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句子的種類(lèi)
一. 簡(jiǎn)單句
一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句里只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)(有時(shí)可能會(huì)有并列的主語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ))，而謂語(yǔ)又一定是需要限定動(dòng)詞的，因此，通過(guò)對(duì)限定動(dòng)詞的識(shí)別，可以幫助我們判斷一個(gè)句子是不是簡(jiǎn)單句，找出其基本結(jié)構(gòu)中缺少或多余的成分。請(qǐng)看以下例句：
I saw him walking to the office this morning and looking eager to get there and start work. (saw 是限定動(dòng)詞;walking，looking，to get，start都是非限定性動(dòng)詞，即非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。)
While cutting trees，one man was nearly killed by a falling tree. (was是限定動(dòng)詞;cutting，killed，falling是非限定動(dòng)詞。)
You can either stay here or come with us.
(stay，come都是非限定動(dòng)詞;can是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，can stay or come作謂語(yǔ)。)
二. 并列句
1. 并列連詞及其使用
1) 常用的并列連詞(或稱(chēng)等立連詞)有：and，or，but，for，not only...but(also)，either...or，
nether...nor，both...and.
2) 除for以外的并列連詞都可以用來(lái)連接一個(gè)單句里的兩個(gè)并列成分，例如：
Jenny and I are good friends。 We run，jump and shout for joy together.
(當(dāng)有兩個(gè)以上的并列成分時(shí)，一般只在最后兩者之間用連詞。)
We go for a walk or watch TV after supper.。
The bike is quite old but in excellent condition.
Either your answer or mine is wrong.
3) 除both...and以外的并列連詞還可用來(lái)連接兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句(或稱(chēng)并列分句)，構(gòu)成并列句。
She was often late and everybody knew，but no one asked why.
The old lady doesn't go out in the winter， for she feels the cold a great deal.
Not only is the teacher himself interested h the subject but a11 his students are beginning to show an interest in it.
2. 連接并列分句的其它手段
1) when/where偶爾也可作并列連詞;如：
I was walking down the street when I remembered that I had forgotten my umbrella.(when = and then)
Last night I went to the theatre where I saw Tom's parents，(where = and there) The tongue is not steel，yet it cuts.
I’m busy today，so can you come tomorrow?
Go into the cave，then they won't see you.
It may be possible or not;however，we shall understand.
I’ve never been to Berlin;therefore I don't know much about it. 2) 副詞yet，的和then可以連接并列分句：
3) 還可用分號(hào)“;”。如： 3. 并列分句的排列順序 必須考慮各分句之間的邏輯關(guān)系及其時(shí)間上的先后順序，具體情況具體分析。 1) 有些并列的分句可以相互顛倒，并不影響所表達(dá)的句意，如： Everyone was in the classroom and the doors were closed.
(=The doors were c1osed and everyone was in the classroom.)
2) 多數(shù)并列句里的分句不能相互顛倒。如：
Most of us were in the classroom，the doors were closed and the late comers had to wait Outside.
(為說(shuō)明門(mén)關(guān)之后，遲到者只好在外等著，后兩個(gè)分句的順序不能顛倒。)
We were coming to see you，but it rained(so we didn’t)。
(考慮到兩個(gè)分句所談事實(shí)的時(shí)間先后與邏輯關(guān)系，它們的位置不能顛倒。)
三. 復(fù)合句
1. 復(fù)合句由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)(或一個(gè)以上的)從句組成。用來(lái)連接從句的連詞是從屬連詞。從句附屬于主句的方式有三種：
1) 相當(dāng)另一個(gè)句子里的某個(gè)名詞或名詞詞組的作用，作名詞從句。
Everyone could see the truth / (that) it was true.
2) 修飾句子里的某個(gè)名詞或代詞，作定語(yǔ)從句。如：
I often see My old friends / my school friends who were at school with me.
3) 相當(dāng)另一個(gè)句子里的某個(gè)狀語(yǔ)的作用，作狀語(yǔ)從句。如：
I met your brother ten years ago / when I came to this school. 2. 兩類(lèi)連詞的區(qū)分與使用 并列連詞與從屬連詞的作用不同，注意不可混用。如：
不能說(shuō)：*Although I was good at maths，but I was never given full marks.(although與but不能連用)
應(yīng)說(shuō)：Although I was good at maths，(yet)I was never given full marks.
