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高考英語主旨大意題答題技巧
我們閱讀一篇文章，首先是要了解其大意，明確其主旨。因此，主旨大意題是
?？碱}。主旨大意題包括：主要內(nèi)容(main idea， mainly about)型、文章標(biāo)題(title)型、寫作目的(purpose)型。
一、主要內(nèi)容型
[技巧點撥]弄清文章的大意，關(guān)鍵是找到主題句。
主題句的位置：主題句通常在文首、文末或首尾呼應(yīng)，有時也在文中，或沒有主題句，需根據(jù)文章所述內(nèi)容進(jìn)行歸納。各段的主題句也常在該段的首句或尾句。議論文和說明文一般有主題句，但記敘文通常沒有主題句，需要歸納。
找主題句的方法：用瀏覽法(skimming)，即快速閱讀文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主題線索和主題信息。
找主題句的四個小竅門：
1.段落中出現(xiàn)表轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(如however, but, in fact, actually, while, on the contrary, in contrast等)時，其后的句子很可能是主題句。
2.首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時，對該問題的回答很可能就是主題句。
3.作者有意識地反復(fù)強調(diào)的觀點，通常是主旨;反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。
4.表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的話常有therefore，thus， in short，conclude， conclusion等。
經(jīng)典例題
1. That’s when Jack arrived on the scene. He was different from any other guy I’d dated. He could sit for hours on the piano bench with my mother, discussing some composers. My brother Rick loudly announced that Jack wasn’t a turkey like the other guys I’d brought home. Jack passed my family’s test. But what about Dad’s?
What is the main idea of Paragraph 2?
A. Jack got the family’s approval except Dad’s.
B. Jack was different from any other boy.
C. Jack was getting on well with Mother.
D. Jack knew a lot about piano.
答案：A
解析：通過第二段的內(nèi)容可知Jack贏得了作者全家人的欣賞，但由于作者的父親已去世，作者不知道Jack在父親那兒是否也能通過，故A正確。
2. Have you ever been to the world’s smallest bookstore?
The world’s smallest bookstore, whose official name is just these three words, sits quietly about 100 miles northeast of Toronto.
What’s the passage mainly about?
A. The world’s smallest bookstore.
B. A strange way of selling books.
C. The popular books nowadays.
D. The popular bookstores in the world
答案：A
解析：文章第一段用一個問句引出了本文的主題：你去過世界上最小的圖書館嗎?后文對該圖書館做了詳細(xì)的描述，所以本文的主題就是A項。
3. It’s generally believed that people act the way they do because of their personalities and attitudes. They recycle their garbage because they care about the environment. They pay S5 for a caramel brul6e latte because they like expensive coffee drinks.
It’s undeniable that behavior comes from our inner dispositions (性情)，but in many instances we also draw inferences about who we are, as suggested by the social psychologist Daryl Bern, by observing our own behavior. We can be strangers to ourselves. If we knew our own minds，why would we need to guess what our preferences are from our behavior? If our minds were an open book, we would know exactly how much we care about the environment or like lattes. Actually，we often need to look to our behavior to figure out who we are.
Moreover, we don’t just use our behavior to learn about our particular types of character. We infer characters that weren’t there before. Our behavior is often shaped by little pressures around us, which we fail to recognize. Maybe we recycle because our wives and neighbors would disapprove if we didn't. Maybe we buy lattes in order to impress the people around us. We should not mistakenly believe that we always behave as a result of some inner disposition.
Whatever pressures there can be or inferences one can make, people become what they do，though it may not be in compliance (符合)with their true desires. Therefore, we should all bear in mind Kurt Vonnegufs advice： “We are what we pretend to be, so we must be careful about what we pretend to be. ’’
What does the author mainly discuss in the passage?
A. Personalities and attitudes.
B. Preferences and habits.
C. Behavior and personalities.
D. Attitudes and preferences.
答案：C
解析：本文的第一段提出普遍觀點“行為來自個性和態(tài)度”，第二段含but的首句才是本文要提出的觀點，“行為來自個性這是不可否認(rèn)的，但在許多情況下，我們會作出推論：我們是誰”，第三段和第四段說“我們的行為還來自于我們周圍人的壓力，可能并不是我們真實的愿望”即“行為不一定來自個性”，因此，全文是說“行為與個性之間的關(guān)系”。 另外，文中不斷復(fù)現(xiàn)的詞即為本文的關(guān)鍵詞，是討論的中心。behavior (行為)共出現(xiàn)了8次(act一次, behavior六次, behave一次)，personalities(個性)以近義的形式復(fù)現(xiàn)了6次(inner dispositions, character, characters, inner disposition, true desires)，因此，本文主要討論的是behavior和personalities，故選C。
二.文章標(biāo)題型
文章標(biāo)題就是對文章的主要意思的概括，因此，解答這類題的方法與解答主旨要義題的方法基本相同，都是尋找主題句，或歸納主要內(nèi)容。
但主要內(nèi)容題(main idea， mainly about)的選項多用句子的形式，而標(biāo)題多用短語(特別是名詞短語)的形式，且具有以下3個特點：
(1)概括性：準(zhǔn)確而又簡短。
(2)針對性：內(nèi)容范圍相符，“帽子”不大不小。
(3)醒目性：新穎奇特，能引發(fā)讀者急迫的閱讀欲望。
推敲選項正誤的4個小竅門：
1.正確選項一般含有抽象名詞或概括性詞語，不出現(xiàn)細(xì)節(jié)信息，不含過分肯定或絕對意義的詞。
2.概括全面、范圍一致、說明道理的選項一般是正確答案。
3.四個選項中，內(nèi)容完全相反的兩個選項中往往有一個是正確答案。
4.干擾項特點：
(1) 概括范圍太窄，只含局部信息或某個細(xì)節(jié);
(2) 概括范圍太寬，所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容超出或多于文章闡述的內(nèi)容;
