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形容詞和副詞
形容詞可用于作表語、定語、賓語補足語、狀語等;副詞也可以作表語、定語、賓語補足語、狀語等。
一、形容詞作定語時的位置
大部分形容詞作定語時放在所修飾的名詞前面, 如a red bus, a beautiful park, cold weather等,但實際運用時須注意以下情況。
1. 當多個的形容詞修飾一個名詞時應該注意形容詞的一般排列順序。
“限定詞 + 一般描繪性形容詞 + 表示大小、長短、高低的形容詞 + 表示形狀的形容詞 + 表示年齡、新舊的形容詞 + 表示顏色的形容詞 + 表示國籍、地區(qū)、出處的形容詞 + 表示物質、材料的形容詞 + 表示用途、類別的形容詞 + 被修飾的名詞”例如：
his beautiful small round old brown French wooden writing table
當然，在實際運用中用如此多的形容詞修飾一個名詞并不多見。
2. 形容詞修飾everything, something, anything, nothing時, 只能放在其后面。如:
Some farmers saw something strange in the sky.
I’ve got something important to say. There is nothing interesting at all.
somebody, someone, anybody, anyone和nobody, no one.而且只能放在其后。如:
Is there anything else you want to say?
What else do you want?
else與上述疑問代詞和不定代詞構成所有格時, 只能在else后加's, 而不能在疑問代詞或不定代詞后加's. 如說someone else's, 而不能說 * someone’s else。 who else的所有格有兩種形式who else's或whose else例如:
3. else只能修飾疑問代詞who, whom, whose, what和不定代詞something, anything, nothing,
— Is this hat yours?
— Whose else ( =Who else's) could it be ?
4. enough和nearby作形容詞時可放在所修飾的名詞前,也可放在其后。如:
a nearby building =a building nearby
We have enough food(=food enough)to last us for a week.(food enough„是舊用法,現在已不常用了。)
二、貌似副詞的形容詞
在英語構詞法中, 以-ly結尾的詞并不是副詞,而是形容詞。常見的有:e1derly (漸老的, 年齡相當大的), friendly (朋友似的, 友好的), lively (活潑的, 生動的), lonely (孤獨的, 寂寞的), lovely (可愛的, 美麗的), orderly (有秩序的,整齊的)等。如:
She gave us a lively lesson yesterday. 她昨天給我們上了一節(jié)生動的課。
*She gave us a lesson lively. (誤將lively用作副詞, 是錯句)
應該說: She gave us a lesson in a lively way. 她生動地給我們上一節(jié)課。
三、表語形容詞
形容詞在句子中的主要作用是作定語、表語和賓語補足語。英語中大部分形容詞都具有這些功能。但也有少數形容詞通常只作表語。常見的有afraid, alike, alive, alone, asleep, awake, glad, scarce, sorry, sure, worth, unable等。例如:
The child is asleep/sleeping. (作表語)
但是:the sleeping child,不能說*the asleep child(作定語) 注意:
1) 只能作表語的形容詞?？勺骱笾枚ㄕZ(相當省略關系代詞和系動詞的定語從句)如: Who's the greatest man (that is) alive?
The people (who are) present at the meeting are famous scientists.
The boy (who is) afraid of exams is my brother.
2) 若這些形容詞前有修飾語時, 也可放在名詞前面作定語, 如:
a fast asleep man, the wide awake child.
它們還可作賓語補足語和主語補足語,如:
People who find hibernating animals asleep often think they are dead. (作賓語補足語)
An enemy officer was caught alive. (作主語補足語)
四、系表結構中形容詞后的賓語
afraid, glad, sorry, sure, worth等形容詞與系動詞 be, seem等一起構成的系表結構后可以帶一個賓語。現分敘如下:
1. be afraid to do sth.表示“不敢干某事”, 而be afraid of sth. (doing sth.) 則表示“害怕 (干)某事”，如:
She is afraid to go out alone at night. (她不敢夜晚獨自出門.) Are you afraid of snakes? (你害怕蛇嗎?) 試比較下列兩個句子: She was afraid to wake her husband. She was afraid of waking her husband.
第一句意思是“她不敢吵醒她的丈夫.”怕她丈夫可能由此而生氣。第二句的意思是“她怕吵醒了她的丈夫。”可能因為她丈夫生病了或需要睡眠。
be afraid + that-clause表示一種委婉的客套話, that可以省略。如:
I am afraid (that) I can’t go with you.
2. be glad后可接of, 不定式或that-clause. 如:
I am glad of your success.