或： I was good at maths，but/yet I was never given full marks.
不能說(shuō)：*Unless you work harder，or you will fail to pass the test.(unless與or不能連用)
應(yīng)說(shuō)：Unless you work harder，you will fail to pass the test.
或：Work harder/you must work harder, or you will fail to pass the test.
四. 陳述句的肯定與否定
1. not及其它否定詞的使用
1) 否定句一般可以由否定詞not及必要的助詞來(lái)構(gòu)成，例如：
These exercises are not difficult.
I don't like sweets.
2) 除not以外，還有以下這些否定詞，也能構(gòu)成否定句：
a) never，hardly，seldom一類(lèi)含否定意義的副詞。如：
I have not / never / hardly (ever)/ seldom spoken to Mr. George.
I have not said anything to anybody about it.
I have spoken to nobody / no one about it.
I have said nothing to anybody about it.
I haven't any money / I have no money.
I haven't any./ I have none.
c) neither和nor，主要在以下句式中：
---I haven't spoken to Mr. George.
---Neither/Nor have I.
當(dāng)用作連詞時(shí)，neither要在nor之前。如：
Neither Bob nor I broke the window. We neither want nor need any help from you, thank you. b) no，none以及其它由no-構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞(nothing，nobody，no one，nowhere等)。
2. 肯定變否定時(shí)的其它相應(yīng)變化
肯定與否定句的區(qū)別，除了看有無(wú)否定詞之外，還可能體現(xiàn)在其它方面，試比較： I have found some mistakes already.
I haven't found any yet?(some >>> any;already >>> yet)
I have found some mistakes，too.
I haven't found any either.(too >>> either)
五. 疑問(wèn)句
1. 否定問(wèn)句
1) 否定問(wèn)句可由否定句變來(lái)，例如：
He doesn't eat meat.
I haven't seen him.
結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)正規(guī)，如：
Does he not eat meat?(不能說(shuō) *Does not he...?)
Have you not seen him?(不能說(shuō) *Have not you...?)
3) 否定問(wèn)句的回答要“前后如一”，不可受漢語(yǔ)影響犯以下這類(lèi)錯(cuò)誤：
— Doesn't he eat meat?
一Yes，he does. /No，he doesn't.
(不能說(shuō) Yes，he doesn't./No，he does.)
2. 反意疑問(wèn)句的一般構(gòu)成
1) 反意疑問(wèn)句的一般構(gòu)成是：肯定陳述，否定尾句;否定陳述，肯定尾句。要注意反問(wèn)尾
句中的助詞(或系動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞等)與人稱(chēng)代詞應(yīng)與陳述部分中的語(yǔ)法動(dòng)詞與主語(yǔ)取
得一致。例如：
Jane is your cousin，isn’t she? There is no doubt，is there?
We need to ask first，don’t we? We needn’t ask first，need we?
2) 要注意陳述部分主語(yǔ)后面的縮寫(xiě)形式 's或 'd的真實(shí)意義，以決定尾句應(yīng)該選用的助動(dòng)
詞或系動(dòng)詞等。如：
He’s never met you before，has he? (He's=He has)
He’s going to tell you the truth，isn't he?(He's=He is)
You'd better go， hadn't you? (you'd =you had)
You'd rather stay， wouldn't you?(you'd =you would)
3) 要注意“否定陳述+肯定尾句”的回答必須前后一致。
You seldom go swimming in the morning，do you?
Yes，I do，/No，I don't.
3. 比較特殊的反意疑問(wèn)句
有些反意疑問(wèn)句的尾句構(gòu)成比較特殊，應(yīng)當(dāng)引起注意:
Few people knew the answer，did they?(few為否定含義，后接肯定尾句。)
I'm older than you，aren't I?(I am后面的否定尾句常用aren't I?)
Pass me the newspaper，will you?(肯定祈使句用will you?)
Don't be late next time，will you?(否定祈使句后也用will you?)
Remember to lock the door，won't you?(用won't you表示請(qǐng)求或懇求。)
Use your head，can't you?(can't you表示不耐煩或不滿的斥責(zé)。)
Let's do it by ourselves，shall we?(第一人稱(chēng)祈使句，we包括說(shuō)話人與聽(tīng)話人雙方。)
Let us do it by ourselves，will you?(第二人稱(chēng)祈使句，we只指說(shuō)話人一方。)
Everybody has been told what to do，haven't they?(盡管hasn't he似乎更合語(yǔ)法;習(xí)慣常用 haven't they。)
Doesn't he eat meat? >>> Haven't you seen him?
