǔ)。
拓展：關(guān)系副詞和關(guān)系代詞的比較
1. I know a place where we can have a picnic.
I know a place which/that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery.
2. I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together.
I will never forget the days that / which we spent together.
3. This is the reason why he was dismissed.
This is the reason that / which he explained to me for his not attending the meeting.
結(jié)論：先行詞做狀語(yǔ)用where/when/why，做主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)時(shí)用關(guān)系代詞that、which。
為什么第一句用where引導(dǎo)，而第二句卻用which?
1. This is the place where the accident took place last night.
2. This was the place which I visited last year.
題一：如何保證正確地選擇關(guān)系詞?
1. This is the factory _____ his father worked three years ago.
2. This is the factory ______ his father visited three years ago.
定語(yǔ)從句經(jīng)典考題
題二：We were talking about the piano and the pianist ____ were in the concert we attended last night.
A. which B. whom C. who D. that
題三：I like to live in a house _____is big and bright.
A. that B. who C. how D. why
題四：She lives in a house ____windows face south.
A. that B. who C. which D. whose
題五：I hate people ______ talk much but do little.
A. whose B. whom C. which D. who
題六：I shall never forget those years _____ I lived in the country with my grandma.
A. that B. when C. which D. what
題七：He still remembers the days _____ he spent with your family.
A. when B. where C. that D. on which
題八：This is the reason ______ he is leaving now.
A. as B. which C. why D. what
定語(yǔ)從句(下): 講義參考答案
題一：1. where 2. that/which/可省略
定語(yǔ)從句經(jīng)典考題
題二：D 題三：A 題四：D 題五：D 題六：B 題七：C 題八：C
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