?2014考研英語閱讀精析八
Unit3學(xué)習(xí)能力
Text1 正文
The old idea that talented children “burn themselves out” in the early years, and, therefore, are subjected to failure and at worst, mental illness is unfounded. As a matter of fact, the outstanding thing that happens to bright kids is that they are very likely to grow into bright adults.
To find this out, l, 500 gifted persons were followed up to their thirty-fifth year with these results:
On adult intelligence tests, they scored as high as they had as children. They were, as a group, in good health, physically and mentally. 84 per cent of their group were married and seemed content with their lives.
About 70 per cent had graduated from college, though only 30 per cent had graduated with honors. A few had even dropped out, but nearly half of these had returned to graduate. Of the men, 80 per cent were in one of the professions or in business management or semiprofessional jobs. The women who had remained single had office, business, or professional occupations.
The group had published 90 books and 1,500 articles in scientific, scholarly, and literary magazines and had collected more than 100 patents.
In a material way they did not do badly either. Average income was considerably higher among the gifted people, especially the men, than for the country as a whole, despite their comparative youth.
In fact, far from being strange, most of the gifted were turning their early promise into practical reality.
Text1 習(xí)題
1. The old idea that talented children “burn themselves out” in the early years is ________.
[A] true in all senses
[B] refuted by the author
[C] medically proven
[D] a belief of the author
2. The survey of bright children was made to ________.
[A] find out what had happened to talented children when they became adults
[B] prove that talented children “burn themselves out” in the early years
[C] discover the percentage of those mentally ill among the gifted
[D] prove that talented children never burn themselves out
3. Intelligence tests showed that ________.
[A] bright children were unlikely to be mentally healthy
[B] between childhood and adulthood there was a considerable loss of intelligence
[C] talented children were most likely to become gifted adults
[D] when talented children grew into adults, they made low scores
Text1全文翻譯
聰明的孩子年少時就“江郎才盡”從而變得一事無成甚至患有精神疾病，這種舊有的說法是沒有根據(jù)的。事實上，聰明的孩子的杰出之處在于他們很可能在成年后還是很聰明的。
為了驗證這一結(jié)論，實驗跟蹤監(jiān)測了1,500名有天賦的人，這個實驗一直進(jìn)行到他們35歲為止，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)：
在成人智力測試上，他們的得分同他們孩提時的得分一樣高。作為一個群體，他們身心狀況良好。在這個群體中，有84%的人已經(jīng)結(jié)婚了而且似乎對自己的生活感到滿意。
雖然只有30%的人是優(yōu)秀畢業(yè)生，但大學(xué)畢業(yè)的人數(shù)約為70%。雖然有幾個人曾中途退學(xué)，但是其中將近一半的人又重新返回了學(xué)校并畢業(yè)。其中男性中的80%的人在專業(yè)領(lǐng)域、企業(yè)管理或是半專業(yè)領(lǐng)域里從事工作。而其中仍為單身的女性也在辦事處、企業(yè)或?qū)I(yè)領(lǐng)域工作。
這群人已經(jīng)編著了90本書并在科學(xué)、學(xué)術(shù)以及文學(xué)雜志上發(fā)表了1500篇文章以及擁有100多項專利權(quán)。
在現(xiàn)實生活中，他們也表現(xiàn)良好。這群天資稟賦之人，尤其是其中的男人，雖然比較年輕，但與全國其他人相比，他們的平均收入?yún)s高得多。
事實上，不足為奇，大多數(shù)的天才都會將其早年的跡象轉(zhuǎn)化為現(xiàn)實。
Text1 重點句
About 70 per cent had graduated from college, though only 30 per cent had graduated with honors.A few had even dropped out, but nearly half of these had returned to graduate.Of the men, 80 per cent were in one of the professions or in business management or semiprofessional jobs.The women who had remained single had office, business, or professional occupations.
該句意義：
這段中，使用了列數(shù)字的方法，為文章的論點提供了詳實的論據(jù)，即上大學(xué)的比例，男性的成功比例，和女性的成功比例。這種列數(shù)字的方法，是英語二的圖表作文中最?？疾斓?，所以各位同學(xué)可以加以注意，也可以使用其在自己的作文中。
該句語法：
(1)讓步狀語從句：though only 30 per cent had graduated with honors.
(2)定語從句：The women who had remained
Text1 習(xí)題答案
答案:BAC
1. The old idea that talented children “burn themselves out” in the early years is ________.
1. 聰明的孩子年少時就“江郎才盡“這種舊有的說法______。
[A] true in all senses
[A] 在任何意義上來說都是正確的
[B] refuted by the author
[B] 被作者駁斥了
[C] medically proven
[C] 是有醫(yī)學(xué)根據(jù)的
[D] a belief of the author
[D] 是作者的一種信仰
2. The survey of bright children was made to ________.
2. 對聰明的孩子進(jìn)行調(diào)查是為了________.
[A] find out what had happened to talented children when they became adults
[A] 查明這些有天賦的孩子成年后的狀況如何
[B] prove that talented children “burn themselves out” in the early years
[B] 證明聰明的孩子年少時就會“江郎才盡”
[C] discover the percentage of those mentally ill among the gifted
[C] 得到這些天才兒童中患精神疾病的人的比例
[D] prove that talented children never burn themselves out
[D] 證明天才兒童永遠(yuǎn)都不會“江郎才盡”
3. Intelligence tests showed that ________.
3. 智力測試表明_______。
[A] bright children were unlikely to be mentally healthy
[A] 聰明的孩子是不可能精神正常的
[B] between childhood and adulthood there was a considerable loss of intelligence
[B] 從孩提到成年智力喪失很嚴(yán)重的
[C] talented children were most likely to become gifted adults
[C] 天才兒童成年后最可能成為有才華的人
[D] when talented children grew into adults, they made low scores
[D] 當(dāng)天才兒童成年后很難取得成就
Unit3成長歷程
Text2 正文
The period of adolescence, i.e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one’s life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society.
In modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, right, privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train, airplane, theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights. At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increases his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver’s license; he can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights; the young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can vote, he can buy liquor, he can enter into financial contracts, and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after majority status has been attained. None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.
Text2 習(xí)題
1. The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because ________.
[A] the definition of maturity has changed
[B] the industrialized society is more developed
[C] more education is provided and laws against child labor are made
[D] ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance
2. Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to ________.
[A] graduations from schools and colleges
[B] social recognition
[C] socio-economic status
[D] certain behavioral changes
3. No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is ________.
[A] eleven years old
[B] sixteen years old
[C] twenty-one years old
[D] between twelve and twenty-one years old
4. Starting from 22, ________.
[A] one will obtain more basic rights
[B] the older one becomes, the more basic rights he will have
[C] one won’t get more basic rights than when he is 21
[D] one will enjoy more rights granted by society
5. According to the passage, it is true that ________.
[A] in the late 19th century in the United States the dividing line between adolescence and adulthood no longer existed
[B] no one can marry without the permission of his parents until the age of twenty-one
[C] one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a driver’s license
[D] one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can join the army
Text 2全文翻譯
青春期，也就是童年與成年之間的這段時期，可長可短。其長短取決于社會期望值和社會對成熟和成年的定義。原始社會中，青春期通常是相當(dāng)短的一段時期。而在工業(yè)化社會里，由于人們接受教育時間的延長以及反童工法的制定，青春期要長很多，它包含了人生中第二個十年(十歲到二十歲)的大部分時間。另外，在某一社會中，青春期的長度和成年地位的定義可能會隨社會經(jīng)濟(jì)條件的改變而改變。這種變化譬如：19世紀(jì)后期，美國乃至所有由農(nóng)業(yè)化走向工業(yè)化的國家里不再存在青春期和成年期的界限。
現(xiàn)代社會中，青春期的各種儀式已不被正式認(rèn)可，也不再具有象征意義，人們對其“開始儀式”也不再有統(tǒng)一的認(rèn)識。社會儀式已經(jīng)被一系列的“階段”所取代，這些“階段”將使人得到更多的認(rèn)可和更高的社會地位。例如，小學(xué)畢業(yè)，中學(xué)畢業(yè)，大學(xué)畢業(yè)就形成了這樣一個系列。每一個“階段”都意味著某些行為變化和一定的社會認(rèn)可度，其意義大小則取決于個人的社會經(jīng)濟(jì)地位和受教育的目標(biāo)。青春期的各種儀式也已經(jīng)被法律意義上的地位、權(quán)利、特權(quán)、和責(zé)任所取代。從12歲生日起到21歲生日這九年之間，逐漸去除了兒童時代受到的保護(hù)和限制和較低的社會地位，同時又逐漸被賦予成年人的權(quán)利和責(zé)任。人到了12歲就不再被看作孩子，乘火車、飛機(jī)、或去劇院、電影院時必須買全票?；旧峡梢赃@樣說，這一年齡的個人失去了兒童的特權(quán)，卻沒有得到明顯的成年人權(quán)利。16歲的青少年會得到某些成人的權(quán)利，通過得到更多的自由和選擇而提高社會地位。他可以獲得駕照;可以離開公立學(xué)校;可以不再受童工法的限制。18歲時，他可以得到法律認(rèn)可的成人權(quán)利和義務(wù);可以參軍，可以在不得到父母的允許的情況下結(jié)婚。21歲時，他會得到成年人完全的法律權(quán)利。他可以投票，可以買酒，可以簽署商業(yè)合同，可以有權(quán)競選公職。進(jìn)入成年狀態(tài)后，就不再因為年齡的增長而享受到更多的權(quán)利。所有法律條款都沒有決定到底什么年齡算是進(jìn)入成年，但它們的確表明青春期延長了。
Text2 重點句
The period of adolescence, i.e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one’s life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change.
該句意義：
該段落通過下定義和作比較的方法，對于青春期做出了相關(guān)的說明。這種方法我們可以將青春期這種時間可以轉(zhuǎn)化為其他的時間，即可以直接應(yīng)用于寫作之中。
該句語法：
(1)英語縮略語：“ i.e.”其為拉丁語“id est“的縮寫。其意義為：也就是;即。
(2)非謂語動詞做狀語： depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. 可翻譯為：取決于……
(3)賓語從句：to what constitutes maturity and adulthood.
Text2 習(xí)題答案
答案:CACCA
1. The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because_______.
1. 工業(yè)社會中的青春期變長許多的原因是____。
[A] the definition of maturity has changed
[A] 成熟的定義發(fā)生了改變
[B] the industrialized society is more developed
[B] 工業(yè)化社會更加發(fā)達(dá)。
[C] more education is provided and laws against child labor are made
[C] 人們所受的教育增多以及反童工法的制定
[D] ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance
[D] 青春期的各種儀式已不再得到正式承認(rèn)，且失去了其象征意義。
2. Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to_________.
2. 先前用于標(biāo)志青春期的社會儀式已經(jīng)被________所取代。
[A] graduations from schools and colleges
[A] 從各類學(xué)校畢業(yè)
[B] social recognition
[B] 社會認(rèn)可
[C] socio-economic status
[C] 社會經(jīng)濟(jì)地位
[D] certain behavioral changes
[D] 某些行為變化
3. No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is_______.
3. 若要享受完全的成年人特權(quán)，必須達(dá)到________。
[A] eleven years old
[A] 11歲
[B] sixteen years old
[B] 16歲
[C] twenty-one years old
[C] 21歲
[D] between twelve and twenty-one years old
[D]12到21歲之間。
4. Starting from 22, _______.
4. 從22歲開始，_____________。
[A] one will obtain more basic rights
[A] 個人會得到更多的基本權(quán)利
[B] the older one becomes, the more basic rights he will have
[B] 一個人越老，擁有的基本權(quán)利越多
[C] one won’t get more basic rights than when he is 21
[C] 個人的基本權(quán)利將不會比21歲時有所增加。
[D] one will enjoy more rights granted by society
[D] 人們將享有社會賦予的更多的權(quán)利
5. According to the passage, it is true that___.
5. 根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，____________。
[A] in the late 19th century in the United States the dividing line between adolescence and adulthood no longer existed
[A] 19世紀(jì)晚期，美國已不再有青春期和成年期的劃分
[B] no one can marry without the permission of his parents until the age of twenty-one
[B] 直到21歲，人們才可以在不得到父母的情況下結(jié)婚
[C] one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a driver’s license
[C] 獲得駕照的人就可以算是成人了
[D] one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can join the army
[D] 直到參軍后才可以不受反童工法的限制
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Unit3成長歷程
Text3 正文
Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.
Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society’s understanding -- the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.
Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.
“All men are created equal.” We’ve heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country’s founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children -- the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children -- disabled or not -- to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.
Text3 習(xí)題
1. In Paragraph 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that
[A] the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society
[B] exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are
[C] exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society
[D] the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children
2. The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that ________.
[A] they are expected to be leaders of the society
[B] they might become a burden of the society
[C] they should fully develop their potentials
[D] disabled children deserve special consideration
3. This passage mainly deals with ________.
[A] the differences of children in their learning capabilities
[B] the definition of exceptional children in modern society
[C] the special educational programs for exceptional children
[D] the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children
4. From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children ________.
[A] is now enjoying legal support
[B] disagrees with the tradition of the country
[C] was clearly stated by the country’s founders
[D] will exert great influence over court decisions
Text3全文翻譯
特殊兒童在一些重要的方面不同于其他同齡的孩子。對于這些孩子來說，要把他們?nèi)康某墒斓臐摿﹂_發(fā)出來，他們所受的教育就必須適應(yīng)那些差異。
雖然我們關(guān)注的是特殊兒童的需要，但卻發(fā)現(xiàn)我們也在描述他們的生活環(huán)境。當(dāng)舞臺上的主角吸引了我們的注意力后，我們也意識到配角及戲劇場景的重要性。特殊兒童所處的家庭及社會環(huán)境常常是他們成長和發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵。正是在公立學(xué)校里我們感受到了社會知性的充分體現(xiàn)——向下一代傳授知識、希望和恐懼。
任何社會的教育都是反映該社會的一面鏡子。在這面鏡子里，我們可以看到優(yōu)點、弱點、希望、偏見，以及文化本身的核心價值。過去30年間公共教育表現(xiàn)出的對特殊兒童的巨大關(guān)注表明了存在于我們社會中的那種強烈情緒，即所有公民，不論情況怎么特殊，都應(yīng)該得到全面發(fā)展其能力的機(jī)會。
“人人生來平等”。這句話我們已聽過無數(shù)次，但在民主社會它對教育仍然有著極其重要的寓意。盡管這句話被國家建立者們用來表示法律面前人人平等，它也被解釋為機(jī)會面前人人平等。這個概念暗示了所有兒童都有接受教育的機(jī)會——即每個兒童，不管其本身的能力大小與否，都有權(quán)利在學(xué)習(xí)上最大限度地得到幫助。最近的法庭裁決已再次確定了所有兒童——不論殘疾與否——都有接受適當(dāng)?shù)慕逃臋?quán)利，并已命令公立學(xué)校采取必要的措施來提供這種教育。作為回應(yīng)，學(xué)校也在調(diào)整課程安排，使授課能夠適應(yīng)特殊兒童，適應(yīng)那些不能從常規(guī)課程中真正獲益的兒童的需要。
Text3 重點句
Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that minor we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself.
該句意義：
在該句中使用“mirror”這個比喻，即借用鏡子會反映真實反映情況的東西這一特征，進(jìn)而說明教育是社會的鏡子，即可以從教育這個角度看一個社會的全貌。凡是教育類的寫作，皆可以應(yīng)用該句子，直接帶入寫作中。
該句語法：
(1)介詞短語做后置定語：in any society
(2) 介詞短語做前置狀語省略逗號：In that minor，本應(yīng)有逗號，但是在該句中省略。
(3)平行結(jié)構(gòu)中三者以上并列：the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values
(4)反身代詞做同位語：itself=culture
Text3 習(xí)題答案
答案：ACDA
1.In Paragraph 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that____.
1.第二段作者引用舞臺主角的例子目的是為了說明______。
[A] the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society
[A] 特殊兒童的成長與家庭和社會有很大關(guān)系
[B] exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are
[B] 與正常兒童相比，特殊兒童受到的家庭影響更大
[C] exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society
[C] 家庭和社會最感興趣的是特殊兒童
[D] the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children
[D] 社會的需要比特殊兒童的需要重要得多
2.The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that__.
2.特殊兒童在教育上得到很多關(guān)注的原因是___________。
[A] they are expected to be leaders of the society
[A] 他們有望成為社會領(lǐng)袖
[B] they might become a burden of the society
[B] 他們有可能成為社會負(fù)擔(dān)
[C] they should fully develop their potentials
[C] 他們應(yīng)該充分發(fā)揮自己的潛力
[D] disabled children deserve special consideration
[D] 殘疾兒童值得特殊關(guān)注
3.This passage mainly deals with__.
3.文章的主要內(nèi)容是_________。
[A] the differences of children in their learning capabilities
[A] 孩子在學(xué)習(xí)能力上的差異
[B] the definition of exceptional children in modern society
[B] 現(xiàn)代社會中特殊兒童的定義
[C] the special educational programs for exceptional children
[C] 為特殊兒童設(shè)的特殊教育項目
[D] the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children
[D] 使教育適應(yīng)特殊兒童的特點的必要性
4. From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children ___.
4.從文章可知，對特殊兒童教育的關(guān)注_________。
[A] is now enjoying legal support
[A] 正受到法律的支持
[B] disagrees with the tradition of the country
[B] 與本國傳統(tǒng)不符
[C] was clearly stated by the country’ s founders
[C] 被國家創(chuàng)立者明確地表達(dá)出來
[D] will exert great influence over court decisions
[D] 將會對法庭的裁決起很大影響
Unit3成長歷程
Text4 正文
There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language -- all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.
By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.
In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we’re shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we’re slow to adapt to change or that we’re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.
These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.
Text4 習(xí)題
1. A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when ________.
[A] he has given up his smoking habit
[B] he has made great efforts in his work
[C] he is keen on leaning anything new
[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey
2. In the author’s eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would ________.
[A] succeed in climbing up the social ladder
[B] judge his ability to grow from his own achievements
[C] face difficulties and take up challenges
[D] aim high and reach his goal each time
3. When the author says “a new way of being” (line 2~3, Para. 3) he is referring to ________.
[A] a new approach to experiencing the world
[C] a new method of perceiving ourselves
[B] a new way of taking risks
[D] a new system of adaptation to change
4. For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following except ________.
[A] curiosity about more chances
[C] open-mindedness to new experiences
[B] promptness in self-adaptation
[D] avoidance of internal fears and doubts
Text4全文翻譯
看待成長有兩種基本態(tài)度：一種視其為結(jié)果，一種視其為過程。人們通常視個人成長為容易被識別和衡量的一種外在結(jié)果或成果。工人得到升遷、學(xué)生成績提高和外國人學(xué)會了一門新的語言——這些都可以表明人們付出努力之后，取得了可測定的成績。
相比之下，測定個人成長的過程卻要艱難得多。因為從定義來看，它是一段旅程，而不是沿途特定的路標(biāo)或標(biāo)志物。成長過程不是道路本身，而是當(dāng)遭遇新的情況或未預(yù)料到的坎坷時所持的態(tài)度和情感，是慎重行事還是勇往直前。在這個過程中，旅行永遠(yuǎn)不會真正結(jié)束;總是有新的方法來感受世界，總會嘗試新思想，接受新挑戰(zhàn)。
為了成長，為了探索新路，人們需要樂意去冒險，去勇敢面對未知事物，去接受他們也許會一開始就“失敗”的可能性。當(dāng)我們嘗試一種新的生存方式時，我們?nèi)绾慰创约簩ξ覀兊某砷L能力至關(guān)重要。我們認(rèn)為自己快捷、有好奇心嗎?如果是的話，那我們往往會抓住更多的機(jī)會，更愿意去體驗不熟悉的事情。我們認(rèn)為自己靦腆、優(yōu)柔寡斷嗎?那我們的羞怯感會使我們猶豫不決、行動緩慢，不到萬無一失絕不邁步。我們認(rèn)為自己適應(yīng)變化很慢且對付新挑戰(zhàn)也不夠機(jī)敏嗎?那么我們極可能會處事較被動或者根本放棄嘗試。
我們?nèi)粝敫淖冏约?、有所成長，這些不安全感和自我懷疑感既無法避免也很有必要。如果我們不去面對并克服這些內(nèi)心的恐懼和疑惑，如果我們過多地保護(hù)自己，那我們就一定會停止成長。我們會陷進(jìn)自己營造的殼里面。
Text4 重點句
本篇文章第一段，第二段討論了如何用兩種方式來看待同一種事物，是完全可以借鑒，直接用于寫作的段落?？梢詫⑵涓膶懭缦拢杭t色內(nèi)容為可替換內(nèi)容。
There are two basic ways to see SOMETHING: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed SOMETHING as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language -- all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.
By contrast, the process of SOMETHING is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.
Text4 習(xí)題答案
答案：ACAD
1.A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when______.
1.一個人通常被認(rèn)為實現(xiàn)了個人成長，當(dāng)他__________。
[A] he has given up his smoking habit
[A] 戒掉煙
[B] he has made great efforts in his work
[B] 工作上付出了巨大的努力
[C] he is keen on learning anything new
[C] 熱衷于學(xué)習(xí)新東西
[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey
[D] 試圖確定自己在前進(jìn)的道路上走到哪里了
2.In the author’s eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would__.
2.作者認(rèn)為視成長為過程的人將_______________。
[A] succeed in climbing up the social ladder
[A] 成功地爬上了社會階梯
[B] judge his ability to grow from his own achievements
[B] 根據(jù)自己的成就判斷自己的能力
[C] face difficulties and take up challenges
[C] 面對困難，接受挑戰(zhàn)
[D] aim high and reach his goal each time
[D] 確立高目標(biāo)，并每次都實現(xiàn)自己的目標(biāo)
3.When the author says “a new way of being”(line 3, Para. 3) he is referring to__.
3.作者提到“a new way of being”(第三段第三行)的意思是_____________。
[A] a new approach to experiencing the world
[A] 體驗世界的新方法
[B] a new way of taking risks
[B] 新的冒險方式
[C] a new method of perceiving ourselves
[C] 看待自己的新方法
[D] a new system of adaptation to change
[D] 適應(yīng)變化的新系統(tǒng)
4.For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following except_____.
4.下列哪個選項不是作者對個人成長的倡議?
[A] curiosity about more chances
[A] 對更多的機(jī)會持好奇心
[B] promptness in self-adaptation
[B] 自我調(diào)節(jié)快
[C] open-mindedness to new experiences
[C] 對新的體驗持開放性態(tài)度
[D] avoidance of internal fears and doubts
[D] 避免內(nèi)心的恐懼和懷疑
Unit3成長歷程
Text5 正文
What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America -- breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?
Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country’s excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, “spatial” thinking about things technological.
Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.
Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, “With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.”
A further stimulus to invention came from the “premium” system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives.
In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.
Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, “A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process... The designer and the inventor... are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist.”
This nonverbal “spatial” thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.”
When all these shaping forces -- schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking -- interacted with one another on the rich U.S. mainland, they produced that American characteristic, emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.
Text5 習(xí)題
1. According to the author, the great outburst of major inventions in early America was in a large part due to ________.
[A] elementary schools
[B] enthusiastic workers
[C] the attractive premium system
[D] a special way of thinking
2. It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics ________.
[A] benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledge
[B] shed light on disciplined school management
[C] was brought about by privileged home training
[D] owed a lot to the technological development
3. A technologist can be compared to an artist because ________.
[A] they are both winners of awards
[B] they are both experts in spatial thinking
[C] they both abandon verbal description
[D] they both use various instruments
4. The best title for this passage might be ________.
[A] Inventive Mind
[B] Effective Schooling
[B] Ways of Thinking
[D] Outpouring of Inventions
Text5全文翻譯
在早期美國，像電報、汽船和織布機(jī)這樣重大的發(fā)明突破紛涌而出，其原因何在?