2) 否定問(wèn)句的開(kāi)頭一般都用not的縮寫(xiě)形式;如分開(kāi)，則須將not放到主語(yǔ)之后，但這類(lèi)
None of us knew the way，did we?(none of us作主語(yǔ), 尾句中用we)
Some of you are learning Russian，aren't you?(同上句理解。)
4. 特殊疑問(wèn)句
1) 兩種語(yǔ)序：
a) 當(dāng)疑問(wèn)詞為主語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)時(shí)，語(yǔ)序與陳述句相同，如：
Somebody broke the window. >>> Who broke the window?
Something broke the window. >>> What broke the window?
Somebody's window was broken. >>> Whose window was broken?
b) 當(dāng)疑問(wèn)詞為其它成分時(shí)，則疑問(wèn)詞后面的語(yǔ)序與一般疑問(wèn)句相同，如：
He was reading China Daily. >>> What paper was he reading?
I saw the film yesterday. >>> When did you see the film?
2) 要注意選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)囊蓡?wèn)詞以及與之搭配的其他詞語(yǔ)，如：
I bought a bike made in Tianjing. >>> What bike did you buy?
The new bike under the tree is mine. >>> Which bike is yours? He did his work carefully. >>> How did he do his work?
I go to the library twice a week.>>> How often do you go to the library?
He painted the desk white.>>> What color did he paint the desk?
5. 兩類(lèi)選擇疑問(wèn)句
1) 一類(lèi)是以一般疑問(wèn)句為基礎(chǔ)的。如：
Do you speak French or German?
Will they come to see us or sha11 we go to see them?
Has Henry finished his breakfast or hasn't he?
2) 另一類(lèi)是以特殊疑問(wèn)句為基礎(chǔ)的，可以看成是由一個(gè)Wh- 問(wèn)句加上并列起來(lái)供人選擇
的兩個(gè)(或兩個(gè)以上的)答案構(gòu)成的。如：
How do you go to school every day，by bus or on foot?
When shall we set off，at six or (at)six thirty?
六. 祈使句
1. 祈使句的主語(yǔ)
1) 主語(yǔ)應(yīng)為第二人稱(chēng)時(shí)，通常不表示出來(lái)，如：
Read after me， please. Be careful with your pronunciation. Have this seat，will you?(可加反意疑問(wèn)句) Let me have a try. Let him try again. All/Everybody be here at two o'clock。(也可不用Let) 2) 行為動(dòng)作的主語(yǔ)為第一、三人稱(chēng)時(shí)，祈使句通帶以Let開(kāi)頭：
2. 祈使句的強(qiáng)調(diào)與否定
1) 祈使句的強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)是在句首加Do：
Do come early next time. Do be careful! 2) 祈使句的否定是在句首加Don't： Don't ask me why. Don't be late.
Don't 1et there be too much noise.
Never buy what you cannot pay for.(也可用Never)
3. 祈使句+and/or結(jié)構(gòu)
這類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)?？膳c含if從句的復(fù)合句相互轉(zhuǎn)換：
Give h1m an inch， and he'll take a yard. (=lf you give him an inch, he'll take a yard.)
Wear your coat，or you'll catch cold.(If you don't wear your coat，you'll catch cold.) 七. 感嘆句
1. What +(a/an)+adj. + n.+ 主謂
What a beautiful day it is!
What wonderful weather we are having!
1) What之后是否用a/an要看后面的名詞是否可數(shù);是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)：
What beautiful music the boy is playing!(music不可數(shù)，前面不可加a/an.) What fools they were!(fools，復(fù)數(shù)，不可加a/an) What a beautiful day!
What fools!
How hard you've been working! How time flies!
2) 在上下文清楚的情況下，感嘆句中的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)甚至形容詞都可省略。如： 2. How + adj./adv. + 主謂!
How happy we are!
How也可修飾句中動(dòng)詞，如： How I miss you，my friend! 3. How+adj.+ a/an +單數(shù)名詞„：
How foolish a boy he is!(= What a foolish boy he is!)
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