高考英語名詞考點總結(jié)

    為了讓大家熟悉高考英語名詞考點，出國留學網(wǎng)為大家提供高考英語名詞考點的例句和名詞考點總結(jié)，希望大家喜歡!
    高考英語名詞考點
    1. I found her sitting in the corner， reading _____ newspaper， with _____ in her eyes.
    A. a， tear B. a piece of， tears C. a， tears D. a piece of， tear
    【陷阱】誤選D，許多學生錯誤地認為，既然news(消息)和 paper(紙)均為不可數(shù)名詞，那么newspaper(報紙)也應是不可數(shù)的;同時認為“眼淚”即“淚水”，“水”不可數(shù)，“淚水”和“眼淚”也應該不可數(shù)。
    【分析】最佳答案為C。newspaper和 tear均為可數(shù)名詞，它們不僅可以連用不定冠詞、可以用復數(shù)，而且還可以連用數(shù)詞。
    Her eyes filled with tears. 她熱淚盈眶。
    She dried her tears with a handkerchief. 她用手帕擦干了眼淚。
    The newspapers were full of lies. 報紙上一片謊言。
    A newspaper is a publication. 報紙是一種出版物。
    若不是將 newspaper 當作是供閱讀或傳遞信息的一種東西，而只是把它當成一種“紙”來看待，也可用作不可數(shù)名詞，如：
    Wrap it in (a sheet of) newspaper. 把它用張報紙包起來。
    2. Her father works as a ______ in a hotel and her mother a ______ in a private company.
    A. cooker， typewriter B. cook， typist C. cooker， typist D. cook， typewriter
    【陷阱】誤選A，許多同學想當然地認為：cook 用作動詞，表示“煮飯”，所以 cooker 應是其相應的名詞，表示“煮飯的人”，即“廚師”;type 用作動詞，表示“打字”，所以 typewriter 應表示“打字員”。
    【分析】而事實是：cook=廚師，cooker=炊具;typist=打字員，typewriter=打字機。即此題正確答案為B。
    3. “Why couldn’t they meet us at five o’clock?” “Because they were delayed by ________.”
    A. heavy traffic 　 B. heavy traffics C. crowded traffic D. crowded traffics
    【陷阱】B、C、D三項均容易誤選。
    【分析】對于此題，首先要明確traffic為不可數(shù)名詞，沒有復數(shù)形式，故排除B和D。另外，漢語習慣說“交通擁擠”，而英語習慣上卻不能用crowded 來修飾 traffic，要表示漢語的“交通擁擠”，英語通常說heavy traffic，即選A。如下面一題也是選A：
    She is not a competent driver and can’t cope with driving in _______.
    A. heavy traffic 　 B. heavy traffics
    C. crowded traffic D. crowded traffics
    4. In fact， _______ one cause that leads to the problem.
    A. cattle is B. cattle are C. cattles are D. the cattles are
    【陷阱】此題容易誤選A，想當然地認為cattle是單數(shù)，并且空格有表單數(shù)的one，自然謂語動詞用is。
    【陷阱】其實，正確答案為B。cattle(牲畜，牛)為集合名詞，盡管它不帶復數(shù)詞尾-s，卻永遠表示復數(shù)意義，若用作主語，謂語要用復數(shù)。又如：
    For this many cattle were killed. 為此宰了不少牲畜。
    The prisoners were herded like cattle. 囚犯像牲口一樣被趕到一起。
    類似地，police(警察)，people(人)，police(警察)，poultry(家禽)等也具有同樣用法，即只有單數(shù)形式，但卻表示復數(shù)意義;用作主語時謂語通常也用復數(shù);不與 a(n) 連用，但可與the連用(表示總括意義和特指)。如：
    The poultry have been fed. 家禽已經(jīng)喂過飼料了。
    In Britain police do not usually carry guns. 在英國警察通常不帶槍。
    It annoys me when people forget to say “thank you”。 遇到有人忘記道謝的時候，我就不痛快。
    5. By all _______， you must try every _______ to help him.
    A. mean， mean B. means， means C. means， mean D. mean， means
    【陷阱】誤選C，認為第一空前有all修飾，故用means，而第二空前有every修飾，故用mean。
    【分析】其實，means是一個單復數(shù)同形的名詞，并且永遠帶有尾-s。換句話說，在表示“方式”、“方法”時，不存在mean這一形式(mean主要用作動詞，表示“意思是”;也可用作名詞，表示“中間”、“中庸”)。此題正確答案為C，by all means為習語，意為“一定”、“盡一切辦法”。means用作主語時，其謂語的數(shù)需根據(jù)句意來確定。比較：
    All possible means have been tried. 所有可能的辦法都已經(jīng)試過了。
    Every possible means has been tried. 每種可能的辦法都已經(jīng)試過了。
    若句意不能明確地表明主語的單復數(shù)，其謂語則用單數(shù)或復數(shù)均可。如：
    Is [Are] there any other means of getting more money? 還有其他什么辦法可弄到更多錢嗎?
