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主謂一致三原則
英語中主謂一致是指句中的謂語動(dòng)詞和主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。在做涉及主謂一致的練習(xí)時(shí),同學(xué)們有時(shí)會(huì)覺得顧此失彼。究其原因,往往是沒有把握住主語的真正內(nèi)涵,考慮不周全。筆者對(duì)此問題作一總結(jié),供同學(xué)們參考。一般來說,主謂一致要遵循以下三個(gè)原則:
一、語法一致原則
主謂一致是指句子的主語和謂語在語法形式上保持一致。
(1)主語后面有as well as, with, together, along with, but, like, except, including等非并列連接性短語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞不受該短語中名詞數(shù)的影響, 仍和主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。例如:
No one except two boys was late for school.
There was a bill along with the parce1.
The teacher as well as the students likes this painting.
(2)由and或both.„and連接的名詞作復(fù)合主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如:
The red rose and the white rose are very beautifu1.
Both bread and butter were sold out in that shop.
但要注意, 如果連接的兩個(gè)名詞表示同一概念, 即指同一個(gè)人或物時(shí)(其特征是and后的名詞沒有任何冠詞), 則主語表示單數(shù)意義。例如:
The secretary and principal of the schoo1 was present at the meeting.
The writer and poet has decided to be on holiday in Guilin.
(3)在each.„and each..., every ...and every..., no...and...后分別跟單數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例如:
There is no sound and no voice in the reading room.
In China every man and every woman has the right to vote on this problem.
(4) either, each, neither或no +單數(shù)名詞以及由no, some, any, every等
構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞都用單數(shù)形式。例如:
Is everyone here today?
Each of us has a new book.
Neither is correct.
需要說明的是：在口語中,如果either, neither和none后面有 "of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞/代詞" 作主語時(shí), 動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)形式均可。例如:
Neither of them is/are correct.
None of the doctors have/has been to the Great Wall.
但要注意 "none of+單數(shù)名詞" 作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。
(5) 動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞或名詞性從句作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例如:
To say is one thing, to do is another.
Seeing is believing.
What he has done is right.
但由what引導(dǎo)的主語從句作主語時(shí), 如果其表語是復(fù)數(shù)形式, 謂語動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如:
What he took with him were three books.
(6) many a后接單數(shù)名詞時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例如:
Many a pilot was killed in the air raid.
(7)由a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest/majority of +名詞,以及由 "分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞" 等構(gòu)成的短語作主語時(shí), 其謂語動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式則要根據(jù)名詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如:
Two-thirds of the profit was made on that deal.
The rest of the students are boys.
Two percent of the students in our class are boys.
There is still lots of water in the lake.
(8)在倒裝句中, 謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語保持一致。例如:
On the desk are many different books.
Such are the facts.
There goes the bell.
二、就近一致原則
如果句子有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式是根據(jù)靠近它的主語的單復(fù)數(shù)來確定的。它主要用于下列情形:
⑴由or, either...or..., neither...nor, not only...but also..., not...but...等連接并列主語時(shí)。例如: Not only he but also I don't know of the matter.
Not only I but also he doesn't know of the matter.
Either he or his classmates are going to Guilin today.
(2)在 "there be ..." 句型中。例如:
There is an apple, two pears and some oranges on the plate.
There are three students, two viewers and our headmaster talking together.
三、邏輯意義一致原則
該原則指的是: 謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式不是根據(jù)語法形式而是根據(jù)主語的內(nèi)在涵義(即有時(shí)主語的單數(shù)形式表達(dá)的是復(fù)數(shù)的涵義, 反之亦然)確定的。
(1)表示時(shí)間、重量、長度、價(jià)值等名詞, 盡管其形式是復(fù)數(shù),但在概念上是一個(gè)整體, 它作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例如:
Thirty minutes is enough for the work.
Ten multiplied by three makes thirty.
Ten dollars is too dear.
Two hundred miles is a good distance.
(2)書名、影片名、格言、劇名、報(bào)刊名、國名等的復(fù)數(shù)形式往往用作單數(shù)。例如: The United States is a developed country.
The Arabian Nights is an interesting story-book.
(3)family, group, class, army, government, team, enemy等集體名詞表示整體概念時(shí)應(yīng)看作單數(shù),但表示組成的個(gè)體成員時(shí), 應(yīng)看作復(fù)數(shù)。例如:
Our family lives in Wuhan.
My family like watching TV at weekend. The football team are having lunch now. His class is on the second floor.
注意: people, police, cattle等集體名詞作主語時(shí),常表示復(fù)數(shù)涵義。
(4) "the+形容詞/分詞" 結(jié)構(gòu)作主語表示一類人時(shí), ?？醋鲝?fù)數(shù); 表示抽象概念時(shí), ?？醋鲉螖?shù)。例如:
The blind are often looked down upon at present. The wounded were still not well treated. The beautiful lives forever.
(5)某些以 "-s" 或 "-es" 結(jié)尾的表示疾病、學(xué)科、游戲等名稱的名詞和means, news, works等常看作單數(shù)。例如:
Diabetes (糖尿病) is a very serious disease. Every means has been tried to save the boy. An iron works is far from here.
(6)what, who, which, more, most, all等代詞作主語時(shí),表示的是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)涵義要根據(jù)意義或上下文來確定。例如:
Which are your books? All is going well. All have gone to Beijing.
(7) "one and a half+名詞復(fù)數(shù)" 表數(shù)量作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例如: One and a half pears has been left on the table.
總之,在語言實(shí)踐中, 我們不僅要記住一般的語法規(guī)則,更要把握好有些名詞的內(nèi)在涵義, 注意提高辨別能力, 才能做好有關(guān)主謂一致的題目。
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