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People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It’s not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.
Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of question. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from each other, and there is a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory. The argument is often conveniently referred to as nature vs. nurture. Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factors. That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined(注定) to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts(本能).
Proponents of the “nurture” theory, or, as they are often called, behaviorists, claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. Behaviorists see humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. Their view of the human being is quite mechanistic; they maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli (something that helps sb./sth. to develop better and more quickly )as the basis of their behavior.
The social and political connections of these two theories are significant. In the United States, for example, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligent test. This leads some “nature” proponents to conclude that blacks are genetically worse than whites. Behaviorists, in contrast, say that the differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often robbed of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy, and that, as a result, they do not develop the same responses that whites do.
Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes. That the argument will continue for a long time is certain.
66. The author is mainly concerned about solving the problem ____________.
A. why our personalities and behaviors differ
B. what makes different stages of intelligence
C. how social scientists form different theories
D. what causes the “nature/ nurture” argument
67. The word “proponents” can best be replaced by __________.
A. approaches B. advocates C. principles D. characters
68. Which of the following statements may be supported by the “nature” school?
A. We are born with certain personalities and behaviors.
B. Environment has nothing to do with our personalities.
C. Abilities and characteristics are showed by behaviors.
D. Only extreme behaviors are determined by instincts.
69. What can we learn about the behaviorists?
A. They believe human beings are mechanical.
B. They compare our behaviors to the machines.
C. They suggest that we react to the environment as the machines do.
D. They agree that the mechanistic theory can be applied on us as well.
70. The “nature” theorists believe that the black’s low scores ____________.
A. are the result of the educational disadvantages
B. are a display of the blacks’ poor intelligence
C. have nothing to do with their true intelligence
D. have nothing to do with factors other than heredity(遺傳)
答案與解析：
66. A. 主旨大意題。首段首句指出作者要討論的問題，第2段開始從兩個方面解釋該問題，末段是總結(jié)段，由此看來，首段首句和末段首句提到的human behavior 是本文的中心內(nèi)容，因此答案為A。雖然文章首段第2句就提到intelligent一詞，但該句的intelligent，cooperative，competitive等都只是舉例說明首句有關(guān)personalities和behaviors的問題，由此可見，選項B并非本文主旨;作者提到兩種理論是為了解釋性格和行為形成的原因，并非討論這兩種理論形成的原因，因此C、D兩項均不正確。
67. B. 詞義猜測題。根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，我們可以判斷proponent應(yīng)指人，指這兩種理論的支持者，只有advocates“擁護(hù)者”符合這種推測，故選B。
68. A. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。 第3段首句的largely determined by biological and genetic factors和末句的governed by our instincts 都表明“天性論”派會認(rèn)同A的看法，故選A。
69. C. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。本題實際上考查第4段末句的正確理解。原文該句中的like machines，humans respond……表明作者并非單純把人類比作機(jī)器，而是把人類對環(huán)境的反應(yīng)與機(jī)械對環(huán)境的反應(yīng)作對比，由此可見，C為正確的理解。
70. D. 細(xì)節(jié)推理題。 將D選項與第3段結(jié)合起來，可以確定D為本題答案，只有D才符合“天性論”派對性格與行為形成的看法。
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