在諸多形成因素中，我想特別指出如下因素：這個國家優(yōu)異的小學(xué)教育;歡迎新技術(shù)的勞動大軍;對發(fā)明者進(jìn)行獎勵的做法;尤其是美國人在處理技術(shù)**物時所具有的非語言的空間思維才能。
為什么要提小學(xué)教育?正是因為有了這些學(xué)校，我們的早期技工才普遍能讀會寫，并精通算術(shù)及部分幾何和三角，這種情況在新英格蘭和大西洋中部各州尤為可見。
目光敏銳的外國觀察家把美國人的適應(yīng)能力和創(chuàng)新能力與這種教育優(yōu)勢聯(lián)系起來。正如1853年訪美的一個英國訪問團(tuán)成員所報道的那樣，“由于有了學(xué)校徹底訓(xùn)練過的頭腦，美國小伙子迅速地成為技術(shù)熟練的工人?！?BR> 推動發(fā)明的另一刺激因素來自“獎賞”制度，它產(chǎn)生于我們的專利制度之前，且多年來與后者一同實施。這種做法起源于國外，做法是為發(fā)明者頒發(fā)獎?wù)?、獎金和其他獎勵?BR> 在美國，大量獎勵新發(fā)明的獎品在鄉(xiāng)村集市和大城市的工業(yè)博覽會上頒發(fā)。美國人紛紛涌向這些集市和博覽會去欣賞新機(jī)器，因而更加堅信技術(shù)進(jìn)步會造福人類。
有了這種對技術(shù)革新的樂觀態(tài)度，美國工人很快便習(xí)慣了機(jī)械技術(shù)需要的那種特別的非語言的思維方式。(長難句④)正如尤金?弗格森曾指出的：“技術(shù)人員思考那些不能被簡化為用明確的語言進(jìn)行描述的物體;這些物體在他的頭腦中以視覺性的、非語言性的方式被處理加工…設(shè)計者和發(fā)明者…能把那些尚不存在的機(jī)械在頭腦中組裝和操作。”
這種非語言的空間思維方式與繪畫和寫作一樣具有創(chuàng)意。羅伯特?法歐曾寫道：“技術(shù)人員坐在杠桿、螺釘、楔子、輪子等中間，如同一位詩人處在詞匯之中，應(yīng)該把它們看做是自己思想的一種表達(dá)，每一個新的組合都能傳達(dá)一個新的意念?！?BR> 當(dāng)所有這些成因——學(xué)校、開放的態(tài)度、獎賞制度及空間思維天賦在富饒的美國大陸上相互作用時，便造就了美國人的特點——競爭。今天這個詞僅表示“模仿”(取其仿效之意)，而在早期美國，它卻意味著為名譽和優(yōu)秀而進(jìn)行友好、競爭的拼搏。
Text5 重點句
Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country’s excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, “spatial” thinking about things technological.
該句意義：
該句使用了一個多內(nèi)容的并列結(jié)構(gòu)，其中關(guān)系相對等的成分使用了“; ”進(jìn)行連接。在考研寫作中，當(dāng)各位同學(xué)們要從眾多的原因中羅列幾個，并且著重點出一個時，可以仿照該句用分號表示并列，用短語突出其中之一。
該句語法：
(1)介詞短語作狀語：Among the many shaping factors
(2)定語從句：that welcomed the new technology
(3)介詞短語作后置定語：of giving premiums to inventors
Text5 習(xí)題答案
答案
1.According to the author, the great outburst of major inventions in early America was in a large part due to .
1.根據(jù)作者的觀點，促成美國早期發(fā)明創(chuàng)造熱的主要原因是 。
[A] elementary schools
[A] 初等教育
[B] enthusiastic workers
[B] 充滿熱情的工人
[C] the attractive premium system
[C] 吸引人的獎勵制度
[D] a special way of thinking
[D] 特殊的思維方式
2.It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics .
2.文中暗示了美國早期技工的適應(yīng)性和創(chuàng)造性 。
[A] benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledge
[A] 很大程度上得益于數(shù)學(xué)知識
[B] shed light on disciplined school management
[B] 解釋了嚴(yán)格的學(xué)校管理
[C] was brought about by privileged home training
[C] 產(chǎn)生于優(yōu)越的家庭訓(xùn)練
[D] owed a lot to the technological development
[D] 在很大程度上歸功于技術(shù)的發(fā)展
3.A technologist can be compared to an artist because .
3.把技術(shù)專家比做藝術(shù)家的原因是 。
[A] they are both winners of awards
[A] 他們都是獲獎?wù)?BR> [B] they are both experts in spatial thinking
[B] 他們都是空間思維的專家
[C] they both abandon verbal description
[C] 他們都放棄了語言描述
[D] they both use various instruments
[D] 他們都使用多種工具
4.The best title for this passage might be .
4.本文最恰當(dāng)?shù)臉?biāo)題是 。
[A] Inventive Mind
[A] 發(fā)明創(chuàng)造精神
[B] Effective Schooling
[B] 有效的教育
[C] Ways of Thinking
[C] 思維方式
[D] Outpouring of Inventions
[D] 發(fā)明熱
Unit4 醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生
Text1 正文
“I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we’ll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise,” says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. “But,” he cautions, “some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur, he discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available.”
This year, 50 percent of the 910,000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000, the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics are still discouraging -- 13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas.
With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous.
The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. “Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process,” says oncologist William Hayward. Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, “We can’t prepare a medicine against cosmic rays.”
The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter.
“First, we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action.”
Text1 習(xí)題
1.The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to ________.
[A] predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade
[B] indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright
[C] prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years
[D] warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered
2. The author implies that by the year 2000, ________.
[A] there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patients
[B] 90 percent of the skin-cancer patients today will still be living
[C] the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancers
[D] there won’ t be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients
3. Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes ________.
[A] that are always in operation in a healthy person
[B] which remain unharmful so long as they are not activated
[C] that can be driven out of normal cells
[D] which normal cells can’t turn off
4. The word “dormant” in the third paragraph most probably means ________.
[A] dead
[B] ever-present
[C] inactive
[D] potential
Text1全文翻譯
“我有極大的信心相信到這個十年期結(jié)束時我們將會詳盡地知曉癌細(xì)胞的生成原因，”一位癌癥專家和微生物學(xué)家羅伯特?溫伯格說道?！暗牵彼嬲]說，“有些人認(rèn)為一旦人們弄清了病因，治療方法很快就會跟上。例如法國細(xì)菌學(xué)家巴斯德，他發(fā)現(xiàn)了許多傳染病的成因，但治療方法卻在五六十年后才問世?！?BR> 今年，91萬癌癥患者中有一半將至少再活5年。國家癌癥研究所估計，到2000年存活率將升至75%?，F(xiàn)在對于一些皮膚癌來說，5年期的存活率高達(dá)90%，但其他類型癌癥的存活數(shù)據(jù)卻仍令人沮喪——肺癌13%，胰腺癌2%。
癌癥種類現(xiàn)有多達(dá)120多種，發(fā)現(xiàn)其規(guī)律實屬不易。研究者在70年代取得了很大的進(jìn)展。當(dāng)時他們發(fā)現(xiàn)致癌基因，即那些可以引起癌癥的基因，在正常細(xì)胞中是不活動的。從宇宙射線到輻射到日常飲食，任何東西都有可能激活處于沉寂狀態(tài)中的致癌基因，但是如何激活不為人所知。如果若干致癌基因被激活，而細(xì)胞無力排除，它們就演變成了癌細(xì)胞。
導(dǎo)致癌變的確切機(jī)制仍然是個謎，但是許多癌癥始于基因這一可能性表明我們將永遠(yuǎn)不能預(yù)防所有癌癥?！白兓沁M(jìn)化過程中的一個正常部分，”腫瘤專家威廉?海沃德說道。環(huán)境因素永遠(yuǎn)無法完全消除，正如海沃德所指出的那樣：“我們無法準(zhǔn)備出一種抗宇宙射線的藥?！?BR> 治癌前景雖然遙遠(yuǎn)，但卻越來越明朗了。
“首先，我們需要了解正常細(xì)胞如何控制其本身。其次，我們必須查明細(xì)胞中是否有一定數(shù)量的基因總是造成至少部分麻煩的原因。如果我們能弄清癌癥的原理，我們就能采取相應(yīng)的措施?！?BR> Text1 重點句
The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter.
該句意義：
該句雖然簡短，但是其將轉(zhuǎn)折語氣以插入語的結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行了表達(dá)。在考研寫作中，我們可以完全參照寫出相應(yīng)的句子。比如：The prospect for eliminating pollution, though still distant, is brighter. 消除污染的前景盡管遙遠(yuǎn)，但是已經(jīng)更加明朗了。
Text1 習(xí)題答案
答案:DDBC
1.The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to__.
1.文章以Pasteur為例的目的是___________。
[A] predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade
[A] 預(yù)言十年內(nèi)癌癥的秘密將會被徹底揭開
[B] indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright
[B] 說明癌癥治愈前景值得樂觀
[C] prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years
[C] 證明五六十年后癌癥將被治愈
[D] warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered
[D] 提醒人們徹底戰(zhàn)勝癌癥的道路還很長
2.The author implies that by the year 2000, __.
2.作者暗示，到2000年______。
[A] there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patients
[A] 皮膚癌患者的五年存活率會急劇增長
[B] 90 percent of the skin-cancer patients today will still be living
[B] 如今90%的皮膚癌患者仍然健在
[C] the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancers
[C] 各種癌癥患者的存活幾率基本一致
[D] there won’ t be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients
[D] 不是所有癌癥患者的存活率都將急劇上升
3.Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes__.
3.致癌基因_________。
[A] that are always in operation in a healthy person
[A] 總活動在健康人體中
[B] which remain unharmful so long as they are not activated
[B] 只要不被激活，就保持無害
[C] that can be driven out of normal cells
[C] 能夠從健康細(xì)胞中被趕走
[D] which normal cells can’ t turn off
[D] 其作用不能被健康細(xì)胞阻止
4.The word "dormant" in the third paragraph most probably means__.
4.單詞dormant在第三段中的大意是___________。
[A] dead
[A] 死亡
[B] ever-present
[B] 無處無時不在的
[C] inactive
[C] 不活躍的
[D] potential
[D] 潛在的，可能的
Unit4 醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生
Text2 正文
Personality is to a large extent inherent -- A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.
One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the ‘win at all costs’ moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: “Rejoice, we conquer!”
By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.
Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A-youngsters change into B’s. The world needs A types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child’s personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.
If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. B’s are important and should be encouraged.
Text2 習(xí)題
1.According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually ________.
[A] impatient
[B] considerate
[C] aggressive
[D] agreeable
2. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because ________.
[A] the pressure is too great on the students
[B] some students are bound to fail
[C] failure rates are too high
[D] the results of exanimations are doubtful
3. The selection of medical professionals is currently based on ________.
[A] candidates’ sensitivity
[B] academic achievements
[C] competitive spirit
[D] surer values
4. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that ________.
[A] the personality of a child is well established at birth
[B] family influence dominates the shaping of one’s characteristics
[C] the development of one’s personality is due to multiple factors
[D] B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive society
Text2全文翻譯
人的個性很大程度上取決于遺傳—A型父母通常生養(yǎng)出A型子女。但是環(huán)境也應(yīng)該有深遠(yuǎn)的影響，因為如果競爭對父母來說很重要，那它也可能成為孩子生活中的一個重要因素。
學(xué)校是培養(yǎng)A型孩子的場所，從本質(zhì)來講，學(xué)校是一個高度競爭性的機(jī)構(gòu)。太多的學(xué)校遵從“不惜一切代價求勝”的道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)并以運動成績來衡量其成功。目前熱衷于讓孩子與同學(xué)競爭或與時間賽跑造成了一種雙重體制。在這種體制中，競爭性的A型學(xué)生在某些方面似乎比B型的學(xué)生要好。對勝利過于執(zhí)著也會帶來危險的后果。請記住，第一位馬拉松運動員菲底庇德斯在說完“歡慶吧，我們征服了!”之后幾秒鐘便倒地喪生。
學(xué)校最糟糕的競爭方式是對考試的過分重視。能允許學(xué)生專注于所擅長之事的學(xué)校實為罕見。通過考試競爭這種做法的好處本身有點值得懷疑，但在明確知曉有人會在考試中失敗的前提下仍進(jìn)行競爭是肯定有害的。
顯然，讓所有A型兒童都轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)锽型既不現(xiàn)實也并不必要。世界需要不同的類型，學(xué)校的重要職責(zé)就是要努力使兒童的個性適合于他將來的職業(yè)。這是最高水平的教育經(jīng)營。
如果學(xué)校少強調(diào)一下學(xué)業(yè)，也許就有更多的時間向孩子傳授更重要的價值觀念。也許對照料性職業(yè)的人員選擇，尤其是醫(yī)務(wù)工作，可以少參照他們的化學(xué)成績，而要更多地考慮他們的敏感性和同情心。完全從A型人中挑選醫(yī)生肯定是錯誤的。B型人也很重要，應(yīng)該受到鼓勵。
Text2 重點句
Too many schools adopt the “win at all costs” moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements.