    6. Jim is ______ person， and everyone is willing to be ______ with him.
    A. so kind a， friends B. so a kind， friends C. so kind a， friend D. so a kind， friend
    【陷阱】誤選C或D。認為 friend要用單數(shù)。
    【分析】其實此題最佳答案為A。so kind a person相當于such a kind person，注意兩者中冠詞的位置不同。be friends with是習語，意為“與……友好”、“跟……做朋友”，與之同義的類似地還有make friends with。值得說明的是，這類短語中的名詞總是用復數(shù)，即使句子主語為單數(shù)也是如此。如：
    He is friends with me. 他與我是朋友。
    He has made friends with everyone here. 他與這兒的每個人交上了朋友。
    7. We already have ______ pencils， but we need two ______ pens.
    A. dozen of， dozen B. dozens of， dozens C. dozens of， dozen D. dozens of， dozen of
    【陷阱】誤選 B。
    【分析】此題最佳答案為C。關(guān)于dozen的復數(shù)是否加詞尾-s的問題比較復雜，大致原則是：
    (1) 當它與具體數(shù)字連用時，既不加復數(shù)詞尾-s，也不后接介詞of。盡管有的詞書也有 two dozen of 這樣的用例，但這已屬過時用法，在考試中應避免，如1992年全國高考有一道單項選擇題就認為two dozen of為錯誤選項：
    Shortly after the accident， _____ police were sent to the spot to keep order.
    A. dozens of B. dozens C. dozen of D. dozen [D]
    (2) 當它不與具體數(shù)字連用，而是表示不確定的泛指數(shù)時，則不僅要加復數(shù)詞尾-s，而且要后接介詞 of，此時可將dozens of(許多，幾十)視為習語。如：
    I’ve been there dozens of times. 我去過那兒幾十次。
    She’s got dozens of boy-friends. 她的男朋友很多。
    下面一例中的dozens加了復數(shù)詞尾-s也屬為似情況：
    Pack them in dozens. 按打裝袋吧。
    (3) 當與 a few， several 等數(shù)目不很具體的詞連用時，加不加復數(shù)詞尾-s均可，但需注意：不加復數(shù)詞尾-s時，其后的介詞of可以省略;加詞尾-s時，其后介詞 of不能省略。如：
    several dozen (of) pencils=several dozens of pencils幾打鉛筆
    注：英語較少使用many dozen的說法，要表示類似意思可用dozens of。
    (4) 當它后面的名詞受 the， these， those 等特指限定詞修飾時，或其后的接的是us， them這樣的人稱代詞時，則此時必須用介詞 of。如：
    two dozen of these eggs 兩打這種雞蛋
    three dozen of them 它們中的3打
    注：score， hundred， thousand， million等也具有以上類似用法。
    8. She raised her finger to her lips as _____ for silence.
    A. an idea B. a mark C. a sign D. a word
    【陷阱】容易誤選B。
    【分析】應選C，sign與mark的區(qū)別是：sign 的意思是“跡象”、“征兆”gesture or movement made with the hand， head， etc， used to give information， a command， etc(用手或頭等做出示意動作以傳遞信息或命令等)，mark 的意思是 written or printed symbol or figure， line etc made as signor an indication of sth(書寫與印刷的符號或圖、線等記號)。
    根據(jù)此二詞的語義區(qū)別以及常識可知答案為C。類似地，下面兩題的答案也是C：
    (1) Those black clouds are a sure _____ that it’s going to rain.
    A. thing B. mark C. sign D. one
    (2) Just as a famous Chinese saying goes， a timely heavy snow is a ______ of good harvest next year.
    A. mark B. track C. sign D. appearance
    但是，下面一題卻不能選sign，也不能選mark，而選symbol(象征)：
    The lion is considered the king of the forest as it is a(n) _____ of courage and power.