I am glad to meet you. I am glad that you have passed the examination. Aren't you sorry about (for) what you've done? I’m sorry for you. We're sorry to hear that. 3. be sorry可接about或for, 也可按不定式或that-clause. 如:
4. be sure可接of或about,也可接不定式或that-clause。如:
We're sure of a warm welcome.
I was not sure about two things — the grammar and some of the idioms. Are you sure that he is honest? be worth表示“價值”時, 可直接接名詞。如: The used car is worth $300 at most. 還可接動名詞的一般式, 主語為動名詞的邏輯賓語。如: This book is worth reading. 在It is worth while這一結構中, it為形式主語,后面可用動名詞, 也可用動詞不定式: It is worth while visiting the place. It is worth while to visit the place. (= The place is worth visiting.)
形容詞worthy可作定語, 修飾名詞。 如a worthy team 1eader. 它與of連用可作后置定語。如:
an enemy worthy of his sword (劍); a cause worthy of support
作表語時, of后可接名詞。如:
This place is worthy of a visit. 也可接動名詞, 常用其被動式。如:
This place is worthy of being visited. (=This place is worth visiting.)
如不與of連用, 則可接動詞不定式的被動式。如:
This book is worthy to be read. ( = The book is worth reading.)
五、形容詞、副詞前定冠詞的用法
說明：在形容詞、副詞的比較級和最高級中，我們所談到的所謂的冠詞 “the” 嚴格地說, 應該是副詞，但出于習慣或者是為了使語法術語簡單化，這里我們姑且仍將其稱為冠詞。
1. 形容詞最高級前一般要加定冠詞, 副詞最高級前可加可不加定冠詞。
2. 形容詞最高級前有時加不定冠詞或不加冠詞, 表示“非常”。如:
This is a most interesting story.
但如果這個名詞短語后面帶有一個表示范圍的短語或從句, 則要用定冠詞。即:
This is the most interesting story in this book (I've ever heard).
3. 表示兩者間“較„的一個”時, 形容比較級前需加定冠詞。如:
Which is the better of the two pianos?
5. worth, worth while和worthy
Who is the elder of the two brothers?
4. 一般說來, 在same之前要加定冠詞。如:
They are exactly the same.
We are of the same age. 又如在短語中: all the same, at the same time等。
詞都必須加定冠詞。如:
The nearer an object is to us, the bigger it looks. The more they talked, the more excited they were.
(年輕人), the blind (盲人), the wounded (傷員), the dead (死去的人)，當它們作句子的主語時謂語動詞通常用單數形式;但若是指一個人或抽象事物的形容詞則常用單數形式。 Generally, the rich is cruel to the poor.
The dead is his father.
The new is sure to take the place of the old.
六、某些常見副詞的區(qū)別
1. sometimes, sometime, some time, some times
Sometimes是副詞, 意思是“有時”。如: My father usually goes to work by bike, but sometimes on foot. sometime也是副詞, 意思是“某個時候”。如: I saw him sometime in October. 用在將來時的句子里表示“某日”、“某時”。如: He will go to call on his uncle sometime next week.
some tome作為副詞詞組意為“某時候”,通常用于將來時;作為名詞詞組則是“一些時間”的意思。some times的意思是“數次”。如:
Let's have dinner some time next week. He has waited for some time.
fairly和rather都可以作為程度副詞，都可以修飾形容詞和副詞;在翻譯上都可以譯成“挺„地，相當„地”的意思。區(qū)別如下：
1) rather一般用來表示消極的含義，如否定的、壞的、不理想的概念。而fairly一般用
來表示積極的、好的、合理想的概念。
Let’s go by bus. It’s rather cold outside. Her English is fairly good.
2) rather可與比較級(形容詞或副詞)連用，也可與too連用，表示a little(有點)、
slightly (稍微)的意思，fairly則不能這樣用。
a) 與比較級連用，“„„多了”
My brother is rather better today.
This dictionary is rather more expensive than that one.
b) 與too連用“有點„;稍微„”
This book is rather too difficult for the juniors and rather too easy for the seniors.