該句意義：
該句直接抨擊了學(xué)習(xí)以成就去估量一個人是否成功(measure the success by sporting achievements)、以成敗論英雄的社會必然造就很多“不惜一切代價獲取成功”(win at all costs)的人的這一事實，可以引申該內(nèi)容與社會競爭中的不擇手段和毫無道德相聯(lián)系。在考研寫作中，我們可以完全參照寫出相應(yīng)的句子。比如：Too many people adopt the “win at all costs” moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements.
Text2 習(xí)題答案
答案:CBBC
1.According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually__.
1.根據(jù)這篇文章，A型性格的人通常是_________________。
[A] impatient
[A] 缺乏耐心的
[B] considerate
[B] 體貼人的
[C] aggressive
[C] 好斗的、積極進(jìn)取的
[D] agreeable
[D] 和藹的、易相處的
2.The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because__.
2. 作者強烈反對學(xué)校中的考試制度，因為______。
[A] the pressure is too great on the students
[A] 它給學(xué)生造成的壓力過大
[B] some students are bound to fail
[B] 一些學(xué)生肯定通不過
[C] failure rates are too high
[C] 不及格率過高
[D] the results of exanimations are doubtful
[D] 考試成績值得懷疑
3.The selection of medical professionals are currently based on__.
3.當(dāng)前選用醫(yī)療護(hù)理人員的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是___________。
[A] candidates’ sensitivity
[A] 申請者的敏感程度
[B] academic achievements
[B] 學(xué)業(yè)成績
[C] competitive spirit
[C] 競爭精神
[D] surer values
[D] 更可靠的價值
4.From the passage we can draw the conclusion that__.
4.我們可以從文章中得出的結(jié)論是______________。
[A] the personality of a child is well established at birth
[A] 兒童的個性在出生時就已確立
[B] family influence dominates the shaping of one' s characteristics .
[B] 家庭的影響對人性格特征的形成起主導(dǎo)作用
[C] the development of one' s personality is due to multiple factors
[C] 人的性格發(fā)展取決于多種因素
[D] B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive society
[D] 在競爭的社會中，B型性格的人不能找到其位置
Unit4 醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生
Text3 正文
It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group’s on-line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: “We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn’t just something that happened in Australia. It’s world history.”
The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally III law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right to life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia -- where an aging population, life extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part -- other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right to die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.
Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death -- probably by a deadly injection or pill -- to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a “cooling off” period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 year old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. “I’m not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I’d go, because I’ve watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks,” he says.
Text3 習(xí)題
1.From the second paragraph we learn that ________.
[A] the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries
[B] physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia
[C] changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law
[D] it takes time to realize the significance of the law’s passage
2. When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, he means ________.
[A] observers are taking a wait and see attitude towards the future of euthanasia
[B] similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countries
[C] observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes
[D] the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop
3. When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will ________.
[A] face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia
[B] experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient
[C] have an intense fear of terrible suffering
[D] undergo a cooling off period of seven days
4. The author’s attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of ________.
[A] opposition
[B] suspicion
[C] approval
[D] indifference
Text3全文翻譯
凌晨3：45進(jìn)行了最終表決。經(jīng)過6個月的爭論和最后16個小時的國會激烈辯論，澳大利亞北部地區(qū)(澳北州)成為世界上第一個合法當(dāng)局，允許醫(yī)生根據(jù)絕癥病人個人意愿來結(jié)束其生命。這一法案以令人折服的15票對10票通過。幾乎同時，該消息就出現(xiàn)在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上，被身處地球另一端的加拿大死亡權(quán)利組織的執(zhí)行主席約翰?霍夫塞斯收到。他便通過協(xié)會的在線服務(wù)“死亡之網(wǎng)”發(fā)了公告。他說：“我們一整天都在發(fā)布公告，因為這不僅僅是發(fā)生在澳大利亞的事情，而是整個世界歷史中的一件大事。”
要充分理解這一法案的深刻意義可能需要一段時間。澳北州晚期病人權(quán)利法使得無論是內(nèi)科醫(yī)生還是普通市民都力圖從道義和實際意義兩方面來考慮這一問題。一些人如釋重負(fù)，而另一些人，包括教會、生命權(quán)利組織以及澳大利亞醫(yī)學(xué)會在內(nèi)都對這一決議及其倉促的通過進(jìn)行了猛烈的抨擊。但這一潮流已無法逆轉(zhuǎn)。在澳大利亞，人口老齡化、延長壽命技術(shù)和公眾態(tài)度的變化都發(fā)揮著各自的作用，其他國家也將考慮制定類似的法律來處理安樂死問題。在美國和加拿大，死亡權(quán)利運動正在積蓄力量，觀察家們正在等待多米諾骨牌開始倒下。
根據(jù)澳北州所通過的這項新法案，成年病人可以要求安樂死—可能是通過注射致死藥劑或服用致死藥片—來結(jié)束痛苦。不過，此前病人必須由兩名醫(yī)生診斷其確實已無法治愈。在經(jīng)過7天的冷靜思考期后，病人方可簽署一份申請證明。48小時后，才可以滿足其安樂死的愿望。對于居住于達(dá)爾文市現(xiàn)年54歲的肺癌患者利奧德?尼克森來說，這個法律意味著他可以平靜地生活下去而無須整天懼怕即將來臨的苦難：因呼吸困難而在煎熬中痛苦地死去?！皬木駥用嬲f，我并不害怕死，但我怕的是怎樣死，因為我在醫(yī)院看到過病人在缺氧時苦苦掙扎，用手抓他們的面罩時的情景，”他說。
Text3 重點句
The full import may take a while to sink in.
該句意義：
該句非常簡短，但是卻說明了“安樂死”的法律的影響的將來性，即需要一定時間才能理解。所以此句可以加在寫作的最后，即我們的建議的意義需要將來才能證明。
可以改寫成：The full import of these suggestion may take a while to sink in.
Text3 習(xí)題答案
答案:DBAC
1.From the second paragraph we learn that .
1.從第二段我們可以知道 。
[A] the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries
[A] 在其他國家，對安樂死的反對緩慢而至
[B] physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia
[B] 在安樂死這一問題上，醫(yī)生和普通市民觀點相同
[C] changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law
[C] 技術(shù)的變化應(yīng)該對該法案倉促地獲批準(zhǔn)負(fù)主要責(zé)任
[D] it takes time to realize the significance of the law’s passage
[D] 理解該法案獲批準(zhǔn)的意義尚需一段時間
2.When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, he means .
2.作者提到“觀察家們在等待多米諾骨牌開始倒下”，他的含義是 。
[A] observers are taking a wait-and-see attitude towards the future of euthanasia
[A] 觀察者對安樂死的未來持觀望態(tài)度
[B] similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countries
[B] 美國、加拿大和其他國家也可能批準(zhǔn)類似法律
[C] observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes
[C] 觀察者正在等待多米諾游戲的結(jié)果
[D] the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop
[D] 被批準(zhǔn)法案的影響過程也許會最終停止
3.When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will .
3.當(dāng)利奧德?尼克森死的時候，他會 。
[A] face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia
[A] 以安樂死的冷靜心態(tài)面對死亡
[B] experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient
[B] 經(jīng)歷肺癌病人遭受的痛苦
[C] have an intense fear of terrible suffering
[C] 對痛苦的折磨極其恐懼
[D] undergo a cooling off period of seven days
[D] 經(jīng)歷7天的冷卻階段
4.The author’s attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of .
4.作者對待安樂死的態(tài)度是 。
[A] opposition
[A] 反對
[B] suspicion
[B] 懷疑
[C] approval
[C] 贊同
[D] indifference
[D] 漠不關(guān)心
Unit4 醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生
Text4 正文
Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don’t realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead of “drug abuse” to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.
We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning “mind-manifesting”) because they seemed to radically alter one’s state of consciousness.
Text4 習(xí)題
1.“Substance abuse” (Line 5, Paragraph 1) is preferable to “drug abuse” in that ________.
[A] substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used
[B] “drug abuse” is only related to a limited number of drug takers
[C] alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine
[D] many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous
2. The word “pervasive” (Line 1, Paragraph 2) might mean ________.
[A] widespread
[B] overwhelming
[C] piercing
[D] fashionable
3. Physical dependence on certain substances results from ________.
[A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time
[B] exclusive use of them for social purposes
[C] quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases
[D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms
4. From the last paragraph we can infer that ________.
[A] stimulants function positively on the mind
[B] hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health
[C] depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances
[D] the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups
Text4全文翻譯
從專業(yè)角度說，除食品外，任何能改變我們生理和心理機(jī)能的物質(zhì)都是藥物。很多人錯誤地認(rèn)為“藥物”一詞僅僅指某些藥品或是吸毒者服用的違禁化學(xué)品。他們沒有意識到諸如酒精、煙草這些我們熟悉的物質(zhì)也是藥物。這就是為什么現(xiàn)在許多內(nèi)科醫(yī)生和心理學(xué)家使用“物質(zhì)”這個更加中性的詞。他們常用“物質(zhì)濫用”而不用“藥物濫用”來清楚表示濫用酒精、煙草這樣的物質(zhì)可能如同濫用海洛因和可卡因一樣有害。
我們生活在一個物質(zhì)(藥物)在醫(yī)療和社交方面使用廣泛的社會里：用來緩解頭痛的阿斯匹林，用來應(yīng)酬的酒，早晨用來提神的咖啡，還有定神用的香煙。使用這些物質(zhì)得到了社會認(rèn)可，且顯然具有積極的作用，但什么時候就變成濫用了呢?首先，大多數(shù)物質(zhì)的過量使用都會產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響，如中毒或嚴(yán)重的知覺錯亂。反復(fù)使用一種物質(zhì)可以導(dǎo)致成癮或?qū)υ撐镔|(zhì)的依賴。依賴的最初表現(xiàn)是不斷增長的耐藥量，要產(chǎn)生預(yù)期的效果需要的藥劑量越來越大，然后是一旦中斷使用就會出現(xiàn)難受的停藥癥狀。
影響中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)，改變知覺、情緒和行為的藥物(物質(zhì))被稱為精神活性物質(zhì)，它們通常按照功能被分為興奮劑、鎮(zhèn)靜劑和幻覺劑。興奮劑主要起到加速或激活中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的作用，而鎮(zhèn)靜劑則減緩它的活動?；糜X劑主要影響人的知覺，通過多種方式扭曲或改變知覺，其中包括產(chǎn)生幻覺。這些物質(zhì)常被認(rèn)為能“引起幻覺”(psychedelic一詞源于希臘語，意為“心靈顯現(xiàn)”)，因為它們似乎能徹底改變?nèi)说囊庾R狀態(tài)
Text4 重點句
We live in a society in which the medical and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.
該句意義：
該句首先提出觀點，并運用分號“： ”，表明了后續(xù)內(nèi)容與其的總分關(guān)系。在后續(xù)內(nèi)容中，是對于此觀點的具體說明，該句中語法不為復(fù)雜，但是其可以為我們在寫作中所仿寫。如，針對2013年考研寫作真題“選擇”，可改寫出句子如下：
We live in a society in which the the choices of the future are too many for the college students to choose：finding a job , getting a master degree , or going abroad.
Text4 習(xí)題答案
答案:DAAB
1.“Substance abuse” (line 5, paragraph 1) is preferable to “drug abuse” in that .
