2014高中英語語法大全:時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)

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    時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)
    一. 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)
    時(shí)態(tài)是謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作或情況發(fā)生時(shí)間的各種形式。英語動(dòng)詞有16種時(shí)態(tài),但是常用的只有9種:一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)、一般將來時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過去將來時(shí),現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。下面分別進(jìn)行介紹。
     
            1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法
    1) 表示經(jīng)常性,習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作;表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)、特征或真理而不表示具體的特定行為。
    句子中常用often,usually,every day等時(shí)間狀語。例如: He goes to school every day。(經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作) He is very happy.(現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)) The earth moves around the sun.〈真理〉
    2) 在時(shí)間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中,用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)的形式表示將來。
    If you come this afternoon,we'll have a meeting. When I graduate,I'll go to the countryside.
    3) 有時(shí)這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)表示按計(jì)劃,規(guī)定要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,(句中都帶有時(shí)間狀語)但限于少數(shù)動(dòng)詞如begin,come,leave,go,arrive, start,stop,return,open,close等。 The meeting begins at seven.
    The train starts at nine in the morning. 在時(shí)。例如:
    I like English very much.
    2. 一般過去時(shí)的用法
    4) 表示狀態(tài)和感覺的動(dòng)詞,如be,like,hate.think, remember, find,sound等常用一般現(xiàn)
    The story sounds very interesting.
    1) 表示過去某時(shí)間發(fā)生的事、存在的狀態(tài)或過去反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
    He saw Mr. Wang yesterday.
    I used to smoke. He worked in a factory in 1988. During the vacation I would swim in the sea. 2) 表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,也可用“used to”和“would+動(dòng)詞原形”。例如:
    注意:used to表示過去常發(fā)生而現(xiàn)在不再發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。另外“to be used to+名詞(動(dòng)名詞)”表示“習(xí)慣于„„’’。例如:
    I am used to the climate here. He is used to swimming in winter.
    3. 一般將來時(shí)的用法
    一般將來時(shí)表示將來的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其表達(dá)形式除了“will或shall + 動(dòng)詞原形”外,還有以下幾種形式。
    1) ―to be going to+動(dòng)詞原形‖,表示即將發(fā)生的或最近打算進(jìn)行的事。例如: It is going to rain. We are going to have a meeting today.
    2) go, come, start, move, leave, arrive, stay等可用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表示按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
    I’m leaving for Beijing. Next week I’m staying in the country for days.
    The boy is to go to school tomorrow. 3) ―be to + 動(dòng)詞原形‖表示按計(jì)劃要發(fā)生的事或征求對(duì)方意見。 Are we to go on with this work ?
    跟時(shí)間狀語。例如:
    We are about to leave. I’m about to start out. He gets off at the next stop. 5) 某些詞,如come,go,leave,arrive,start,get,stay等的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)也可表示將來。 The meeting starts at five o'clock.
    4. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
    1) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,由“to be + 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成,另外“系動(dòng)詞十
    介詞或副詞”也表示進(jìn)行時(shí)的意義。例如:
    What are you doing? The bridge is under construction.
    2) 表示感覺,愿望和狀態(tài)的某些動(dòng)詞如:have, be, hear, see, like等詞一般不用進(jìn)行時(shí)。
    3) 非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞一般不用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),但當(dāng)用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)所表達(dá)的意義是:a) 逐漸地。 b)
    反復(fù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。例如:
    a) I’m beginning to understand it. (我慢慢開始明白了。)
    b) The monkey is jumping up and down there. (那只猴子在那一直上上下下跳個(gè)不停。)
    4) 有的句子用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)和進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)均可,但用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)往往帶有感情色彩。比較:
    The Changjiang River flows to the east. (長江向東流。 客觀現(xiàn)實(shí))
    The Changjiang River is flowing to the east. (長江滾滾東流。 贊嘆)
    Tom often lies to our teachers. (“湯姆經(jīng)常對(duì)老師撒謊。”表湯姆的習(xí)慣)
    Tom is always lying to our teacher. (“湯姆老是對(duì)老師撒謊。”表說話者厭惡的態(tài)度)
    5. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法
    1) 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻、某一階段正進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,由“was(were)十 現(xiàn)在分詞”
    構(gòu)成。例如: In 1980 he was studying in a university. He was reading a novel when I came in.