    A. example B. sign
    C. mark D. symbol
    在近幾年的高考中像這類結(jié)合詞義區(qū)別以及語境和生活常識進行考查的試題經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)，同學們需引起注意。
    9. “May I take your order now?” “We’d like three black _______ and two green _______.”
    A. coffee， cups of teas B. coffees， teas C. cups of coffee， tea D. cup of coffees， teas
    【陷阱】誤選C，認為coffee和tea均為不可數(shù)名詞，不能后加復數(shù)詞尾-s，從而排除選項A、B、D。
    【分析】選B。有的同學認為 coffee 和tea是物質(zhì)名詞，不可數(shù)，不能用 three coffees， two teas 這樣的表達。其實，coffee既可用作不可數(shù)名詞，表示“咖啡”這種物質(zhì)，也可用作可數(shù)名詞，表示“一杯咖啡”，即在口語中 three coffees 就等于 three cups of coffee。同樣，“三杯茶”既可說成 three cups of tea，也可說成 three teas;“三杯啤酒”既可說成 three glasses of beer，也可說成 three beers。
    10. _____ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.
    A. Walk B. Walking
    C. The walk D. To walk
    【陷阱】容易誤選A或D。
    【分析】最佳答案為B。分析如下：
    (1) 首先，選項D不如選項B佳，因為，不定式通常表示特定的動作，而動名詞才表示習慣性的動作。
    (2) 盡管walk用作名詞時可以表示“散步”，但它是可數(shù)名詞，指的是一次一次的具體的散步，而不表示抽象意義或泛指意義的“散步”，要表示此義，要用動名詞 walking。比較：
    How about going for a walk? 出去散散步如何?
    Walking does good to your health. 散步對你的健康有益。
    類似地，dance 和 dancing 以及 swim 和 swimming 的區(qū)別也是一樣：
    (1) 名詞的 dance表示“跳舞”，是可數(shù)名詞，指的是一次一次的具體的跳舞，而不表示抽象意義或泛指意義的“跳舞”，要表示后者的意思，要用動名詞轉(zhuǎn)化來的名詞 dancing。比較：
    Let’s have a dance. 我們跳曲舞吧。
    He is interested in dancing. 他對跳舞感興趣。
    (2) 名詞的 swim表示“游泳”，是可數(shù)名詞，指的是一次一次的具體的游泳，而不表示抽象意義或泛指意義的“游泳”，要表示后者的意思，要用動名詞轉(zhuǎn)化來的名詞 swimming。比較：
    She had a swim every day. 她每天游一會兒泳。
    She loves swimming. 她喜歡游泳。
    ◆精編陷阱題訓練◆
    1. Ten years had passed. I found she had _______.
    A. a few white hairs B. a little white hair
    C. some white hair D. more fifty hair
    2.—Hi， this way， please.
    —OK.I sometimes have no sense of ______ when I arrive at the crossroad.
    A. position B. direction
    C. situation D. condition
    3. Shelly had prepared carefully for her English examination so that she could be sure of passing it on her first ________.
    A. intention B. attempt
    C. purpose D. desire
    4. I didn’t have to work all weekend — I did it by _______.
    A. chance B. choice
    C. accident D. myself
    5. “Did you get _____ to the party?” “Yes， I replied to it this morning.”
    A. an answer B. an invitation
    C. a question D. a letter
    6. I paid him ￡50 for the painting， but its true ______ must be at least ￡500.
    A. price B. money
    C. value D. importance
    7. His letter was so confusing that I could hardly make any ______ of it.
    A. explanation B. meaning
    C. sense D. guess
    8. You’ve just missed your ______， and you will have to wait for the next round.
    A. chance B. turn
    C. time D. part
    9. —Li Lin is very bright and studies hard as well.
    —It’s no ______ he always gets the first place in any examination.
    A. question B. doubt
    C. problem D. wonder
    10. —How can I use this washing machine?
    —Well， just refer to the _______.
    A. explanations B. expressions
    C. introductions D. directions
    11. Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of the ______.
    A. rooms number B. room number
    C. room’s numbers D. room numbers
    12. —Hello， I’d like to speak to Henry.
    —Oh， which _______? There are two ______ in our office.