1.“物質(zhì)濫用”(第一段第五行)比“藥物濫用”更為可取的原因是 。
[A] substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used
[A] 如果非法使用，物質(zhì)會改變我們的生理或心理機(jī)能
[B] “drug abuse” is only related to a limited number of drugtakers
[B] “藥物濫用”僅與少數(shù)吸毒者有關(guān)
[C] alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine
[C] 煙酒同海洛因和可卡因一樣致命
[D] many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous
[D] 除海洛因和可卡因外，許多其他物質(zhì)也可能有害
2.The word “pervasive” (line 1, paragraph 2) might mean
2.“pervasive”一詞(第二段第一行)的意思可能是 。
[A] widespread
[A] 分布廣泛的，普遍的
[B] overwhelming
[B] 壓倒一切的、占主流的
[C] piercing
[C] 尖的、穿透的
[D] fashionable
[D] 時髦的、流行的
3.Physical dependence on certain substances results from .
3.人們對某些物質(zhì)產(chǎn)生依賴性的原因是 。
[A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time
[A] 長時間無節(jié)制地嗜用它們
[B] exclusive use of them for social purposes
[B] 僅將它們用于社交目的
[C] quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases
[C] 定量地將它們用于治病
[D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms
[D] 由于不良癥狀而粗心地使用它們
4.From the last paragraph we can infer that .
4.從文章最后第一段我們可以推斷 。
[A] stimulants function positively on the mind
[A] 興奮劑對心智有積極影響
[B] hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health
[B] 幻覺劑本身就危害健康
[C] depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances
[C] 抑制劑是精神活性物質(zhì)中最壞的一種
[D] the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups
[D] 三種精神活性物質(zhì)經(jīng)常被一起使用
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Unit3學(xué)習(xí)能力
Text1 正文
The old idea that talented children “burn themselves out” in the early years, and, therefore, are subjected to failure and at worst, mental illness is unfounded. As a matter of fact, the outstanding thing that happens to bright kids is that they are very likely to grow into bright adults.
To find this out, l, 500 gifted persons were followed up to their thirty-fifth year with these results:
On adult intelligence tests, they scored as high as they had as children. They were, as a group, in good health, physically and mentally. 84 per cent of their group were married and seemed content with their lives.
About 70 per cent had graduated from college, though only 30 per cent had graduated with honors. A few had even dropped out, but nearly half of these had returned to graduate. Of the men, 80 per cent were in one of the professions or in business management or semiprofessional jobs. The women who had remained single had office, business, or professional occupations.
The group had published 90 books and 1,500 articles in scientific, scholarly, and literary magazines and had collected more than 100 patents.
In a material way they did not do badly either. Average income was considerably higher among the gifted people, especially the men, than for the country as a whole, despite their comparative youth.
In fact, far from being strange, most of the gifted were turning their early promise into practical reality.
Text1 習(xí)題
1. The old idea that talented children “burn themselves out” in the early years is ________.
[A] true in all senses
[B] refuted by the author
[C] medically proven
[D] a belief of the author
2. The survey of bright children was made to ________.
[A] find out what had happened to talented children when they became adults
[B] prove that talented children “burn themselves out” in the early years
[C] discover the percentage of those mentally ill among the gifted
[D] prove that talented children never burn themselves out
3. Intelligence tests showed that ________.
[A] bright children were unlikely to be mentally healthy
[B] between childhood and adulthood there was a considerable loss of intelligence
[C] talented children were most likely to become gifted adults
[D] when talented children grew into adults, they made low scores
Text1全文翻譯
聰明的孩子年少時就“江郎才盡”從而變得一事無成甚至患有精神疾病，這種舊有的說法是沒有根據(jù)的。事實上，聰明的孩子的杰出之處在于他們很可能在成年后還是很聰明的。
為了驗證這一結(jié)論，實驗跟蹤監(jiān)測了1,500名有天賦的人，這個實驗一直進(jìn)行到他們35歲為止，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)：
在成人智力測試上，他們的得分同他們孩提時的得分一樣高。作為一個群體，他們身心狀況良好。在這個群體中，有84%的人已經(jīng)結(jié)婚了而且似乎對自己的生活感到滿意。
雖然只有30%的人是優(yōu)秀畢業(yè)生，但大學(xué)畢業(yè)的人數(shù)約為70%。雖然有幾個人曾中途退學(xué)，但是其中將近一半的人又重新返回了學(xué)校并畢業(yè)。其中男性中的80%的人在專業(yè)領(lǐng)域、企業(yè)管理或是半專業(yè)領(lǐng)域里從事工作。而其中仍為單身的女性也在辦事處、企業(yè)或?qū)I(yè)領(lǐng)域工作。
這群人已經(jīng)編著了90本書并在科學(xué)、學(xué)術(shù)以及文學(xué)雜志上發(fā)表了1500篇文章以及擁有100多項專利權(quán)。
在現(xiàn)實生活中，他們也表現(xiàn)良好。這群天資稟賦之人，尤其是其中的男人，雖然比較年輕，但與全國其他人相比，他們的平均收入?yún)s高得多。
事實上，不足為奇，大多數(shù)的天才都會將其早年的跡象轉(zhuǎn)化為現(xiàn)實。
Text1 重點句
About 70 per cent had graduated from college, though only 30 per cent had graduated with honors.A few had even dropped out, but nearly half of these had returned to graduate.Of the men, 80 per cent were in one of the professions or in business management or semiprofessional jobs.The women who had remained single had office, business, or professional occupations.
該句意義：
這段中，使用了列數(shù)字的方法，為文章的論點提供了詳實的論據(jù)，即上大學(xué)的比例，男性的成功比例，和女性的成功比例。這種列數(shù)字的方法，是英語二的圖表作文中最?？疾斓?，所以各位同學(xué)可以加以注意，也可以使用其在自己的作文中。
該句語法：
(1)讓步狀語從句：though only 30 per cent had graduated with honors.
(2)定語從句：The women who had remained
Text1 習(xí)題答案
答案:BAC
1. The old idea that talented children “burn themselves out” in the early years is ________.
1. 聰明的孩子年少時就“江郎才盡“這種舊有的說法______。
[A] true in all senses
[A] 在任何意義上來說都是正確的
[B] refuted by the author
[B] 被作者駁斥了
[C] medically proven
[C] 是有醫(yī)學(xué)根據(jù)的
[D] a belief of the author
[D] 是作者的一種信仰
2. The survey of bright children was made to ________.
2. 對聰明的孩子進(jìn)行調(diào)查是為了________.
[A] find out what had happened to talented children when they became adults
[A] 查明這些有天賦的孩子成年后的狀況如何
[B] prove that talented children “burn themselves out” in the early years
[B] 證明聰明的孩子年少時就會“江郎才盡”
[C] discover the percentage of those mentally ill among the gifted
[C] 得到這些天才兒童中患精神疾病的人的比例
[D] prove that talented children never burn themselves out
[D] 證明天才兒童永遠(yuǎn)都不會“江郎才盡”
3. Intelligence tests showed that ________.
3. 智力測試表明_______。
[A] bright children were unlikely to be mentally healthy
[A] 聰明的孩子是不可能精神正常的
[B] between childhood and adulthood there was a considerable loss of intelligence
[B] 從孩提到成年智力喪失很嚴(yán)重的
[C] talented children were most likely to become gifted adults
[C] 天才兒童成年后最可能成為有才華的人
[D] when talented children grew into adults, they made low scores
[D] 當(dāng)天才兒童成年后很難取得成就
Unit3成長歷程
Text2 正文
The period of adolescence, i.e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one’s life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society.
In modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, right, privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train, airplane, theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights. At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increases his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver’s license; he can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights; the young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can vote, he can buy liquor, he can enter into financial contracts, and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after majority status has been attained. None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.
Text2 習(xí)題
1. The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because ________.
[A] the definition of maturity has changed
[B] the industrialized society is more developed
[C] more education is provided and laws against child labor are made
[D] ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance
2. Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to ________.
[A] graduations from schools and colleges
[B] social recognition
[C] socio-economic status
[D] certain behavioral changes
3. No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is ________.
[A] eleven years old
[B] sixteen years old
[C] twenty-one years old
[D] between twelve and twenty-one years old
4. Starting from 22, ________.
[A] one will obtain more basic rights
[B] the older one becomes, the more basic rights he will have
[C] one won’t get more basic rights than when he is 21
[D] one will enjoy more rights granted by society
5. According to the passage, it is true that ________.
[A] in the late 19th century in the United States the dividing line between adolescence and adulthood no longer existed
[B] no one can marry without the permission of his parents until the age of twenty-one
[C] one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a driver’s license
[D] one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can join the army
Text 2全文翻譯
青春期，也就是童年與成年之間的這段時期，可長可短。其長短取決于社會期望值和社會對成熟和成年的定義。原始社會中，青春期通常是相當(dāng)短的一段時期。而在工業(yè)化社會里，由于人們接受教育時間的延長以及反童工法的制定，青春期要長很多，它包含了人生中第二個十年(十歲到二十歲)的大部分時間。另外，在某一社會中，青春期的長度和成年地位的定義可能會隨社會經(jīng)濟(jì)條件的改變而改變。這種變化譬如：19世紀(jì)后期，美國乃至所有由農(nóng)業(yè)化走向工業(yè)化的國家里不再存在青春期和成年期的界限。
現(xiàn)代社會中，青春期的各種儀式已不被正式認(rèn)可，也不再具有象征意義，人們對其“開始儀式”也不再有統(tǒng)一的認(rèn)識。社會儀式已經(jīng)被一系列的“階段”所取代，這些“階段”將使人得到更多的認(rèn)可和更高的社會地位。例如，小學(xué)畢業(yè)，中學(xué)畢業(yè)，大學(xué)畢業(yè)就形成了這樣一個系列。每一個“階段”都意味著某些行為變化和一定的社會認(rèn)可度，其意義大小則取決于個人的社會經(jīng)濟(jì)地位和受教育的目標(biāo)。青春期的各種儀式也已經(jīng)被法律意義上的地位、權(quán)利、特權(quán)、和責(zé)任所取代。從12歲生日起到21歲生日這九年之間，逐漸去除了兒童時代受到的保護(hù)和限制和較低的社會地位，同時又逐漸被賦予成年人的權(quán)利和責(zé)任。人到了12歲就不再被看作孩子，乘火車、飛機(jī)、或去劇院、電影院時必須買全票?；旧峡梢赃@樣說，這一年齡的個人失去了兒童的特權(quán)，卻沒有得到明顯的成年人權(quán)利。16歲的青少年會得到某些成人的權(quán)利，通過得到更多的自由和選擇而提高社會地位。他可以獲得駕照;可以離開公立學(xué)校;可以不再受童工法的限制。18歲時，他可以得到法律認(rèn)可的成人權(quán)利和義務(wù);可以參軍，可以在不得到父母的允許的情況下結(jié)婚。21歲時，他會得到成年人完全的法律權(quán)利。他可以投票，可以買酒，可以簽署商業(yè)合同，可以有權(quán)競選公職。進(jìn)入成年狀態(tài)后，就不再因為年齡的增長而享受到更多的權(quán)利。所有法律條款都沒有決定到底什么年齡算是進(jìn)入成年，但它們的確表明青春期延長了。
Text2 重點句
The period of adolescence, i.e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one’s life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change.
該句意義：
該段落通過下定義和作比較的方法，對于青春期做出了相關(guān)的說明。這種方法我們可以將青春期這種時間可以轉(zhuǎn)化為其他的時間，即可以直接應(yīng)用于寫作之中。
該句語法：
(1)英語縮略語：“ i.e.”其為拉丁語“id est“的縮寫。其意義為：也就是;即。
(2)非謂語動詞做狀語： depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. 可翻譯為：取決于……
(3)賓語從句：to what constitutes maturity and adulthood.
Text2 習(xí)題答案
答案:CACCA
1. The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because_______.
1. 工業(yè)社會中的青春期變長許多的原因是____。
[A] the definition of maturity has changed
[A] 成熟的定義發(fā)生了改變
[B] the industrialized society is more developed
[B] 工業(yè)化社會更加發(fā)達(dá)。
[C] more education is provided and laws against child labor are made
[C] 人們所受的教育增多以及反童工法的制定
[D] ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance
[D] 青春期的各種儀式已不再得到正式承認(rèn)，且失去了其象征意義。
2. Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to_________.
