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The value whichsociety places on work has traditionally been closely associated with the valueof individualism and as a result it has had negative effects on the developmentof social security. (46) It has meant thatin the first place the amount of benefits must be small lest people’swillingness to work and support themselves suffers. Eventoday with flat rate and earnings-related benefits, the total amount of thebenefit must always be smaller than the person’s wages for fear ofmalingering. “The purpose of social security,” said Huntfordreferring to Sweden’s comparatively generous benefits, “is to dispel needwithout crossing the threshold of prosperity.” Second, socialsecurity benefits are granted under conditions designed to reduce thelikelihood of even the boldest of spirits attempting to live on the Staterather than work. Many of the rules surrounding the payment of unemployment orsupplementary benefit are for this purpose. Third, the value placed on work ismanifested in a more positive way as in the case of disability. (47) Peoplesuffering from accidents incurred at work or from occupational diseases receivepreferential treatment by the social security service compared with thosesuffering from civil accidents and ordinary illnesses.
Yet, the stranglehold which work has had on the social securityservice has been increasingly loosened over the years. The provision of familyallowances, family income supplements, the slight liberalization of the wagesstop are some of the manifestations of this trend. (48) Similarly,the preferential treatment given to occupational disability by the socialsecurity service has been increasingly questioned with the demands for theupgrading of benefits for the other types of disability. It is felt that in contemporary industrial societies the distinctionbetween occupational and non-occupational disability is artificial for manynon-occupational forms of disability have an industrial origin even if they donot occur directly in the workplace. (49)There isalso the additional reason which we mentioned in the argument for one benefitfor all one-parent families, that a modern social security service mustconcentrate on meeting needs irrespective of the cause behind such needs.
The relationship between social security and work is not all aone-way affair.(50) It is true that until very recently the general view was thatsocial security “represented a type of luxury and was essentially anti-economic.” Itwas seen as merely government expenditure for the needy. As we saw, however,redundancy payments and earnings-related unemployment benefits have been usedwith some success by employers and the government to reduce workers’ oppositiontowards loss of their jobs.
總體分析
這是一篇關(guān)于社會(huì)保障的文章，主要論述社會(huì)賦予工作的價(jià)值這種觀點(diǎn)所帶來(lái)的后果，并指出雖然社會(huì)保障存在一些問(wèn)題，但是仍有成效可見(jiàn)。
第一段：先提出社會(huì)賦予工作的價(jià)值在傳統(tǒng)上一直與個(gè)人主義緊密聯(lián)系在一起，因此對(duì)社會(huì)保障的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了負(fù)面的影響。接著具體論述了三點(diǎn)影響。
第二段：轉(zhuǎn)折指出，近年來(lái)工作對(duì)社會(huì)保障的束縛日益松解。接著作者又提到現(xiàn)代工業(yè)社會(huì)中工傷和非工傷的區(qū)別是虛假的，最后提到單親家庭的救濟(jì)理由，即一個(gè)現(xiàn)代的社會(huì)保障體系必須專(zhuān)注于滿(mǎn)足需求，不管這些需求的背后有何原因。
第三段：綜述社會(huì)保障和工作之間的關(guān)系。并指出看待社會(huì)保障的幾種觀點(diǎn)。
文章是有關(guān)社會(huì)生活的評(píng)論性文章，所用詞匯絕大多數(shù)為書(shū)面用語(yǔ)，句子結(jié)構(gòu)也比較復(fù)雜，長(zhǎng)句較多。此外，這篇文章的主題“社會(huì)保障”是社會(huì)生活中比較常見(jiàn)的話(huà)題，所以考生可以結(jié)合常識(shí)理解。由此可見(jiàn)，考生平時(shí)應(yīng)該注意一些有關(guān)社會(huì)文化生活的中英文報(bào)道，一方面熟悉常用詞匯，一方面積累常識(shí)性知識(shí)。
文章考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)：(一)狀語(yǔ)，包括目的狀語(yǔ)從句，分詞作狀語(yǔ)，介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)。(二)定語(yǔ)，包括定語(yǔ)從句，過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)等。(三)it為形式主語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)從句。(四)同位語(yǔ)。
試題精解
46.[精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)：目的狀語(yǔ)從句的翻譯
該句是一個(gè)含有l(wèi)est引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句。主句部分又包含了一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。主句的主語(yǔ)為代詞it，考生翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)聯(lián)系上下文找出它所指代的對(duì)象，避免產(chǎn)生歧義。在此句中，it指代的是前文整個(gè)句子，可以譯為“這種觀念”。Mean字面含義是“表示...的意思”，在這里因?yàn)橹髡Z(yǔ)譯成觀念，所以可將mean活譯成“認(rèn)為”與之相搭配。連詞lest引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句，按字面意思直譯是“以免人們的積極性受到損害”，但是考慮到要突出主語(yǔ)以及具體動(dòng)作，可依照漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣譯成主動(dòng)句。
詞匯：benefit常見(jiàn)含義是“好處，利益”，因?yàn)檎麄€(gè)文章談?wù)摰氖巧鐣?huì)保障問(wèn)題，所以應(yīng)譯成“救濟(jì)金，保障金”。in the first place字面意思是“在第一的位置上”，一般譯為“首先”。Willingness原意為“甘愿，自愿”，Suffer意為“受損害，受痛苦”，兩個(gè)詞搭配在一起，譯為“積極性受到損害”或“損害積極性”。
47.[精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)：現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)、過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)、過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)的譯法
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