    A. Henrys， Henrys 　 B. Henries， Henries
    C. Henry， Henrys 　 D. Henrys， Henries
    13. Electricity， like other forms of ______， has greatly increased in price in recent years.
    A. pressure B. force
    C. strength D. energy
    14. In order to learn the _______ of the family business， Bill took a job as messenger boy in one of the offices.
    A. ins and outs B. dos and don’ts
    C. heads and tails D. t’s and i’s
    15. —I’ve got an “A” in the examination.
    —That’s a good ______. You will surely win a second.
    A. result B. news
    C. start D. idea
    【答案與解析】
    1. 選A。hair 可用作可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞，用作可數(shù)名詞時，指一根一根的毛發(fā)或頭發(fā)，如說 There’s a hair in my soup (我的湯里有根頭發(fā));用作不可數(shù)名詞時，則是整體地指一個人的頭發(fā)。
    2. 選B。需根據(jù)句意來分析。have no sense of direction 意為“沒有方向感”。
    3. 選B。需根據(jù)句意來分析。attempt 在此表示“嘗試”。
    4. 選B，由于上文說 didn’t have to work，所以下文相應的語境應是 did it by choice。類似地，下面一題應選D，也是因為choice與下文的have to do it 相呼應：
    Were you given a _____， or did you have to do it?
    A. job B. duty
    C. request D. choice
    5. 選 B。注意其后的 to the party 和 replied to it。
    6. 選C。value 指“價值”。
    7. 選C。make sense of 意為“明白”、“理解”。比較：make sense 意為“有意義”、“意思清楚”、“有道理”。如下面一題選D：
    What he told us about the situation simply doesn’t make any ______.
    A. use B. reason
    C. value D. sense
    8. 選B。miss one’s turn 為“錯過機會”，注意下文的 …have to wait for the next round 所表示的語境。
    9. 選D。it’s no wonder (+that從句)的意思是“難怪”，也可說成 No wonder (+that從句)。
    10. 選D。directions 的意思是“使用說明”，空格前的 refer to 意為“查看”、“參考”。
    11. 選D。room 為無生命名詞，不用 room’s 這樣的所有格形式，在此可直接用名詞作定語。類似地，下面一題要選B，也是一樣的道理(名詞作定語通常用單數(shù)不用復數(shù))：
    The boy was very happy that his mother bought him a new pair of shoes at a ______ yesterday.
    A. shoes shop B. shoe shop C. shoes’s shop D. shoe’s
    12. 選C。在通常情況下，專有名詞具有“獨一無二”性，因此它通常沒有復數(shù)形式，即不可數(shù)。但是，專有名詞的獨一無二性有時是相對的，隨著范圍的擴大，這種獨一無二性便會受到破壞。如在一個星期(week)內(nèi)，只有一個星期六(Saturday)， 一個星期日(Sunday)等，但是在一個月中甚至一年中，便有多個星期六，多個星期日了。所以我們有時可以說：We have spent many happy Sundays there. 我們在那兒度過了許多個愉快的星期日。另外一點值得注意的是，與一般的名詞單數(shù)變復數(shù)不同，以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的專有名詞，其直接加詞尾-s，而不將y改為i。
    13. 選D。從常識來考慮，electricity 屬于 energy，結(jié)合全句的語境，只有D最合適。同樣地，下面一題從常識和語境來考慮也應選D：
    (1) Some countries are increasing their use of natural gas， and other forms of ______.
    A. source B. material
    C. power D. energy
    (2) The ______ has become extremely tense. A war could break out any time between the two sides.
    A. pollution B. friendship
    C. condition D. situation
    14. 選A。ins and outs 意為“細節(jié)”，dos and don’ts 意為“注意事項”，heads or tails 為擲錢幣打賭時用語，意為“你賭正面還是賭反面”，p’s and q’s主要用于 mind one’s p’s and q’s，意為“留意自己的言行”。結(jié)合句意，選A最合適。
    15. 選C。從語法上看，news 不可選，因為它不可數(shù);從意義上看，D不可選，因為選D意思不通;比較A和C，選C最合適，因為 start與下文的 a second 相吻合。
    代詞考點
    ◆典型陷阱題分析◆
    1. _____ with any common sense can tell the difference between the two.