5. 在the + 比較級„the + 比較級„表示“越„就越„”這個結構中, 不管是形容詞還是副6. 在某些形容詞前加上定冠詞, 則表示同類人。如: the rich(富人),the poor (窮人), the young 2. fairly和rather
We had a fairly nice dinner, but the price is rather too high.
c) 當修飾名詞且有不定冠詞時，冠詞應該放在fairly前，rather之后。
如：a fairly pretty girl / rather a bad boy
3. 即可作形容詞又能作副詞的 “-ly”副詞的用法
1) 抽象與具體
a) deep和deeply一般說來，用于具體的情況時deep和deeply 均可(但deep更
常用); deeply用于抽象的情況。
He dived deep /deeply into the water. (具體)
I was deeply moved by his heroic deeds. (抽象)
b) high和highly
The bird is flying high in the sky. (具體)
He was highly thought of by the students. (抽象)
c) wide和widely
He opened his eyes wide. (具體)
English is widely used in the world. (抽象)
2) 習慣用法
a) easy與easily
副詞easy常用于習語中
go easy (寬容);go easy on (節(jié)省);take it easy (放松);easy does it (不著忙);get off easy (不受嚴厲懲罰);stand easy (休息);Easy come, easy go. (來的易去的快) 除習語外的情況，多用easily。例如：
This TV set can be easily moved about.
aloud ―大聲地‖，常與cry, shout連用;表示“出聲地”與silently相對。
The boy in the water is crying aloud for help. Please read the text aloud.
loud主要說明人的談笑聲音，常與speak, talk, laugh, say, shout連用。但如果說
的是消極行為，則用loudly。loudly常含有“喧鬧、嘈雜、吵鬧”之意。
He was about to speak loud when the naughty boy began to cry loudly.
另外，loudly還可以表示“引人注目地、花哨地”如：
Today she is very loudly dressed.
c) slow與slowly
在walk, run, climb, go, speak, read, burn以及how之后常用slow, 如：
How slow he climbs up the hill!
其他場合一般用slowly
She eats more slowly of all the family.
d) quick與quickly
兩者意思均為“快地;迅速地”但在“as…as”結構中，quick較為多用。
He ran as quick as I did at the sports meeting.
另外，在口語中， quick通常在詞組中作副詞，如在 Come quick(快點來)這樣的詞組中，但在正式寫作中，要求使用 quickly
b) aloud, loud, loudly
3) 意義相似，?？苫Q。
這樣的詞常見的有：clear / clearly; direct / directly; free / freely; bad / badly; quiet / quietly 等等。但值得注意的是，有些場合帶-ly的副詞通常表示方式，不帶-y的副詞通常表示結果。例如：
The door is closed tight.
七、頻率副詞
常見的頻率副詞有always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, hardly, never等。
1. 頻率副詞在句中通常放在行為動詞之前，系動詞、情態(tài)動詞或助動詞之后。如: I usually get up at six in the morning.
Li Ming is often late for school. We could hardy understand him. 在簡略答語和省略句中，則常放在系動詞、情態(tài)動詞或助動詞之前。如：
Can they usually find time for amusements?
Yes, they always can.
為了加強語氣,也可放在句首。其中often, seldom, hardly, barely, never在句首時，句子要倒裝。如：
Sometimes we play basketball, sometimes we play table tennis. Often did we warn them not to do so.
分常用肯定式。如：
You seldom go to your uncle’s, do you? She can hardly read and write, can she? Please tightly close the door. He remembers the photo clearly. The photo has not come out clear. 2. 其中seldom, hardly, 和never?？醋鞣穸ㄔ~，因此在構成反意疑問句時，附加疑問句部
八、older和elder; farther和further
1. old的比較級和最高級有兩種形式，即older, elder和oldest, eldest。在就年齡作比較時和
修飾物時要用older, oldest。如：
I am one year older than you.
Mr. Smith is the oldest in the office.
My coat is older than yours.
elder和e1dest主要用來表示兄弟姊妹之間的長幼關系,不能修飾物。如:
My elder sister is at college.
He is my eldest daughter.
Who is the eldest of the three (sisters或brothers)?
下面一句最能說明兩者之間的區(qū)別: My elder brother is one year older than I.
離進行比較，即表示“更遠”、“較遠”時，美國英語常用farther, farthest, 英國英語中further較farther更常用。如：
He is too tired to go any further (farther).
The school is on the further (farther) side of the mountain.
2. far的比較級和最高級也分別有兩種形式，即farther和further; farthest和furthest。對距離further的主要意思是“進一步”(此時不能用farther代替)。如:
Don’t make any change till further notice.
Please wait for further information. furthest現在已很少使用了，對距離或者是程度比較都常用farthest。如:
She is the farthest advanced of all my students. Who ran (the ) farthest?
九、形容詞、副詞比較級前的程度狀語
形容詞、副詞的比較級前可有一個狀語，表示比較的程度，常見的有：
1. many, much, a lot, a good (great) dea1, far (by far) 等表示“„得多”,如:
We are making far greater progress now than we did last year.
