2014高中英語語法大全:分詞

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    分詞
    一、分詞的基本概念
    分詞有現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩種,主要在句中要起形容詞和副詞的作用。它們可以帶有自己 的賓語、表語、狀語等。
    現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別主要表現(xiàn)在語態(tài)和時間關系上:
    1. 在語態(tài)上,現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動的意思,而及物動詞的過去分詞表示被動的意思: the moving body(運動著的物體):the moved body(被移動的物體)。
    示的動作和句中謂語動詞所表示的動作幾乎是同時發(fā)生的;而過去分詞表示已完成的動作或己存在的狀態(tài),即它所表示的動作一般先于句中謂語動詞所表示的動作:
    I saw someone opening the door.
    I saw the door opened.
    二、分詞作定語
    分詞或分詞短語作定語,通常是說明句子中名詞的,但有時也說明代詞one(ones),that (those),some,others,anything,something等:
    The girl in the next room is his sister.
    Today's computers are of much greater difference those used in the past(說明those)
    1. 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語
    1) 表示正在進行的動作(變?yōu)槎ㄕZ從句時常用進行時態(tài)):
    The man standing(=Who is standing)at the door is our new maths teacher.
    2) 表示經常性動作或現(xiàn)在(或當時)的狀態(tài)(變?yōu)槎ㄕZ從句時常用一般時態(tài)):
    They visited the museum lying(=which lies)nearby .
    語。例如:
    People wishing (= who wished)to see the film star had waited two hours outside the
    cinema.
    4) 除以上情況外,用定語從句比用現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語更好。例如:
    The students who had attended the lecture were discussing it.
    2. 過去分詞短語作定語
    1) 意指過去分詞所表示的動作是在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生:
    Is this book written by the young man? A letter posted this morning will probably reach her tomorrow.
    3) 動詞wish,want,hope,know,think,believe,expect的現(xiàn)在分詞短語??捎米鞫?. 在時間關系上,一般來說,現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進行的動作或動作的進展過程,即它所表沒有一定的時間性:
    I don't like to see letters written in pencil.
    3. 作定語時的位置
    1) 單個分詞作定語,常置于被說明的詞之前,不強調動作而強調某種性質或特征: The cold wind was blowing through a broken window.
    2) 單個分詞作定語,有時放在被說明的詞之后,用來強調動作:
    We have had good harvests for many years running. (我們連續(xù)多年獲得豐收。)
    3) 分詞短語作定語時,通常位于被說明的詞之后
    三、分詞作狀語
    分詞及分詞短語作狀語,通常用來說明句中謂語動詞。其位置可在句首、句子中間或句末,一般用逗號分開。放在句首的常表示時間、原因、條件;放在句末的常表示結果、方式或伴隨情況等。
    1. 現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語,其邏輯主語應該和句子的主語是一致的。
    1) 作時間狀語,相當子when等引起的從句:
    Seeing those pictures(=When he saw those pictures),he couldn’t help thinking of those memorable days in his hometown.
    Having done their homework(=After they had done/did their homework),they went
    swimming in the lake.
    如果兩個動作是完全同時發(fā)生的,也常用when或while加分詞這種結構: He got to know them while attending a meeting in London.
    Being so poor in those days( =As they were so poor),they couldn't afford to send the
    children to school.
    Not having received an answer(=As she hadn’t received an answer),she wrote another
    1etter to her parents.
    必須注意:being短語作狀語時,通常表示原因,意為“由于某某是„”,不能理解
    為“當„的時候”。
    3) 作結果狀語:
    They opened fire,killing one of our villagers.
    2. 過去分詞短語作狀語,句中的主語往往是過去分詞的邏輯賓語。
    1) 作時間狀語,相當于一個表示時間的狀語從句:
    Seen from the hill (=When it is seen from the hill),our town looks 1ike a beautiful
    garden.
    2) 作原因狀語,相當于一個表示原因的狀語從句:
    Born into a poor family(=As he was born in a poor family),he got only two years of school education.
    3) 說明謂語所表示的動作發(fā)生的背景或情況:
    Built in 1891, the building is over 100 years Old .
    四、分詞作賓語補足語
    2) 作原因狀語,相當于一個表示原因的狀語從句:
    1. see/hear/watch/notice√smell/feel/observe/listen to/look at+賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞: We watched the girl going through some of the movements they had just leaned. At this moment he noticed the teacher coming in.
    2. catch/find+賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞:
    I caught Tom reading my diary and he made an apology to me for it.
    We found a tree lying across the road.
    3. have/get/keep/leave+賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞:
    I'll have the car waiting at the gate. Will that be all right?
    Do you think you can get the radio working?
    4. have+賓語+過去分詞:其中have有三個不同的含義:
    1) “使„被完成”(??捎胓et代替have):
    I'd like to have (get) my radio repaired
    2) “遭受”、 “經歷”(不能用get代替):
    He had his watch stolen yesterday.
    3) “有、擁有”:
    He felt in his pocket to see if he had any money left.
    5. make + oneself + known/understood/heard等過去分詞:
    He repeated explanations,but he couldn't make himself understood.
    6. with+介詞賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞:
    They sat in the room with the curtains drawn.
    With the tree growing tall,we get more and more shade.
    7. like/want/wish/order/+賓語+過去分詞
    He won't like such questions discussed in his house.
    8. find或think、feel等+賓語+changed/lost/gone/broken/come等過去分詞(說明賓
    語所處的狀態(tài)):
    We found him greatly changed. When they entered the hall, they found the guests gone. 以上有些結構可變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài),其補語形式依然不變,起主語補語的作用。
    五、現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式
    其形式為:having done(主動形式),表示這動作發(fā)生在謂語所表示的動作之前: Having arrived at a decision, they immediately set to work.
    六、現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式
    其形式為:(以do為例)being done(一般式),having been done(完成式)。
    在表示一個被動動作時,如果這動作是現(xiàn)刻正在進行的,或是與謂語所表示的動作同時發(fā)生的,常用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式。這種形式可以用來:
    1. 作定語:
    This is one of the experiments being carried (= which are being carried) on in our lab.
    2. 作狀語:
    Being asked to sing a song,he couldn't very well refuse.
    間或用完成被動式:
    The decision having been made,the next problem was how to put it into practice. (分詞本身帶邏輯主語the decision而構成獨立主格結構充當狀語)
    3. 作賓語補足語:
    You'll find the news being talked about everywhere.
    七、不及物動詞的過去分詞
    不及物動詞的過去分詞沒有被動意義,而是表示主動的完成的意義:
    Gone are the days when we use foreign oil.
    (此句是倒裝句結構,gone作表語,表示己“一去不復返了”。)
    You can see some fallen leaves at the corner.
    這類過去分詞常見的有:fallen,come,gone, risen, grown up,returned等.
    象interesting和interested一類的“使役動詞”的分詞在意義和用法上很容易混淆,一般可作如下區(qū)分:
    1. 一部分表示“情感”,“心情”等意義的動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞有“令人/使人„的”意思,常用
    來說明人或事物的特征:
    The president made an inspiring speech at the meeting yesterday.
    2. 它們的過去分詞有“感到/覺得 „”的意思,用來指人的感覺:
    這類容易混淆的分詞常見的有:encouraging — encouraged; exciting— excited;interesting — interested;astonishing — astonished;disappointing — disappointed;inspiring — inspired;puzzling — puzzled;surprising — surprised;shocking — shocked;discouraging — discouraged;pleasing — pleased;tiring - tired;worrying — worried;satisfying — satisfied;moving — moved; 八、容易混淆的現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞
    
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