    A. Who B. Whoever
    C. Anyone D. Who ever
    【陷阱】容易誤選B。
    【分析】最佳答案為C。有的同學誤選B主要是因為受以下這類句子的影響：
    Whoever comes will be welcome. 任何人來都歡迎。
    Whoever wants the book may have it. 任何人要這書都可拿去。
    Whoever gets the job will have a lot of work. 誰要是得到這份工作就有很多事要做。
    以上三句中 whoever 引導的均為主語從句，其中的 whoever均可換成 anyone who，但是不能換成 anyone。以上試題從表面上看，與以上各例很相似，其實它們有本質(zhì)的不同，即 _____ with any common sense 中沒有謂語動詞，所以我們不能選 whoever。此題的正確答案為C，anyone 為句子主語，with any common sense 為修飾 anyone 的定語?，F(xiàn)將此題稍作改動如下，答案選B：
    _______ has any common sense can tell the difference between the two.
    A. Who B. Whoever
    C. Anyone D. Who ever
    2. The dictionary is really useful. Every boy and girl _____ it and they each _____ to buy one.
    A. like， want B. likes， wants
    C. likes， want D. like， wants
    【陷阱】容易誤選D。認為前面一空填復數(shù)動詞，因為其主語是 boy and girl，為復數(shù);第二空填單數(shù)動詞，因為其前有 each，表示“每一個”。
    【分析】事實上，此題應選C。因為按英語習慣，every 后接兩個并列的單數(shù)名詞作主語時，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)，即第一空填 likes;而第二空要填復數(shù)動詞 want，是因為其前的主語是 they 而不是 each(each 為主語的同位語)。
    3. Everyone knows that Canada is larger than _____ country in Asia.
    A. any B. any other
    C. other D. another
    【陷阱】容易誤選B。選擇的依據(jù)是以下大家熟悉的句型(其中的 other 不可省略)：
    He is taller than any other student in our class. 他是我們班最高的。
    English is more widely used in international intercourse than any other language today. 現(xiàn)今英語在國際交往中比其他任何語言用得都廣。
    【分析】但是上面一題與這類句子有所不同。這類句型到底該不該加 other，主要應看所談論的對象是否在比較的范圍之內(nèi)：若在范圍之內(nèi)，則用 other (以排除自己與自己比較);若不在范圍之內(nèi)，則不用 other。比較下面一題：
    China is larger than _____ country in Asia.
    A. any B. any other C. other D. another
    此題應選B，因為 China 在 Asia 的范圍之內(nèi)。假若選A，則表示“中國比亞洲的任何國家都大”，而中國本身也是亞洲國家，由此則得出“中國比中國大”的荒謬結(jié)論。而選B，則表示“中國比亞洲任何其他國家要大”，這才合乎事實。
    4. “What do you think of them?” “I don’t know _____ is better， so I’ve taken _____ of them.”
    A. what， both B. what， none
    C. which， both C. which， none
    【陷阱】幾個干擾均有可能誤選。
    【分析】最佳答案為C。做好此題的關(guān)鍵是要注意句中的 better 一詞，由于better 用的是比較級，說明比較的對象應是兩者，由此可推知第二空應填both;另一方面，由于所談論的是兩者，說明選擇范圍比較窄、比較明確，所以第一空應填 which。
    . “Would you like a cup of coffee or a glass of beer?” “____ will do， but milk is _____ popular with me.”
    A. Neither， not B. Both， more
    C. Either， the most D. All， the most
    【陷阱】很容易誤選B，因為前文提到 coffee 和 beer 為兩者，所以有的同學就認為應選 both 和 more 與之對應(more 為比較級，指兩者比較)。
    【分析】做對此題的關(guān)鍵是要注意到下文提到的 milk既不是 coffee 也不是 beer，而是除這兩者外的第三者，故第二空應填 the most，即此題最佳答案為C。
    6. I read about it in some book or other， does it matter _____ it was?
    A. where B. what
    C. how D. which
    此題答案選D，主要與上文的some book or other (某一本書)這一語境有關(guān)，全句句意為：“我在某一本書上讀到過它，是哪一本書這很重要嗎?”請看類似試題：
    (1) “Who told you?” “Oh， somebody or other， I’ve forgotten _____.”
    A. what B. when
    C. which D. who
    此題最佳答案為D。句意為：“誰告訴你的?”“噢，有個人，我忘記是哪一個了。”
    (2) Some of the students were late for the meeting， but I can’t remember _____.