She looks much younger than she actually is. Joan made a lot more paper flowers than Mary.
I have got some more books, but not enough. Have you got any more money from him?
3. a little, a bit表示“稍許”,“一點兒”。如:
May I stay here a little longer? This lesson is a bit more difficult than that one.
4. still, even等表示“甚至更”、“還要”。如:
Tom studies harder than Jack. Peter studies even (still) harder.
5. 當副詞all修飾比較級時，前面應加定冠詞the，意思是“越發(fā)地„”
When I learned that he was a boy of not more than ten, my wonder was all the greater.
6. 在比較句型more than的結構中應注意以下幾點
1) 表示“弱化比較”意義的形容詞無論是多音節(jié)還是單音節(jié)，一概用less。例如：
My father is less angry than yesterday. (我爸爸的氣較昨天消了一些。)
2) no + 比較級 + than表示“只有”“僅”“就那么„„”或“一樣”。如:
My whole school education added up to no more than one year. I could see no more than you. That boy is not more than fifteen, I think.. 請注意下面的句子 They designed a device (裝置) no bigger / not bigger than a match box.
用no bigger than表示這一裝置“僅一個火柴盒那么大”;用not bigger 表示這一裝置“還沒有一個火柴盒大”。
4) no more…than或not…any more than“和„一樣地不„”，意味著兩者都否定，但往
往著重說明前面的一個分句，其作用相當于“neither…nor”。例如：
Mary is no more diligent than Tom. = Neither Mary nor Tom is diligent.
“瑪麗和湯姆倆人都不勤奮。”
5) not more… than“不如„;不及于„”，語氣常著重于后面的一個分句，?？膳c“not
so / as … as”互換使用。例如：
This story is not more interesting than that one.
= This story is not so/as interesting than that one.
7. 用數字表示確切的量或倍數關系。如:
2. some, any表示“一些”。some用于肯定句，any用于否定句或疑問句。如: 3) not + 比較級 + than表示“不比”,“不足”。如:
There are 10 more students in our class than in Class 2.
Mr. Johnson is three years older than his wife.
十、倍數表示法
英語中表示倍數的方法大致有三種,即:
1. A + be (或謂語動詞) + 數詞 + times + as + 形容詞原級 + as B.
This playground is three times as large as that one.
2. A + be (或謂語動詞) + 數詞 + times + the + (size, weight, length, width, depth, height,
number…) + of + B.
This playground is three times the size of that one. This playground is twice larger than that one. 以下句子的意思是相同的。 This street is four times the length of that one.
= This street is four times as long as that one.
= This street is four times longer than that one.
= This street is four-fold longer than that one.
注意：但若表示“比„大 (長、寬、重、高、深„等)多少”，須用“數字%+比較級+than”來表達。上句還可轉換為：
This street is 300% longer than that one.
(這條街比那條街長三倍/百分之三百?；颍哼@條街是那條街四倍長) 3. A + be (或謂語動詞) + 數詞 + times + 形容詞比較級 + than B.
六、作后置定語用的形容詞短語
許多形容詞可以與某些詞(組)或結構搭配構成形容詞短語。當這些短語在句子中作名詞的修飾語時, 應該后置, 其語法功能相當于一個省略形式的定語從句 (限制性或非限制性均可), 也就是說后置的形容詞短語相當于省去 "which/who/that + be" 之后保留下來的表語。這種形容詞短語的構成方式大致可以分為以下幾種:
一、 兩個或兩個以上的形容詞可以在一起由and或but連接而構成形容詞短語。這種短語作后置定語時, 一般修飾具有泛指意義的名詞。如:
He is a man rude but henpecked.他是一個粗暴而懼內的男人。
children innocent, lively and lovely天真而又活潑可愛的孩子
(注: 此類形容詞短語亦可作前置定語)
二、 有些形容詞常與某些介詞短語搭配, 作后置定語。如:
The leaders present at the meeting tota11ed eight.出席會議的領導共有八人。
This is a subject worthy of careful study.這是一個值得仔細研究的問題。
另外, 有些形容詞 (表語形容詞除外) 與介詞搭配時, 我們還可以把它和其后的介詞拆開, 即將形容詞置于名詞之前, 將介詞短語置于名詞之后。如:
a question different from this one = a different question from this one 一個與此不同的問題
三、 少數形容詞后面可以直接跟邏輯賓語, 用以構成后置定語來修飾名詞。如:
She owns a diamond worth four thousand francs 她有一顆價值四千法郎的鉆石。
a boy afraid (that) he can’t pass the exam 一個怕這次考試不能及格的男孩
a student confident (that) he will be able to pass the exam一個對通過考試很有自信心的學生
*有的語法書上認為形容詞后面的that從句是狀語從句, 有的認為是賓語從句。筆者認為這兩種說法均有道理, 但總歸是形容詞和從句構成了形容詞短語。如:
We are afraid that you'll not get here on time.
