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分詞
一、分詞的基本概念
分詞有現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩種,主要在句中要起形容詞和副詞的作用。它們可以帶有自己 的賓語、表語、狀語等。
現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別主要表現(xiàn)在語態(tài)和時間關系上:
1. 在語態(tài)上,現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動的意思,而及物動詞的過去分詞表示被動的意思: the moving body(運動著的物體):the moved body(被移動的物體)。
示的動作和句中謂語動詞所表示的動作幾乎是同時發(fā)生的;而過去分詞表示已完成的動作或己存在的狀態(tài),即它所表示的動作一般先于句中謂語動詞所表示的動作:
I saw someone opening the door.
I saw the door opened.
二、分詞作定語
分詞或分詞短語作定語,通常是說明句子中名詞的,但有時也說明代詞one(ones),that (those),some,others,anything,something等:
The girl in the next room is his sister.
Today's computers are of much greater difference those used in the past(說明those)
1. 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語
1) 表示正在進行的動作(變?yōu)槎ㄕZ從句時常用進行時態(tài)):
The man standing(=Who is standing)at the door is our new maths teacher.
2) 表示經常性動作或現(xiàn)在(或當時)的狀態(tài)(變?yōu)槎ㄕZ從句時常用一般時態(tài)):
They visited the museum lying(=which lies)nearby .
語。例如:
People wishing (= who wished)to see the film star had waited two hours outside the
cinema.
4) 除以上情況外,用定語從句比用現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語更好。例如:
The students who had attended the lecture were discussing it.
2. 過去分詞短語作定語
1) 意指過去分詞所表示的動作是在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生:
Is this book written by the young man? A letter posted this morning will probably reach her tomorrow.
3) 動詞wish,want,hope,know,think,believe,expect的現(xiàn)在分詞短語??捎米鞫?. 在時間關系上,一般來說,現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進行的動作或動作的進展過程,即它所表沒有一定的時間性:
I don't like to see letters written in pencil.
3. 作定語時的位置
1) 單個分詞作定語,常置于被說明的詞之前,不強調動作而強調某種性質或特征: The cold wind was blowing through a broken window.
2) 單個分詞作定語,有時放在被說明的詞之后,用來強調動作:
We have had good harvests for many years running. (我們連續(xù)多年獲得豐收。)
3) 分詞短語作定語時,通常位于被說明的詞之后
三、分詞作狀語
分詞及分詞短語作狀語,通常用來說明句中謂語動詞。其位置可在句首、句子中間或句末,一般用逗號分開。放在句首的常表示時間、原因、條件;放在句末的常表示結果、方式或伴隨情況等。
1. 現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語,其邏輯主語應該和句子的主語是一致的。
1) 作時間狀語,相當子when等引起的從句:
Seeing those pictures(=When he saw those pictures),he couldn’t help thinking of those memorable days in his hometown.
Having done their homework(=After they had done/did their homework),they went
swimming in the lake.
如果兩個動作是完全同時發(fā)生的,也常用when或while加分詞這種結構: He got to know them while attending a meeting in London.
Being so poor in those days( =As they were so poor),they couldn't afford to send the
children to school.
Not having received an answer(=As she hadn’t received an answer),she wrote another
1etter to her parents.
必須注意:being短語作狀語時,通常表示原因,意為“由于某某是„”,不能理解
為“當„的時候”。
3) 作結果狀語:
They opened fire,killing one of our villagers.
2. 過去分詞短語作狀語,句中的主語往往是過去分詞的邏輯賓語。
1) 作時間狀語,相當于一個表示時間的狀語從句:
Seen from the hill (=When it is seen from the hill),our town looks 1ike a beautiful
garden.
2) 作原因狀語,相當于一個表示原因的狀語從句:
Born into a poor family(=As he was born in a poor family),he got only two years of school education.
3) 說明謂語所表示的動作發(fā)生的背景或情況:
Built in 1891, the building is over 100 years Old .
四、分詞作賓語補足語
2) 作原因狀語,相當于一個表示原因的狀語從句:
1. see/hear/watch/notice√smell/feel/observe/listen to/look at+賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞: We watched the girl going through some of the movements they had just leaned. At this moment he noticed the teacher coming in.
2. catch/find+賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞:
I caught Tom reading my diary and he made an apology to me for it.
We found a tree lying across the road.
3. have/get/keep/leave+賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞:
I'll have the car waiting at the gate. Will that be all right?
Do you think you can get the radio working?
4. have+賓語+過去分詞:其中have有三個不同的含義:
1) “使„被完成”(??捎胓et代替have):
I'd like to have (get) my radio repaired
2) “遭受”、 “經歷”(不能用get代替):
He had his watch stolen yesterday.
3) “有、擁有”:
He felt in his pocket to see if he had any money left.
5. make + oneself + known/understood/heard等過去分詞:
He repeated explanations,but he couldn't make himself understood.
6. with+介詞賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞:
They sat in the room with the curtains drawn.
With the tree growing tall,we get more and more shade.
7. like/want/wish/order/+賓語+過去分詞
He won't like such questions discussed in his house.
8. find或think、feel等+賓語+changed/lost/gone/broken/come等過去分詞(說明賓
語所處的狀態(tài)):
We found him greatly changed. When they entered the hall, they found the guests gone. 以上有些結構可變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài),其補語形式依然不變,起主語補語的作用。
五、現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式
其形式為:having done(主動形式),表示這動作發(fā)生在謂語所表示的動作之前: Having arrived at a decision, they immediately set to work.
六、現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式
其形式為:(以do為例)being done(一般式),having been done(完成式)。
在表示一個被動動作時,如果這動作是現(xiàn)刻正在進行的,或是與謂語所表示的動作同時發(fā)生的,常用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式。這種形式可以用來:
1. 作定語:
This is one of the experiments being carried (= which are being carried) on in our lab.
2. 作狀語:
Being asked to sing a song,he couldn't very well refuse.
間或用完成被動式:
The decision having been made,the next problem was how to put it into practice. (分詞本身帶邏輯主語the decision而構成獨立主格結構充當狀語)
3. 作賓語補足語:
You'll find the news being talked about everywhere.
七、不及物動詞的過去分詞
不及物動詞的過去分詞沒有被動意義,而是表示主動的完成的意義:
Gone are the days when we use foreign oil.
(此句是倒裝句結構,gone作表語,表示己“一去不復返了”。)
You can see some fallen leaves at the corner.
這類過去分詞常見的有:fallen,come,gone, risen, grown up,returned等.
象interesting和interested一類的“使役動詞”的分詞在意義和用法上很容易混淆,一般可作如下區(qū)分:
1. 一部分表示“情感”,“心情”等意義的動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞有“令人/使人„的”意思,常用
來說明人或事物的特征:
The president made an inspiring speech at the meeting yesterday.
2. 它們的過去分詞有“感到/覺得 „”的意思,用來指人的感覺:
這類容易混淆的分詞常見的有:encouraging — encouraged; exciting— excited;interesting — interested;astonishing — astonished;disappointing — disappointed;inspiring — inspired;puzzling — puzzled;surprising — surprised;shocking — shocked;discouraging — discouraged;pleasing — pleased;tiring - tired;worrying — worried;satisfying — satisfied;moving — moved; 八、容易混淆的現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞
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