    A. what B. when
    C. which D. whom
    此題最佳答案為C。句意為“有些學生開會遲到了，但我不記得是哪些學生了”。
    7. These trousers are dirty and wet — I’ll change into my _____.
    A. another B. trousers
    C. others D. other
    【陷阱】容易誤選A、B。
    【分析】最佳答案為C。是從語法上看，another 后通常接單數(shù)名詞，而不接trousers 這樣的復數(shù)名詞(若用 another pair 則可以);也不能選 trousers 是因為填它句子意思不通。最佳答案應選C，others 相當于 other trousers，其中的 other 與前面的 these 相對照。
    8. Her lecture was hard to follow because she kept jumping from one subject to _____.
    A. other B. the other
    C. the others D. another
    【陷阱】容易誤選B。選擇依據(jù)可能是one … the other …這一常用結(jié)構(gòu)。
    【分析】最佳答案為D。使用one … the other … 時，我們通常是針對兩者而言的，即指“兩者中的一個……，另一個……”;如果所談論的情況不是針對兩者而言的，而是針對多者而言的，那么我們就不宜在 one 后使用 the other，而考慮用 another。又如(答案均選D，即選 another)：
    (1) Those cakes look delicious. Could I have _____ one?
    A. other B. the other
    C. the others D. another
    (2) I have many such novels. I’ll bring _____ tomorrow.
    A. other B. the other
    C. the others D. another
    (3) Saying is one thing and doing is _____.
    A. other B. the other
    C. the others D. another
    比較以下各例：
    (1) Shut ____ eye， Jim.
    A. another B. some other
    C. other D. the other
    答案選D，因為人的眼睛只有兩只，故用 one … the other … 結(jié)構(gòu)。
    (2) It’s sometimes hard to tell one twin from _____.
    A. another B. some other
    C. other D. the other
    答案選D，twin 意為“孿生子之一”、“雙胞胎之一”，即指兩者之一，故用 one … the other … 這一結(jié)構(gòu)。
    9. There are four bedrooms， ______ with its own bathroom.
    A. all B. each
    C. every D. either
    此題容易誤選A，認為既然前面出現(xiàn)了 four bedrooms，故填 all 與之對應。其實，此題的最佳答案應為B，原因是空格后的隱藏信息 its，它表示空格處應填一個單數(shù)代詞，但是不能選C，因為 every 不能這樣單獨使用。
    10. “It’s said that he is a wise leader.” “Oh， no， he is _____ but a wise leader.”
    A. anything B. anyone
    C. anybody D. anywhere
    【陷阱】容易誤選B、C。因為句子主語指人，似乎只有B、C才與之一致。
    高考英語語法考點：
    名詞和主謂一致高考英語語法貫穿在高考英語選擇題、改錯題、高考英語作文中，在進行閱讀理解和完形填空時也用得到?？梢哉f單詞是英語學習的基礎、語法是英語學習的架構(gòu)。高考英語語法不難，總結(jié)起來也就十幾點，在聽課和做題中不斷揣摩其中的規(guī)律，再反過來通過題目精煉。
    I. 名詞的種類
    

專有名詞	普通名詞
國名地名人名，團體機構(gòu)名稱	可數(shù)名詞		不可數(shù)名詞
	個體名詞	集體名詞	抽象名詞	物質(zhì)名詞

    特別注意名詞類別的相互轉(zhuǎn)換
    個體名詞與抽象名詞的相互轉(zhuǎn)換
    

例   句	意  義	名詞性質(zhì)
①She held some flowers in her hand.          ②The trees are now in flower	花兒	個體名詞
	開花	抽象名詞
①Youth is beautiful.          ②He is a youth of twenty	青春	抽象名詞
	年輕人	個體名詞
①They have achieved remarkablesuccess in their work.          ②—How about the Christmas evening party?           —I should say it was a success.	成功	抽象名詞
	成功的事	個體名詞

    物質(zhì)名詞與個體名詞的相互轉(zhuǎn)換
    

例   句	意  義	名詞性質(zhì)
①Iron is a kind of metal.          ②Please lend me your iron.	鐵	物質(zhì)名詞
	熨斗	個體名詞
①He broke a piece of glass.          ②He broke a glass.	玻璃	物質(zhì)名詞
	玻璃杯	個體名詞
①I bought a chicken this morning          ②Please help yourself to somechicken	小雞	個體名詞
	雞肉	物質(zhì)名詞

    抽象名詞與個體名詞的轉(zhuǎn)換
    

具有動作意義的抽象名詞加用與某些動詞（如：have等）連          用，表示某一次短暫的動作	①—I’d like______information about the management of your hotel,please.          —Well, you could have____word with the manager. He might be helpful          A.some,a      B.an,some      C.some,some     D.an,a          ②They sent us        word of the latest happenings. 消息 （抽象名詞）          A.a           B.an           C./             D.the          ③Could we have         word before you go to the meeting? 話（個體名詞）          A.a           B.an           C./             D.the          類例：have a dream/a rest/a smoke/a swim/a trip/a wash/a discussion/a look          take a walk/a bath  make an advance(進步)/make an early start(早點出發(fā))          /make a decision/make a change/give a cry of pain(發(fā)出痛苦的叫聲) /give a try