四、 有些形容詞可以與后面的動詞不定式一起構成可以置于名詞之后的短語。如:
Lei Feng was a good comrade, always ready to help others.
雷鋒是個好同志, 他總是樂于助人。
so...to do, too...to do和...enough to do等不定式慣用結構也可以用于修飾前面的名詞。如: questions so easy to answer容易回答的問題
problems too difficult to solve難以解決的問題
若被修飾的名詞前面有不定冠詞, 我們還可以用分隔形式。也就是將形容詞放在不定冠詞前面, 將不定式放在名詞后面。
She is a nurse careful enough to tend patients. = She is careful enough a nurse to tend patients. 她是一位照料病人足夠細心的護士。
五、 少量形容詞后面可以加-ing分詞構成可以后置的短語。如:
peasants busy getting in crops 忙于收割莊稼的農夫們
a student long understanding the problem好不容易才弄懂這個問題的學生
六、 表示距離和時間的名詞詞組常與后面的形容詞一起構成可以后置的形容詞短語。如:
a 1eaning tower about 180 feet high 一座約一百八十英尺高的斜塔
a poor little boy, not over 12 years old 一個不超過十二歲的貧苦小男孩
七、 后置的形容詞短語還可常由 more...than, no more...than 和 not more...than 等比較級結構或
as...as 結構組成。如:
a student no more diligent than Tom一個和湯姆一樣不勤奮的學生
a book as interesting as this one一本與此書同樣有趣的書
這種結構同樣可以采取分隔形式:
She is a girl as clever as Mary. = She is as clever a girl as Mary.
她是一個象瑪麗一樣聰明的姑娘。
八、 有些表語形容詞(一般多為a-開頭)也可以置于名詞之后,其功能相當于定語從句。如:
the baby asleep那個熟睡的嬰兒
the boy afraid of exams那個怕考試的男孩
九、 單個的分詞修飾名詞時,可以前置,也可以后置。如:
a stolen car = a car stolen被盜的轎車
若用分詞短語修飾名詞, 則應后置。如:
a girl interested in maths一位對數學感興趣的姑娘
the man married to Helen那位與海倫結了婚的男人
七、“It”的用法
“It”在英語中用法非常廣泛，但也容易被人誤用。筆者現將其常見用法做一簡要介紹。
一、作為代詞的it
1. 用作人稱代詞，代替前文提到過的事物。
The frog is not a warm-blooded animal.
It’s a cold-blooded one.
2. 用以代替提示代詞this, that。
— What’s this? —It’s a flag.
— Whose exercise book is that? — It’s here.
3. 起指示代詞的作用，指一個人或事物。
— Who is knocking at the door? — It’s me.
— Who is making such a noise? — It must be the children.
4. 指環(huán)境情況等。
It was very quiet (noisy) at the moment.
5. 指時間，季節(jié)等。
— What time is it? — It is eight o’clock.
6. 指天氣或氣候。
It often rains in summer.
It’s very cold today, isn’t it?
7. 指距離。
It is five kilometers from the office to my home.
It is a long way to the factory.
二、作為引導詞的it
1. 作形式主語。
當動詞不定式(或不定式的復合結構)、動名詞或從句作主語時，通常把它們放在謂語之后，而用it作句子的形式主語。例如：
It is not easy to finish the work in two days.
It is not a good habit to stay up late.
It is no use crying over the spilt milk.
It is a pity that you didn’t read the book.
2. 作形式賓語。
當復合賓語中的賓語是不定式、動名詞、賓語從句時， 往往把賓語放在它的補足語后面，而用it作形式賓語，放在賓語補足語之前。例如：
I think it no use arguing with him.
I found it very interesting to study English.
He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject.
3. 用于強調結構。
要強調句子的某一部分(通常是主語、狀語、賓語)，可以把it當作先行詞。這種句子的結構是 ―It is (was)+被強調部分+that (who) +句子的其余部分.‖ 如果被強調的部分是人， 可用who, whom代替that, 例如：
It is Prof. Lin who / that teaches us English.(強調主語)
It is English that Prof. Lin teaches us.(強調賓語)
It was in Shanghai tha(強調狀語)
It was in 1975 that I worked in a factory.(強調狀語)
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