2014考研英語閱讀“推理題型”舉例分析
? (1)推斷文章內(nèi)容的含義和引申意思
Example
Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U. S., when the Standard Oil Trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing-witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan—but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt.(2001年 Passage 4)
From Paragraph 4 we can infer that .
[A] the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers
[B] WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs
[C] the costs of the globalization process are enormous
[D] the Standard Oil Trust might have threatened competition
命題者設(shè)置的難點(diǎn)是第二句中定語從句的理解。原文談到“目前難以預(yù)料，數(shù)家石油公司的合并是否會再次對競爭造成威脅。100年前美國的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)石油聯(lián)合公司(Standard Oil Trust)被解散，就是因為當(dāng)時人們擔(dān)心它會對競爭構(gòu)成威脅”，由此引申推理可知[D]項“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)石油聯(lián)合公司可能曾對競爭形成過威脅”。此外，考生還需要注意，might have threatened是虛擬語氣，表示對過去的推測。
(2)運(yùn)用數(shù)字進(jìn)行推理
Example
Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.
This development—and its strong implication for US politics and economy in years ahead—has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting.
Altogether, the Us population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people—numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.
Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War Ⅱ, and the pattern still prevails. (1998年 Passage 4)
Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s .
[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history
[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population
[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth
[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War Ⅱ
這是一道涉及數(shù)字的題目，從標(biāo)志詞1970s可以定位為文章第三段，本段指出：“20世紀(jì)70年代，美國人口總共增長了2 320萬——從數(shù)字上看，這是有紀(jì)錄以來10年期人口增長的第三高峰。即使如此，人口總數(shù)也只增加了11.4%，除了大蕭條時期，這是美國年度記錄最低的增長率?！币虼?，[A]選項和[C]選項與文意不符。接著文章第四段談到人口普查顯示出“第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以來，美國人不斷移居西部和南部，現(xiàn)在這種趨勢依然存在”。因此可以得出[B]選項是正確答案，而[D]選項與該段內(nèi)容正好相反。
(3)用類比的例子，要求考生進(jìn)行推理演繹
Example1
There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.
By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept. (1995年 Passage 2)
A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when .
[A] he has given up his smoking habit
[B] he has made great efforts in his work
[C] he is keen on learning anything new
[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey
(1)先了解全文，把握主題
考生可以通過首尾段、文章結(jié)構(gòu)、或歸納整理各段信息迅速了解主題。然后再通過主題與細(xì)節(jié)的關(guān)系進(jìn)行合乎理性的歸納。
(4)Example
The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life. (2000年 Passage 5)
From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained .
[A] secretly and vigorously
[B] openly and enthusiastically
[C] easily and momentarily
[D] verbally and spiritually
該段談到人們對雄心的攻擊遠(yuǎn)多于對它的維護(hù)，因此本應(yīng)是一種健康公開的品質(zhì)得不到很多支持。第四句和第五句指出了不公開表達(dá)雄心帶來的不良后果，由此可以推出人們不應(yīng)該隱瞞自己的雄心。此外，縱觀全文，作者提倡的是正確對待雄心，坦言自己的抱負(fù)。因此[B]選項“公開而熱情地”是作者提倡的對待雄心的正確態(tài)度。
(5)把握作者的寫作意圖
Example
No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom. (2001年 Passage 1)
The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate.
[A] the process of specialisation and professionalisation
[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study
[C] the change of policies in scientific publications
[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs
前一段談到，業(yè)余研究者進(jìn)入專業(yè)領(lǐng)域很難的趨勢在某些科學(xué)領(lǐng)域尤為突出，英國地質(zhì)學(xué)的發(fā)展就說明了這一問題。后一段通過對19世紀(jì)英國地質(zhì)學(xué)及其出版物的變化、研究方式的變化、非專業(yè)人員研究過程的困難等的陳述，說明專業(yè)人員和業(yè)余人員之間的分化越來越明顯。因此可引申推理出作者的寫作目的正是描述[A]選項 “職業(yè)化和專業(yè)化形成的過程”。
(6)Example
Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses’ convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?” the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, that’s God,” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks he’s a doctor.” (2002年Text 1)
The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are .
[A] impolite to new arrivals
[B] very conscious of their godlike role
[C] entitled to some privileges
[D] very busy even during lunch hours
考生要根據(jù)全文的主旨以及作者的語氣，從那個關(guān)于醫(yī)生的笑話里推理醫(yī)生和上帝有相似的特點(diǎn)：醫(yī)生無禮、傲慢，自以為像上帝一樣。接著再推測護(hù)士對醫(yī)生的看法是：非常在乎自己上帝般的角色。這種推理是一個比較復(fù)雜的過程。[B]選項為正確答案。
(7)Example
If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.(2002年 Passage 1)
It can be inferred from the text that public services
[A] have benefited many people
[B] are the focus of public attention
[C] are an inappropriate subject for humor
[D] have often been the laughing stock
該段末句“如果拿公共服務(wù)行業(yè)作為替罪羊(scapegoats)去進(jìn)行評論，你就會處于安全境地”讓人讀了不是很明白，禁不住要去推想到底為什么公共服務(wù)行業(yè)這么特殊呢?聯(lián)系上文，前面的內(nèi)容說的是“開玩笑取樂要看聽眾是不是自己同行業(yè)的人，如果不是就有可能招人反感”。一番推理之后，才明白這句話的另外一層未說明的含義，即選項[D]反映的內(nèi)容：公共服務(wù)行業(yè)是大家經(jīng)常談?wù)摰墓餐α稀?BR> 其次，根據(jù)題干的關(guān)鍵詞迅速搜索定位以便確定推理依據(jù)的范圍，利用語法、詞匯、語境線索，了解單句的含義，弄清上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，然后按題意進(jìn)行推理。題目可能要求考生對某句話或數(shù)句話進(jìn)行正確理解或釋義，也可能從某句話或某段話中推測出一兩件事實(shí)。
(8)Example
In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.(2002年 Passage 3)
It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if .
[A] price of crude rises
[B] commodity prices rise
[C] consumption rises
[D] oil taxes rise
題干中的關(guān)鍵詞是“the retail price of petrol”。根據(jù)它定位到文章段落，文章先給出事實(shí)：原油價格占汽油零售價格的一小部分，其大部分是稅收。在歐洲國家這個比例更是高達(dá)五分之四，因此原油價格的變動對汽油價格影響不大。據(jù)此可以推出二者的潛在關(guān)系：影響汽油價格的主要因素是稅收;稅收漲，油價也大幅度地漲。
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