2. 先前用于標(biāo)志青春期的社會儀式已經(jīng)被________所取代。
[A] graduations from schools and colleges
[A] 從各類學(xué)校畢業(yè)
[B] social recognition
[B] 社會認(rèn)可
[C] socio-economic status
[C] 社會經(jīng)濟(jì)地位
[D] certain behavioral changes
[D] 某些行為變化
3. No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is_______.
3. 若要享受完全的成年人特權(quán)，必須達(dá)到________。
[A] eleven years old
[A] 11歲
[B] sixteen years old
[B] 16歲
[C] twenty-one years old
[C] 21歲
[D] between twelve and twenty-one years old
[D]12到21歲之間。
4. Starting from 22, _______.
4. 從22歲開始，_____________。
[A] one will obtain more basic rights
[A] 個人會得到更多的基本權(quán)利
[B] the older one becomes, the more basic rights he will have
[B] 一個人越老，擁有的基本權(quán)利越多
[C] one won’t get more basic rights than when he is 21
[C] 個人的基本權(quán)利將不會比21歲時有所增加。
[D] one will enjoy more rights granted by society
[D] 人們將享有社會賦予的更多的權(quán)利
5. According to the passage, it is true that___.
5. 根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，____________。
[A] in the late 19th century in the United States the dividing line between adolescence and adulthood no longer existed
[A] 19世紀(jì)晚期，美國已不再有青春期和成年期的劃分
[B] no one can marry without the permission of his parents until the age of twenty-one
[B] 直到21歲，人們才可以在不得到父母的情況下結(jié)婚
[C] one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a driver’s license
[C] 獲得駕照的人就可以算是成人了
[D] one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can join the army
[D] 直到參軍后才可以不受反童工法的限制
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Unit3成長歷程
Text3 正文
Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.
Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society’s understanding -- the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.
Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.
“All men are created equal.” We’ve heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country’s founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children -- the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children -- disabled or not -- to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.
Text3 習(xí)題
1. In Paragraph 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that
[A] the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society
[B] exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are
[C] exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society
[D] the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children
2. The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that ________.
[A] they are expected to be leaders of the society
[B] they might become a burden of the society
[C] they should fully develop their potentials
[D] disabled children deserve special consideration
3. This passage mainly deals with ________.
[A] the differences of children in their learning capabilities
[B] the definition of exceptional children in modern society
[C] the special educational programs for exceptional children
[D] the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children
4. From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children ________.
[A] is now enjoying legal support
[B] disagrees with the tradition of the country
[C] was clearly stated by the country’s founders
[D] will exert great influence over court decisions
Text3全文翻譯
特殊兒童在一些重要的方面不同于其他同齡的孩子。對于這些孩子來說，要把他們?nèi)康某墒斓臐摿﹂_發(fā)出來，他們所受的教育就必須適應(yīng)那些差異。
雖然我們關(guān)注的是特殊兒童的需要，但卻發(fā)現(xiàn)我們也在描述他們的生活環(huán)境。當(dāng)舞臺上的主角吸引了我們的注意力后，我們也意識到配角及戲劇場景的重要性。特殊兒童所處的家庭及社會環(huán)境常常是他們成長和發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵。正是在公立學(xué)校里我們感受到了社會知性的充分體現(xiàn)——向下一代傳授知識、希望和恐懼。
任何社會的教育都是反映該社會的一面鏡子。在這面鏡子里，我們可以看到優(yōu)點、弱點、希望、偏見，以及文化本身的核心價值。過去30年間公共教育表現(xiàn)出的對特殊兒童的巨大關(guān)注表明了存在于我們社會中的那種強烈情緒，即所有公民，不論情況怎么特殊，都應(yīng)該得到全面發(fā)展其能力的機(jī)會。
“人人生來平等”。這句話我們已聽過無數(shù)次，但在民主社會它對教育仍然有著極其重要的寓意。盡管這句話被國家建立者們用來表示法律面前人人平等，它也被解釋為機(jī)會面前人人平等。這個概念暗示了所有兒童都有接受教育的機(jī)會——即每個兒童，不管其本身的能力大小與否，都有權(quán)利在學(xué)習(xí)上最大限度地得到幫助。最近的法庭裁決已再次確定了所有兒童——不論殘疾與否——都有接受適當(dāng)?shù)慕逃臋?quán)利，并已命令公立學(xué)校采取必要的措施來提供這種教育。作為回應(yīng)，學(xué)校也在調(diào)整課程安排，使授課能夠適應(yīng)特殊兒童，適應(yīng)那些不能從常規(guī)課程中真正獲益的兒童的需要。
Text3 重點句
Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that minor we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself.
該句意義：
在該句中使用“mirror”這個比喻，即借用鏡子會反映真實反映情況的東西這一特征，進(jìn)而說明教育是社會的鏡子，即可以從教育這個角度看一個社會的全貌。凡是教育類的寫作，皆可以應(yīng)用該句子，直接帶入寫作中。
該句語法：
(1)介詞短語做后置定語：in any society
(2) 介詞短語做前置狀語省略逗號：In that minor，本應(yīng)有逗號，但是在該句中省略。
(3)平行結(jié)構(gòu)中三者以上并列：the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values
(4)反身代詞做同位語：itself=culture
Text3 習(xí)題答案
答案：ACDA
1.In Paragraph 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that____.
1.第二段作者引用舞臺主角的例子目的是為了說明______。
[A] the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society
[A] 特殊兒童的成長與家庭和社會有很大關(guān)系
[B] exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are
[B] 與正常兒童相比，特殊兒童受到的家庭影響更大
[C] exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society
[C] 家庭和社會最感興趣的是特殊兒童
[D] the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children
[D] 社會的需要比特殊兒童的需要重要得多
2.The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that__.
2.特殊兒童在教育上得到很多關(guān)注的原因是___________。
[A] they are expected to be leaders of the society
[A] 他們有望成為社會領(lǐng)袖
[B] they might become a burden of the society
[B] 他們有可能成為社會負(fù)擔(dān)
[C] they should fully develop their potentials
[C] 他們應(yīng)該充分發(fā)揮自己的潛力
[D] disabled children deserve special consideration
[D] 殘疾兒童值得特殊關(guān)注
3.This passage mainly deals with__.
3.文章的主要內(nèi)容是_________。
[A] the differences of children in their learning capabilities
[A] 孩子在學(xué)習(xí)能力上的差異
[B] the definition of exceptional children in modern society
[B] 現(xiàn)代社會中特殊兒童的定義
[C] the special educational programs for exceptional children
[C] 為特殊兒童設(shè)的特殊教育項目
[D] the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children
[D] 使教育適應(yīng)特殊兒童的特點的必要性
4. From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children ___.
4.從文章可知，對特殊兒童教育的關(guān)注_________。
[A] is now enjoying legal support
[A] 正受到法律的支持
[B] disagrees with the tradition of the country
[B] 與本國傳統(tǒng)不符
[C] was clearly stated by the country’ s founders
[C] 被國家創(chuàng)立者明確地表達(dá)出來
[D] will exert great influence over court decisions
[D] 將會對法庭的裁決起很大影響
Unit3成長歷程
Text4 正文
There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language -- all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.
By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.
In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we’re shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we’re slow to adapt to change or that we’re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.
These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.
Text4 習(xí)題
1. A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when ________.
[A] he has given up his smoking habit
[B] he has made great efforts in his work
[C] he is keen on leaning anything new
[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey
2. In the author’s eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would ________.
[A] succeed in climbing up the social ladder
[B] judge his ability to grow from his own achievements
[C] face difficulties and take up challenges
[D] aim high and reach his goal each time
3. When the author says “a new way of being” (line 2~3, Para. 3) he is referring to ________.
[A] a new approach to experiencing the world
[C] a new method of perceiving ourselves
[B] a new way of taking risks
[D] a new system of adaptation to change
4. For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following except ________.
[A] curiosity about more chances
[C] open-mindedness to new experiences
[B] promptness in self-adaptation
[D] avoidance of internal fears and doubts
Text4全文翻譯
看待成長有兩種基本態(tài)度：一種視其為結(jié)果，一種視其為過程。人們通常視個人成長為容易被識別和衡量的一種外在結(jié)果或成果。工人得到升遷、學(xué)生成績提高和外國人學(xué)會了一門新的語言——這些都可以表明人們付出努力之后，取得了可測定的成績。
相比之下，測定個人成長的過程卻要艱難得多。因為從定義來看，它是一段旅程，而不是沿途特定的路標(biāo)或標(biāo)志物。成長過程不是道路本身，而是當(dāng)遭遇新的情況或未預(yù)料到的坎坷時所持的態(tài)度和情感，是慎重行事還是勇往直前。在這個過程中，旅行永遠(yuǎn)不會真正結(jié)束;總是有新的方法來感受世界，總會嘗試新思想，接受新挑戰(zhàn)。
為了成長，為了探索新路，人們需要樂意去冒險，去勇敢面對未知事物，去接受他們也許會一開始就“失敗”的可能性。當(dāng)我們嘗試一種新的生存方式時，我們?nèi)绾慰创约簩ξ覀兊某砷L能力至關(guān)重要。我們認(rèn)為自己快捷、有好奇心嗎?如果是的話，那我們往往會抓住更多的機(jī)會，更愿意去體驗不熟悉的事情。我們認(rèn)為自己靦腆、優(yōu)柔寡斷嗎?那我們的羞怯感會使我們猶豫不決、行動緩慢，不到萬無一失絕不邁步。我們認(rèn)為自己適應(yīng)變化很慢且對付新挑戰(zhàn)也不夠機(jī)敏嗎?那么我們極可能會處事較被動或者根本放棄嘗試。
我們?nèi)粝敫淖冏约?、有所成長，這些不安全感和自我懷疑感既無法避免也很有必要。如果我們不去面對并克服這些內(nèi)心的恐懼和疑惑，如果我們過多地保護(hù)自己，那我們就一定會停止成長。我們會陷進(jìn)自己營造的殼里面。
Text4 重點句
本篇文章第一段，第二段討論了如何用兩種方式來看待同一種事物，是完全可以借鑒，直接用于寫作的段落?？梢詫⑵涓膶懭缦拢杭t色內(nèi)容為可替換內(nèi)容。
There are two basic ways to see SOMETHING: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed SOMETHING as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language -- all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.
By contrast, the process of SOMETHING is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.
Text4 習(xí)題答案
答案：ACAD
1.A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when______.
1.一個人通常被認(rèn)為實現(xiàn)了個人成長，當(dāng)他__________。
[A] he has given up his smoking habit
[A] 戒掉煙
[B] he has made great efforts in his work
[B] 工作上付出了巨大的努力
[C] he is keen on learning anything new
[C] 熱衷于學(xué)習(xí)新東西
[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey
[D] 試圖確定自己在前進(jìn)的道路上走到哪里了
2.In the author’s eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would__.
2.作者認(rèn)為視成長為過程的人將_______________。
[A] succeed in climbing up the social ladder
[A] 成功地爬上了社會階梯
[B] judge his ability to grow from his own achievements
[B] 根據(jù)自己的成就判斷自己的能力
[C] face difficulties and take up challenges
[C] 面對困難，接受挑戰(zhàn)
[D] aim high and reach his goal each time
[D] 確立高目標(biāo)，并每次都實現(xiàn)自己的目標(biāo)
3.When the author says “a new way of being”(line 3, Para. 3) he is referring to__.
3.作者提到“a new way of being”(第三段第三行)的意思是_____________。
[A] a new approach to experiencing the world
[A] 體驗世界的新方法
[B] a new way of taking risks
[B] 新的冒險方式
[C] a new method of perceiving ourselves
[C] 看待自己的新方法
[D] a new system of adaptation to change
[D] 適應(yīng)變化的新系統(tǒng)
4.For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following except_____.
4.下列哪個選項不是作者對個人成長的倡議?
[A] curiosity about more chances
[A] 對更多的機(jī)會持好奇心
[B] promptness in self-adaptation
[B] 自我調(diào)節(jié)快
[C] open-mindedness to new experiences
[C] 對新的體驗持開放性態(tài)度
[D] avoidance of internal fears and doubts
[D] 避免內(nèi)心的恐懼和懷疑
Unit3成長歷程
Text5 正文
What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America -- breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?
Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country’s excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, “spatial” thinking about things technological.
Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.
Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, “With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.”
A further stimulus to invention came from the “premium” system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives.
In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.
Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, “A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process... The designer and the inventor... are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist.”
This nonverbal “spatial” thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.”
When all these shaping forces -- schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking -- interacted with one another on the rich U.S. mainland, they produced that American characteristic, emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.
Text5 習(xí)題
1. According to the author, the great outburst of major inventions in early America was in a large part due to ________.
[A] elementary schools
[B] enthusiastic workers
[C] the attractive premium system
[D] a special way of thinking
2. It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics ________.
[A] benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledge
[B] shed light on disciplined school management
[C] was brought about by privileged home training
[D] owed a lot to the technological development
3. A technologist can be compared to an artist because ________.
[A] they are both winners of awards
[B] they are both experts in spatial thinking
[C] they both abandon verbal description
[D] they both use various instruments
4. The best title for this passage might be ________.
[A] Inventive Mind
[B] Effective Schooling
[B] Ways of Thinking
[D] Outpouring of Inventions
Text5全文翻譯
在早期美國，像電報、汽船和織布機(jī)這樣重大的發(fā)明突破紛涌而出，其原因何在?
在諸多形成因素中，我想特別指出如下因素：這個國家優(yōu)異的小學(xué)教育;歡迎新技術(shù)的勞動大軍;對發(fā)明者進(jìn)行獎勵的做法;尤其是美國人在處理技術(shù)**物時所具有的非語言的空間思維才能。
為什么要提小學(xué)教育?正是因為有了這些學(xué)校，我們的早期技工才普遍能讀會寫，并精通算術(shù)及部分幾何和三角，這種情況在新英格蘭和大西洋中部各州尤為可見。
目光敏銳的外國觀察家把美國人的適應(yīng)能力和創(chuàng)新能力與這種教育優(yōu)勢聯(lián)系起來。正如1853年訪美的一個英國訪問團(tuán)成員所報道的那樣，“由于有了學(xué)校徹底訓(xùn)練過的頭腦，美國小伙子迅速地成為技術(shù)熟練的工人?！?BR> 推動發(fā)明的另一刺激因素來自“獎賞”制度，它產(chǎn)生于我們的專利制度之前，且多年來與后者一同實施。這種做法起源于國外，做法是為發(fā)明者頒發(fā)獎?wù)?、獎金和其他獎勵?BR> 在美國，大量獎勵新發(fā)明的獎品在鄉(xiāng)村集市和大城市的工業(yè)博覽會上頒發(fā)。美國人紛紛涌向這些集市和博覽會去欣賞新機(jī)器，因而更加堅信技術(shù)進(jìn)步會造福人類。
有了這種對技術(shù)革新的樂觀態(tài)度，美國工人很快便習(xí)慣了機(jī)械技術(shù)需要的那種特別的非語言的思維方式。(長難句④)正如尤金?弗格森曾指出的：“技術(shù)人員思考那些不能被簡化為用明確的語言進(jìn)行描述的物體;這些物體在他的頭腦中以視覺性的、非語言性的方式被處理加工…設(shè)計者和發(fā)明者…能把那些尚不存在的機(jī)械在頭腦中組裝和操作。”
這種非語言的空間思維方式與繪畫和寫作一樣具有創(chuàng)意。羅伯特?法歐曾寫道：“技術(shù)人員坐在杠桿、螺釘、楔子、輪子等中間，如同一位詩人處在詞匯之中，應(yīng)該把它們看做是自己思想的一種表達(dá)，每一個新的組合都能傳達(dá)一個新的意念?！?BR> 當(dāng)所有這些成因——學(xué)校、開放的態(tài)度、獎賞制度及空間思維天賦在富饒的美國大陸上相互作用時，便造就了美國人的特點——競爭。今天這個詞僅表示“模仿”(取其仿效之意)，而在早期美國，它卻意味著為名譽和優(yōu)秀而進(jìn)行友好、競爭的拼搏。
Text5 重點句
Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country’s excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, “spatial” thinking about things technological.
該句意義：
該句使用了一個多內(nèi)容的并列結(jié)構(gòu)，其中關(guān)系相對等的成分使用了“; ”進(jìn)行連接。在考研寫作中，當(dāng)各位同學(xué)們要從眾多的原因中羅列幾個，并且著重點出一個時，可以仿照該句用分號表示并列，用短語突出其中之一。
該句語法：
(1)介詞短語作狀語：Among the many shaping factors
(2)定語從句：that welcomed the new technology
(3)介詞短語作后置定語：of giving premiums to inventors
Text5 習(xí)題答案
答案
1.According to the author, the great outburst of major inventions in early America was in a large part due to .
1.根據(jù)作者的觀點，促成美國早期發(fā)明創(chuàng)造熱的主要原因是 。
[A] elementary schools
[A] 初等教育
[B] enthusiastic workers
[B] 充滿熱情的工人
[C] the attractive premium system
[C] 吸引人的獎勵制度
[D] a special way of thinking
[D] 特殊的思維方式
2.It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics .
2.文中暗示了美國早期技工的適應(yīng)性和創(chuàng)造性 。
[A] benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledge
[A] 很大程度上得益于數(shù)學(xué)知識
[B] shed light on disciplined school management
[B] 解釋了嚴(yán)格的學(xué)校管理
[C] was brought about by privileged home training
[C] 產(chǎn)生于優(yōu)越的家庭訓(xùn)練
[D] owed a lot to the technological development
[D] 在很大程度上歸功于技術(shù)的發(fā)展
3.A technologist can be compared to an artist because .
3.把技術(shù)專家比做藝術(shù)家的原因是 。
[A] they are both winners of awards
[A] 他們都是獲獎?wù)?BR> [B] they are both experts in spatial thinking
[B] 他們都是空間思維的專家
[C] they both abandon verbal description
[C] 他們都放棄了語言描述
[D] they both use various instruments
[D] 他們都使用多種工具
4.The best title for this passage might be .
4.本文最恰當(dāng)?shù)臉?biāo)題是 。
[A] Inventive Mind
[A] 發(fā)明創(chuàng)造精神
[B] Effective Schooling
[B] 有效的教育
[C] Ways of Thinking
[C] 思維方式
[D] Outpouring of Inventions
[D] 發(fā)明熱
Unit4 醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生
Text1 正文
“I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we’ll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise,” says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. “But,” he cautions, “some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur, he discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available.”
This year, 50 percent of the 910,000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000, the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics are still discouraging -- 13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas.
With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous.
The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. “Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process,” says oncologist William Hayward. Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, “We can’t prepare a medicine against cosmic rays.”
The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter.
“First, we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action.”
Text1 習(xí)題
1.The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to ________.
[A] predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade
[B] indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright
[C] prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years
[D] warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered
2. The author implies that by the year 2000, ________.
[A] there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patients
[B] 90 percent of the skin-cancer patients today will still be living
[C] the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancers
[D] there won’ t be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients
3. Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes ________.
[A] that are always in operation in a healthy person
[B] which remain unharmful so long as they are not activated
[C] that can be driven out of normal cells
[D] which normal cells can’t turn off
4. The word “dormant” in the third paragraph most probably means ________.
[A] dead
[B] ever-present
[C] inactive
[D] potential
Text1全文翻譯
“我有極大的信心相信到這個十年期結(jié)束時我們將會詳盡地知曉癌細(xì)胞的生成原因，”一位癌癥專家和微生物學(xué)家羅伯特?溫伯格說道?！暗牵彼嬲]說，“有些人認(rèn)為一旦人們弄清了病因，治療方法很快就會跟上。例如法國細(xì)菌學(xué)家巴斯德，他發(fā)現(xiàn)了許多傳染病的成因，但治療方法卻在五六十年后才問世?！?BR> 今年，91萬癌癥患者中有一半將至少再活5年。國家癌癥研究所估計，到2000年存活率將升至75%?，F(xiàn)在對于一些皮膚癌來說，5年期的存活率高達(dá)90%，但其他類型癌癥的存活數(shù)據(jù)卻仍令人沮喪——肺癌13%，胰腺癌2%。
癌癥種類現(xiàn)有多達(dá)120多種，發(fā)現(xiàn)其規(guī)律實屬不易。研究者在70年代取得了很大的進(jìn)展。當(dāng)時他們發(fā)現(xiàn)致癌基因，即那些可以引起癌癥的基因，在正常細(xì)胞中是不活動的。從宇宙射線到輻射到日常飲食，任何東西都有可能激活處于沉寂狀態(tài)中的致癌基因，但是如何激活不為人所知。如果若干致癌基因被激活，而細(xì)胞無力排除，它們就演變成了癌細(xì)胞。
導(dǎo)致癌變的確切機(jī)制仍然是個謎，但是許多癌癥始于基因這一可能性表明我們將永遠(yuǎn)不能預(yù)防所有癌癥?！白兓沁M(jìn)化過程中的一個正常部分，”腫瘤專家威廉?海沃德說道。環(huán)境因素永遠(yuǎn)無法完全消除，正如海沃德所指出的那樣：“我們無法準(zhǔn)備出一種抗宇宙射線的藥?！?BR> 治癌前景雖然遙遠(yuǎn)，但卻越來越明朗了。
“首先，我們需要了解正常細(xì)胞如何控制其本身。其次，我們必須查明細(xì)胞中是否有一定數(shù)量的基因總是造成至少部分麻煩的原因。如果我們能弄清癌癥的原理，我們就能采取相應(yīng)的措施?！?BR> Text1 重點句
The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter.
該句意義：
該句雖然簡短，但是其將轉(zhuǎn)折語氣以插入語的結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行了表達(dá)。在考研寫作中，我們可以完全參照寫出相應(yīng)的句子。比如：The prospect for eliminating pollution, though still distant, is brighter. 消除污染的前景盡管遙遠(yuǎn)，但是已經(jīng)更加明朗了。
Text1 習(xí)題答案
答案:DDBC
1.The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to__.
1.文章以Pasteur為例的目的是___________。
[A] predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade
[A] 預(yù)言十年內(nèi)癌癥的秘密將會被徹底揭開
[B] indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright
[B] 說明癌癥治愈前景值得樂觀
[C] prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years
[C] 證明五六十年后癌癥將被治愈
[D] warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered
[D] 提醒人們徹底戰(zhàn)勝癌癥的道路還很長
2.The author implies that by the year 2000, __.
2.作者暗示，到2000年______。
[A] there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patients
[A] 皮膚癌患者的五年存活率會急劇增長
[B] 90 percent of the skin-cancer patients today will still be living
[B] 如今90%的皮膚癌患者仍然健在
[C] the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancers
[C] 各種癌癥患者的存活幾率基本一致
[D] there won’ t be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients
[D] 不是所有癌癥患者的存活率都將急劇上升
3.Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes__.
3.致癌基因_________。
[A] that are always in operation in a healthy person
[A] 總活動在健康人體中
[B] which remain unharmful so long as they are not activated
[B] 只要不被激活，就保持無害
[C] that can be driven out of normal cells
[C] 能夠從健康細(xì)胞中被趕走
[D] which normal cells can’ t turn off
[D] 其作用不能被健康細(xì)胞阻止
4.The word "dormant" in the third paragraph most probably means__.
4.單詞dormant在第三段中的大意是___________。
[A] dead
[A] 死亡
[B] ever-present
[B] 無處無時不在的
[C] inactive
[C] 不活躍的
[D] potential
[D] 潛在的，可能的
Unit4 醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生
Text2 正文
Personality is to a large extent inherent -- A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.
One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the ‘win at all costs’ moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: “Rejoice, we conquer!”
By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.
Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A-youngsters change into B’s. The world needs A types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child’s personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.
If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. B’s are important and should be encouraged.
Text2 習(xí)題
1.According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually ________.
[A] impatient
[B] considerate
[C] aggressive
[D] agreeable
2. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because ________.
[A] the pressure is too great on the students
[B] some students are bound to fail
[C] failure rates are too high
[D] the results of exanimations are doubtful
3. The selection of medical professionals is currently based on ________.
[A] candidates’ sensitivity
[B] academic achievements
[C] competitive spirit
[D] surer values
4. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that ________.