    4) ―be about to+動(dòng)詞原形‖ 表示即刻發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,意為:be ready to do sth.后面一般不
    2) 用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)和過去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)有行為完成與否的差別。比較:
    Yesterday my sister wrote a letter. (寫了一封信)
    Yesterday my sister was writing a letter. (這封信或許還沒有寫完)
    6. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法
    現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由“have+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。其使用有兩種情況:
    1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作在說話之前已完成,而對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響。句中沒有具體時(shí)間狀語。
    He has gone to Wuhan.(說話人認(rèn)為他不在該地) He has been to Wuhan.(說話人認(rèn)為他在該地)
    表示一段時(shí)間的狀語或so far,now,today,this week(month,year)等表示包括現(xiàn)在 時(shí)間在內(nèi)的狀語。例如: He has studied English for 5 years.
    He has studied English since 1985.
    Now I have finished the work.
    注意:表示短暫時(shí)間動(dòng)作的詞,如:come,go,die,marry,buy等的完成時(shí)不能與for,since等表示一段時(shí)間的詞連用。
    3) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還可用在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中,表示將來某時(shí)完成的動(dòng)作。例如:
    I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework.
    If it has stopped snowing in the morning,we'll go to the park.
    7. 過去完成時(shí)的用法
    1) 過去完成時(shí)由“had+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。過去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)詞表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某一動(dòng)
    作之前完成的動(dòng)作狀態(tài)。句中常用by,before,until,when等詞引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語。例如:
    By the end of last year we had bui1t five new houses. I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.
    或持續(xù)下去。例如:
    Before he slept,he had worked for 12 hours.
    8. 過去將來時(shí)的用法
    過去將來時(shí)表示從過去的某時(shí)間看來將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。過去將來時(shí)由“should或would + 動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成。第一人稱用should,其他人稱用would。例如:
    They were sure that they would succeed.
    9. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法
    現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)由“have(has)+ been+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成,表示現(xiàn)在以前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。有些詞,如work,study,live,teach等用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)意思差不多。例如: I have worked here for three years.
    I have been working here for three years.
    但多數(shù)動(dòng)詞在這兩種時(shí)態(tài)中表示不同意思。例如:
    I have written a letter.(己寫完)
    I have been wring a letter.(還在寫)
    注意:表示短暫動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞,如finish,marry,get up,come,go等不能用這種時(shí)態(tài)。
    2) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作開始于過去,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,也許還會(huì)持續(xù)下去。常用for和since
    2) 過去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)詞還可表示過去某一時(shí)刻之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到過去某個(gè)時(shí)間
    二. 動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)
    1. 當(dāng)句子的主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí),謂語的形式叫主動(dòng)語態(tài)。當(dāng)句子的主語是動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),
    謂語要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。被動(dòng)語態(tài)由助動(dòng)詞be+過去分詞構(gòu)成,時(shí)態(tài)通過be表現(xiàn)出來。例如:
    1) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):You are required to do this.
    2) 一般過去時(shí):The story was told by her.
    3) —般將來時(shí):The problem will be discussed tomorrow.
    4) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):The road is being widened.
    5) 過去進(jìn)行時(shí):The new tool was being made.
    6) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):The novel has been read.
    7) 過去完成時(shí):He said that the work had been finished.
    8) 過去將來時(shí):He said that the trees would be planted soon.
    2. 一些特殊的被動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu):
    1) 帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu):
    The problem must be solved soon.
    2) 帶不定式的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu):
    The room is going to be painted. The homework needs to be done with care.
    例l)The baby is looked after carefully.
    用于這類被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的短語動(dòng)詞要把它們作為整體看待,即要把它們看作單字及物動(dòng)詞。
    這類結(jié)構(gòu)有以下幾種:
    a) (不及物)動(dòng)詞+介詞:agree to,ask for,call for,laugh at,listen to,look after,
    operate on,send for,talk about.think of等。
    b) (及物)動(dòng)詞+副詞:bring about,carry out,find out,give up,
    hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, take up, think over,
    turn down,turn out,wipe out,work out等。
    c) 動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞:do away with,face up to,give in to,look down upon, make up for,
    put up with等。
    例2)They will be taken (good) care of.
    Attention must be paid to your pronunciation.