表示知識和時間的抽象名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為普通名詞時可以用來表示          其中的一部分	①Many people agree that___knowledge of English is a must in____international trade today.          A.a,  /          B.the, an         C.the, the         D. /, the          a knowledge of truth(知道實際情況)          give a fuller knowledge of China(提供關(guān)于中國更為翔實的知識)          have a knowledge of shorthand(有速記的知識)          ②If there were no examination, we should have______at school.          A.the happiest time    B.a more happier time            C.much happiest time  D.a much happier time          ③         is money.            A.The time         B.A time      C.Time      D.Times
抽象名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為普通名詞可用來表示“一次、一陣、一種”具體的行為、事件、現(xiàn)象或結(jié)          果。這時名詞前往往有形容詞修飾	①Oh, John. _____you gave me!          A.How a pleasant surprise     B.How pleasant surprise          C.What a pleasant surprise     D. What pleasant surprise          ②She looked up           when I shouted.          A.in a surprise      B.in the surprise      C.in surprise       D.in some surprise          其它例子：The gift came as a complete surprise to me. We have had some unpleasant surprise          ③It is_____work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it.          A.so unusual        B. such unusual      C.such an unusual   D.so an unusual

    II. 名詞的數(shù)
    規(guī)則名詞的復數(shù)形式：名詞的復數(shù)形式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或-es(參看有關(guān)語法書)。英語里有些名詞的復數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，請看下表
    

規(guī)    則			例    詞
1	改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式		man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice
2	單復數(shù)相同		sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species
3	只有復數(shù)形式		ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents
4	一些集體名詞總是用作復數(shù)		people, police, cattle, staff
5	部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（整體）也可以作復數(shù)（成員）		audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party
6	復數(shù)形式表示特別含義		customs(海關(guān)), forces(軍隊), times(時代), spirits(情緒), drinks(飲料), sands(沙灘), papers(文件報紙), manners(禮貌), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜), ruins(廢墟)
7	表示“某國人”	加-s	Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans
		單復數(shù)同形	Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese
		以-man或-woman結(jié)尾的改為-men,-women	Englishmen, Frenchwomen
8	合成名詞	將主體名詞變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)	sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends
		無主體名詞時將最后一部分變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)	grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches
		將兩部分變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)	women singers, men servants

    III. 主謂一致
    

規(guī)則	情       況	舉       例
語                                           法                                           一                                           致                                           原                                                      則	以單數(shù)名詞或代詞動詞不定式短語，動名詞短語或從句作主語時，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式；主語為復數(shù)時，謂語動詞          用復數(shù)形式。	His father is working on the farm.                 To study English well is not easy.          Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.            What he said is very important for us all.          由what引導的主語從句，后面的謂語動詞多數(shù)情況用單數(shù)形式，但若表語是復數(shù)或what從句是一個帶有復數(shù)意義的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時，主句的謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。          what I bought were three English books.            What I say and do is (are) helpful for you.
	由連接詞and或both…and連接起來的主語后面，要用復數(shù)形式的謂語動詞。但若所連接的兩個詞是指同一個人或物          時，它后面的謂語就用單數(shù)形式。由and 連接的并列單數(shù)主語前如果分別有no, each, every 或more than a (an)/one,many a (an) 修飾時，其謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。either, neither, each, every 或no+單數(shù)名詞和由some, any no, every構(gòu)成的復合不定代詞，都作單數(shù)看待。.	Lucy and Lily are twins
		The writer and artist has come.
		Every student and every teach is in the classroom.          Many a boy and many a girl likes it.          No boy and no girl likes it.