(3)無關(guān)信息：即文章中未提到、或找不到語言依據(jù)的信息。
經(jīng)典例題
1. It’s not easy, even desperate.
“We have many children left to place: 40 out of 75,” said Straub, who works for a Paris-based foreign exchange programme called LEC.
When exchange programme started 50 years ago, family life was more accommodating. For one thing, more mothers stayed home. But now, increasing numbers of women work outside the home. Exchange-student programs have struggled in recent years to sign up host families for the 30,000 teenagers who annually come from abroad to spend their academic year in the United States, as well as the thousands more who participate in summer programmes.
Which of the following is the best title of this passage?
A. Exchange Students Keep Old People Young
B. Idea of Hosting Students Is Different
C. Foreign-exchange Program Is Going On
D. US Struggles to Find Host Families
答案：D
解析：根據(jù)第二段It’s not easy, even desperate.及下文描述的未來在美國的交換生申請寄宿家庭越來越困難及其原因和相應(yīng)對策，可知 D項可以概括文章的內(nèi)容，適合作文章標(biāo)題。
2. 3D printing is one of the latest and most remarkable developments in a technology that is rapidly changing how things get produced. Here are some of amazing things hewing done today use 3D printing technology.
In spite of the uses of 3D printing above, the technology still has its limits.It can't create complex objects such as an Apple Phone.
Which is probably the best title of the passage?
A. The limitations of 3D printing
B. The disadvantages of 3D printing
C. The uses of 3D printer;
D. The future of 3D printing
答案：C
解析：根據(jù)第一段最后一句話“Here are some of amazing things hewing done today use 3D printing technology.”及最后一段中的“In spite of the uses of 3D printing above…”可知本文主要是介紹3D打印技術(shù)的用途，故C項表述正確。
三.寫作目的型
這類題的題干中常有purpose, 或者后面接有表示目的的動詞不定式,如:intend to, meant to，(in order) to等。
[技巧點撥]
我們可以根據(jù)文章的主旨和體裁來推斷作者的寫作目的。因此,文章的首尾段或每段的首尾是閱讀的重點,作者的寫作意圖往往就隱含在其中。
作者寫文章的目的通常有三種，與之對應(yīng)的文章如下：
(1) to entertain readers(使讀者愉悅、發(fā)笑)：常見于個人經(jīng)歷或故事類的文章。
(2) to persuade readers(說服讀者接受某種觀點)：常見于廣告或議論文。廣告是作者要推銷一種產(chǎn)品或一種服務(wù)：吸引更多的游客﹑讀者或訂戶﹑觀眾等;議論文是為了說服讀者接受或贊同某一觀點。
(3) to inform readers(告知讀者某些信息)：多見于新聞報道類﹑科普類﹑文化類或社會類的文章，以及勸告性或建議性的文章。
經(jīng)典例題
1. So, what makes a good documentary, and what should we pay attention to when we watch one? Here, we offer a few easy strategies to help you get the most out of watching documentaries.
The passage is mainly written to ______.
A. inform us of factors of good documentaries.
B. help us enjoy documentaries better.
C. introduce ways of making documentaries.
D. help us figure out themes of documentaries.
答案：B
解析：根據(jù)文中第三段最后一句話“Here, we offer a few easy strategies to help you get the most out of watching documentaries.”可知答案為B項，本文主要是為了幫助我們更好地了解和觀看紀(jì)錄片。
2. Johannes’ predicament(困境) was a hidden camera experiment by Norwegian charity SOS Children’s Village as part of their winter campaign to gather donations to send much-needed coats and blankets to help Syrian children get through the winter. Many of the refugees(難民)have left their homes without winter clothing.
What’s the purpose of the experiment?
A. To make the boy famous.
B. To appeal to more people to help children in Syria.
C. To make a film.
D. To make the boy stronger.
答案：B
解析：根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段的第一句“Johannes’ predicament(困境) was a hidden…get through the winter.”可知，這個實驗的目的是呼吁更多的人去幫助那些在敘利亞難民營中的小孩度過寒冬，故選B項。
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