    用于這類被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的短語動(dòng)詞最多見的是“動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞”這一結(jié)構(gòu)。如:catch sight of,keep an eye on,make use of,make a fool of,pay attention to, put an end to,set fire / light to, take care of, take hold of,take notice of等。
    例2) 與例1) 的不同點(diǎn)在于,它們用于被動(dòng)態(tài)時(shí)能有兩種形式。第一種形式是把“動(dòng)詞十名詞+介詞”作為整體看待。第二種形式是把其中的“動(dòng)詞+名詞”作為“動(dòng)詞+賓語”的結(jié)構(gòu)處理。
    4) 帶復(fù)合賓語的動(dòng)詞在改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),一般把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語改成主語,賓語補(bǔ)足語保留在謂語后面。例如:
    We always keep the classroom clean. (比較:The classroom is always kept clean.)
    3) 短語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu):
    5) 漢語有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語,在英語中一般可用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示,例如:
    據(jù)說„„ 希望„„ 據(jù)推測說„„ It is said that„ It is hoped that„ It is supposed that„ It must be admitted that„ It must be pointed out that„ It is well known that„ It will be said that„ It is generally considered that„
    It is believed that„ 必須承認(rèn)„„ 必須指出„„ 眾所周知„„ 有人會(huì)說„„ 大家認(rèn)為„„ 有人相信„„
    3. 表示被動(dòng)含義的主動(dòng)動(dòng)詞
    1) 系動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)形式,但有些系動(dòng)詞常表示被動(dòng)意義。常見的有l(wèi)ook, taste, sound, smell,
    prove, feel等, 例如:
    Your reason sounds reasonable. The door won’t open. The book sells well. Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth. It can’t move. These clothes wash easily. The dust has blown into the house. 2) 一些與can’t或won’t連用的動(dòng)詞。 常用的有: lock, shut, open, act等, 例如: 3) 一些與well, easily, perfectly等連用的動(dòng)詞, 如: sell, wash, clean, burn, cook等, 例如: 4) 用在 ―主語 + 不及物動(dòng)詞 + 主語補(bǔ)語‖ 句型中的一些不及物動(dòng)詞, 例如: This material has worn thin.
    4. 表示被動(dòng)含義的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)
    1) 在動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)中
    be worth, want (=need), need, require后所用的動(dòng)名詞, 必須用主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表被動(dòng)意義。
    These young seedlings will require / need looking after (= need to be looked after) carefully. Your hair wants / needs cutting (needs to be cut).
    a) 作定語:不定式結(jié)構(gòu)常表示動(dòng)賓關(guān)系, 即用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。這種情
    形最常出現(xiàn)在 ―There + be + 主語 + 修飾主語的不定式‖ 和 ―及物動(dòng)詞 + 賓語 (或雙賓語) + 修飾賓語的不定式‖ 結(jié)構(gòu)中, 特別是 ―主語 + have + 賓語 + 修飾賓語的不定式‖ 結(jié)構(gòu)中。
    Give him some books to read. He has a family to support. There is a lot of work to do. 當(dāng)然, 這里的不定式在個(gè)別情形下也可用被動(dòng)形式, 含義區(qū)別不大,例如: There is so much work to do / to be done. Give me the names of the people to contact / to be contacted.
    是應(yīng)用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。適合于此結(jié)構(gòu)的形容詞比較多, 最常用的有amusing, cheap, dangerous, difficult, easy, important, nice, pleasant等, 例如:
    That question is difficult to answer. Chicken’s legs are nice to eat.
    2) 在不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中 b) 在―主語 + be + 形容詞 + 不定式‖句型中, 有時(shí)主語是不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯賓語, 這在be to結(jié)構(gòu)中的一些不定式:這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式通常應(yīng)用主動(dòng)表主動(dòng), 被動(dòng)表被
    動(dòng)。然而,由于古英語的影響, 下列動(dòng)詞仍用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義:
    Who is to blame for starting the fire? The house is to let. A lot remains to do.
    3) 在特殊結(jié)構(gòu)中
    a) ―be + under +名詞‖ 結(jié)構(gòu):這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示某事 ―在進(jìn)行中‖。例如: The building is under construction.
    The whole matter is under discussion (= is being discussed).
    經(jīng)常這樣用的名詞還有repair (修理), treatment (治療), question (質(zhì)問)等。
    b) ―be worthy of +名詞‖結(jié)構(gòu): 在這一結(jié)構(gòu)中, 名詞和句子的主語有被動(dòng)含義, 如: a man worthy of support nothing worthy of praise
    此結(jié)構(gòu)后通常用表示行為的名詞, 而不用動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)形式。
    
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