		Each of us has a new book.       Is everyone here today?          Somebody is speaking in class.    Everything around us is matter          若none of 后面的名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，它的謂語動詞就要用單數(shù)。若它后面的名詞是復數(shù)，它的謂語動詞用單數(shù)或復數(shù)都可以。          None of the sugar was left.             None of us has (have) been to America.
	在定語從句里，關(guān)系代詞that, who, which 等作主語時，其謂語動詞的數(shù)應與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。	Those who want to go please write their names on the blackboard.          He is one of my friends who are working hard.          He is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard.
	在強調(diào)句型中應與被強調(diào)部分一致	It is I who am going to the cinema tonight.          It is we who are going to the cinema tonight.
	如果集體名詞指的是整個集體，它的謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式； 如果它指的集體的成員，其謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式	The police are looking for the lost child.            The cattle are eating grass in the field.          His family has moved to the south .(他的一家)          His family are watching TV.（他的家人）          Class four is on the third floor.（四班）          Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.（四班的學生）
	由a lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ heaps of/ the rest of/the majority of+名詞構(gòu)成的短語以及由分數(shù)或百分數(shù)+名詞構(gòu)成的短語作主語時，其謂語動詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)短語中后面名詞的數(shù)而定。	There are a lot of people in the classroom.              Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.          50 percent of the students in our class are girls.          此外，還有a number of +復數(shù)名詞有類似的用法（用復數(shù)），但the number of +復數(shù)名詞的數(shù)就得依number 而定（用單數(shù)）。          A number of students have gone to the farm to help the farmer pick apples.          The number of pages in this book is three hundred.
	在倒裝句中，謂語動詞的數(shù)應與其后的主語一致	There comes the bus.            On the wall are many pictures.          Such is the result.               Such are the facts.          Between the two hills stands a monument.
邏                     輯                     意                     義                     一                     致                     原                     則	What, who, which, any, more, all 等代詞可以是單數(shù)，也可是復數(shù)， 主要靠意思來決定。	Which is your bag?              Which are your bags?          Are any of you good at English?    Has any of you got a pen?          All can be done has been done.     All is going well.          All have been taken out.          All have gone to Beijing.
	表示時間重量長度價值等的名詞的復數(shù)作主語時，謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)形式，這是由于作主語的名詞在概念上是一個整體。	Thirty minutes is enough for the work..          Twenty pounds is too dear.          如強調(diào)這類詞的復數(shù)意義，則謂語動詞要用復數(shù)形式          Forty kilos of water are used every day.
	若英語是書名名格言劇名報名國名等的復數(shù)形式，其謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)形式。	The United States is smaller than China.          “The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book.
	表數(shù)量的短語“one and a half”后面接復數(shù)名詞作主語時，其謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。	One and a half apples is left on the table.
	一些學科名詞是以-ics結(jié)尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works 等。都屬于形式上是復數(shù)的名詞， 實際意義為單數(shù)名詞，          它們作主語時，其謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。	The paper works was built in 1990.這家造紙廠建于1990年。          I don’t think physics is easy to study.
	trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, scissors (剪刀)等詞作主語時，謂語用復數(shù)，但如果這些名詞前有a(the) pair of 等量詞修飾時（clothes被a suit of 修飾）謂語動詞用單數(shù)。	My glasses are broken.          The pair of shoes under the bed is his.
	“定冠詞the+形容詞或分詞”，表示某一類人動詞用復數(shù)；若表示某一類東西時，動詞用單數(shù)。	The old are taken good care of there.          The beautiful gives pleasure to all.
就          近          /遠          一          致          原          則	當兩個主語由either or, neither nor, not only but also ,whether or 連接時，謂語動詞和鄰近的主語保持一致,即就近一致。	Either the teacher or the students are our friends.           Neither he nor they are wholly right.          Neither they nor he is wholly right.            Is neither he nor they wholly right?
	there be 句型中be 動詞的單復數(shù)取決于其后的主語。如果其后是由and  連接的兩個主語，則應與靠近的那個主語保持一致，即就近一致。	There are two chairs and a desk in the room.          There is a desk and two chairs in the room.
	主語后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, besides, along with, including, in addition to 等引起的短語， 謂語動詞要跟主語一致，即就遠一致。	Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China.          A woman with a baby was on the bus.          Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.          She, like you and Tom, is very tall.          The girls as well as the boy have learned to speak Japanese.          No one except my teachers knows anything about it.