[A] the personality of a child is well established at birth
[B] family influence dominates the shaping of one’s characteristics
[C] the development of one’s personality is due to multiple factors
[D] B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive society
Text2全文翻譯
人的個性很大程度上取決于遺傳—A型父母通常生養(yǎng)出A型子女。但是環(huán)境也應(yīng)該有深遠(yuǎn)的影響，因為如果競爭對父母來說很重要，那它也可能成為孩子生活中的一個重要因素。
學(xué)校是培養(yǎng)A型孩子的場所，從本質(zhì)來講，學(xué)校是一個高度競爭性的機(jī)構(gòu)。太多的學(xué)校遵從“不惜一切代價求勝”的道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)并以運動成績來衡量其成功。目前熱衷于讓孩子與同學(xué)競爭或與時間賽跑造成了一種雙重體制。在這種體制中，競爭性的A型學(xué)生在某些方面似乎比B型的學(xué)生要好。對勝利過于執(zhí)著也會帶來危險的后果。請記住，第一位馬拉松運動員菲底庇德斯在說完“歡慶吧，我們征服了!”之后幾秒鐘便倒地喪生。
學(xué)校最糟糕的競爭方式是對考試的過分重視。能允許學(xué)生專注于所擅長之事的學(xué)校實為罕見。通過考試競爭這種做法的好處本身有點值得懷疑，但在明確知曉有人會在考試中失敗的前提下仍進(jìn)行競爭是肯定有害的。
顯然，讓所有A型兒童都轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)锽型既不現(xiàn)實也并不必要。世界需要不同的類型，學(xué)校的重要職責(zé)就是要努力使兒童的個性適合于他將來的職業(yè)。這是最高水平的教育經(jīng)營。
如果學(xué)校少強調(diào)一下學(xué)業(yè)，也許就有更多的時間向孩子傳授更重要的價值觀念。也許對照料性職業(yè)的人員選擇，尤其是醫(yī)務(wù)工作，可以少參照他們的化學(xué)成績，而要更多地考慮他們的敏感性和同情心。完全從A型人中挑選醫(yī)生肯定是錯誤的。B型人也很重要，應(yīng)該受到鼓勵。
Text2 重點句
Too many schools adopt the “win at all costs” moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements.
該句意義：
該句直接抨擊了學(xué)習(xí)以成就去估量一個人是否成功(measure the success by sporting achievements)、以成敗論英雄的社會必然造就很多“不惜一切代價獲取成功”(win at all costs)的人的這一事實，可以引申該內(nèi)容與社會競爭中的不擇手段和毫無道德相聯(lián)系。在考研寫作中，我們可以完全參照寫出相應(yīng)的句子。比如：Too many people adopt the “win at all costs” moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements.
Text2 習(xí)題答案
答案:CBBC
1.According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually__.
1.根據(jù)這篇文章，A型性格的人通常是_________________。
[A] impatient
[A] 缺乏耐心的
[B] considerate
[B] 體貼人的
[C] aggressive
[C] 好斗的、積極進(jìn)取的
[D] agreeable
[D] 和藹的、易相處的
2.The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because__.
2. 作者強烈反對學(xué)校中的考試制度，因為______。
[A] the pressure is too great on the students
[A] 它給學(xué)生造成的壓力過大
[B] some students are bound to fail
[B] 一些學(xué)生肯定通不過
[C] failure rates are too high
[C] 不及格率過高
[D] the results of exanimations are doubtful
[D] 考試成績值得懷疑
3.The selection of medical professionals are currently based on__.
3.當(dāng)前選用醫(yī)療護(hù)理人員的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是___________。
[A] candidates’ sensitivity
[A] 申請者的敏感程度
[B] academic achievements
[B] 學(xué)業(yè)成績
[C] competitive spirit
[C] 競爭精神
[D] surer values
[D] 更可靠的價值
4.From the passage we can draw the conclusion that__.
4.我們可以從文章中得出的結(jié)論是______________。
[A] the personality of a child is well established at birth
[A] 兒童的個性在出生時就已確立
[B] family influence dominates the shaping of one' s characteristics .
[B] 家庭的影響對人性格特征的形成起主導(dǎo)作用
[C] the development of one' s personality is due to multiple factors
[C] 人的性格發(fā)展取決于多種因素
[D] B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive society
[D] 在競爭的社會中，B型性格的人不能找到其位置
Unit4 醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生
Text3 正文
It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group’s on-line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: “We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn’t just something that happened in Australia. It’s world history.”
The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally III law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right to life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia -- where an aging population, life extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part -- other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right to die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.
Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death -- probably by a deadly injection or pill -- to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a “cooling off” period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 year old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. “I’m not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I’d go, because I’ve watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks,” he says.
Text3 習(xí)題
1.From the second paragraph we learn that ________.
[A] the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries
[B] physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia
[C] changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law
[D] it takes time to realize the significance of the law’s passage
2. When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, he means ________.
[A] observers are taking a wait and see attitude towards the future of euthanasia
[B] similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countries
[C] observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes
[D] the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop
3. When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will ________.
[A] face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia
[B] experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient
[C] have an intense fear of terrible suffering
[D] undergo a cooling off period of seven days
4. The author’s attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of ________.
[A] opposition
[B] suspicion
[C] approval
[D] indifference
Text3全文翻譯
凌晨3：45進(jìn)行了最終表決。經(jīng)過6個月的爭論和最后16個小時的國會激烈辯論，澳大利亞北部地區(qū)(澳北州)成為世界上第一個合法當(dāng)局，允許醫(yī)生根據(jù)絕癥病人個人意愿來結(jié)束其生命。這一法案以令人折服的15票對10票通過。幾乎同時，該消息就出現(xiàn)在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上，被身處地球另一端的加拿大死亡權(quán)利組織的執(zhí)行主席約翰?霍夫塞斯收到。他便通過協(xié)會的在線服務(wù)“死亡之網(wǎng)”發(fā)了公告。他說：“我們一整天都在發(fā)布公告，因為這不僅僅是發(fā)生在澳大利亞的事情，而是整個世界歷史中的一件大事。”
要充分理解這一法案的深刻意義可能需要一段時間。澳北州晚期病人權(quán)利法使得無論是內(nèi)科醫(yī)生還是普通市民都力圖從道義和實際意義兩方面來考慮這一問題。一些人如釋重負(fù)，而另一些人，包括教會、生命權(quán)利組織以及澳大利亞醫(yī)學(xué)會在內(nèi)都對這一決議及其倉促的通過進(jìn)行了猛烈的抨擊。但這一潮流已無法逆轉(zhuǎn)。在澳大利亞，人口老齡化、延長壽命技術(shù)和公眾態(tài)度的變化都發(fā)揮著各自的作用，其他國家也將考慮制定類似的法律來處理安樂死問題。在美國和加拿大，死亡權(quán)利運動正在積蓄力量，觀察家們正在等待多米諾骨牌開始倒下。
根據(jù)澳北州所通過的這項新法案，成年病人可以要求安樂死—可能是通過注射致死藥劑或服用致死藥片—來結(jié)束痛苦。不過，此前病人必須由兩名醫(yī)生診斷其確實已無法治愈。在經(jīng)過7天的冷靜思考期后，病人方可簽署一份申請證明。48小時后，才可以滿足其安樂死的愿望。對于居住于達(dá)爾文市現(xiàn)年54歲的肺癌患者利奧德?尼克森來說，這個法律意味著他可以平靜地生活下去而無須整天懼怕即將來臨的苦難：因呼吸困難而在煎熬中痛苦地死去?！皬木駥用嬲f，我并不害怕死，但我怕的是怎樣死，因為我在醫(yī)院看到過病人在缺氧時苦苦掙扎，用手抓他們的面罩時的情景，”他說。
Text3 重點句
The full import may take a while to sink in.
該句意義：
該句非常簡短，但是卻說明了“安樂死”的法律的影響的將來性，即需要一定時間才能理解。所以此句可以加在寫作的最后，即我們的建議的意義需要將來才能證明。
可以改寫成：The full import of these suggestion may take a while to sink in.
Text3 習(xí)題答案
答案:DBAC
1.From the second paragraph we learn that .
1.從第二段我們可以知道 。
[A] the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries
[A] 在其他國家，對安樂死的反對緩慢而至
[B] physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia
[B] 在安樂死這一問題上，醫(yī)生和普通市民觀點相同
[C] changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law
[C] 技術(shù)的變化應(yīng)該對該法案倉促地獲批準(zhǔn)負(fù)主要責(zé)任
[D] it takes time to realize the significance of the law’s passage
[D] 理解該法案獲批準(zhǔn)的意義尚需一段時間
2.When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, he means .
2.作者提到“觀察家們在等待多米諾骨牌開始倒下”，他的含義是 。
[A] observers are taking a wait-and-see attitude towards the future of euthanasia
[A] 觀察者對安樂死的未來持觀望態(tài)度
[B] similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countries
[B] 美國、加拿大和其他國家也可能批準(zhǔn)類似法律
[C] observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes
[C] 觀察者正在等待多米諾游戲的結(jié)果
[D] the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop
[D] 被批準(zhǔn)法案的影響過程也許會最終停止
3.When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will .
3.當(dāng)利奧德?尼克森死的時候，他會 。
[A] face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia
[A] 以安樂死的冷靜心態(tài)面對死亡
[B] experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient
[B] 經(jīng)歷肺癌病人遭受的痛苦
[C] have an intense fear of terrible suffering
[C] 對痛苦的折磨極其恐懼
[D] undergo a cooling off period of seven days
[D] 經(jīng)歷7天的冷卻階段
4.The author’s attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of .
4.作者對待安樂死的態(tài)度是 。
[A] opposition
[A] 反對
[B] suspicion
[B] 懷疑
[C] approval
[C] 贊同
[D] indifference
[D] 漠不關(guān)心
Unit4 醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生
Text4 正文
Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don’t realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead of “drug abuse” to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.
We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning “mind-manifesting”) because they seemed to radically alter one’s state of consciousness.
Text4 習(xí)題
1.“Substance abuse” (Line 5, Paragraph 1) is preferable to “drug abuse” in that ________.
[A] substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used
[B] “drug abuse” is only related to a limited number of drug takers
[C] alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine
[D] many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous
2. The word “pervasive” (Line 1, Paragraph 2) might mean ________.
[A] widespread
[B] overwhelming
[C] piercing
[D] fashionable
3. Physical dependence on certain substances results from ________.
[A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time
[B] exclusive use of them for social purposes
[C] quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases
[D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms
4. From the last paragraph we can infer that ________.
[A] stimulants function positively on the mind
[B] hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health
[C] depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances
[D] the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups
Text4全文翻譯
從專業(yè)角度說，除食品外，任何能改變我們生理和心理機(jī)能的物質(zhì)都是藥物。很多人錯誤地認(rèn)為“藥物”一詞僅僅指某些藥品或是吸毒者服用的違禁化學(xué)品。他們沒有意識到諸如酒精、煙草這些我們熟悉的物質(zhì)也是藥物。這就是為什么現(xiàn)在許多內(nèi)科醫(yī)生和心理學(xué)家使用“物質(zhì)”這個更加中性的詞。他們常用“物質(zhì)濫用”而不用“藥物濫用”來清楚表示濫用酒精、煙草這樣的物質(zhì)可能如同濫用海洛因和可卡因一樣有害。
我們生活在一個物質(zhì)(藥物)在醫(yī)療和社交方面使用廣泛的社會里：用來緩解頭痛的阿斯匹林，用來應(yīng)酬的酒，早晨用來提神的咖啡，還有定神用的香煙。使用這些物質(zhì)得到了社會認(rèn)可，且顯然具有積極的作用，但什么時候就變成濫用了呢?首先，大多數(shù)物質(zhì)的過量使用都會產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響，如中毒或嚴(yán)重的知覺錯亂。反復(fù)使用一種物質(zhì)可以導(dǎo)致成癮或?qū)υ撐镔|(zhì)的依賴。依賴的最初表現(xiàn)是不斷增長的耐藥量，要產(chǎn)生預(yù)期的效果需要的藥劑量越來越大，然后是一旦中斷使用就會出現(xiàn)難受的停藥癥狀。
影響中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)，改變知覺、情緒和行為的藥物(物質(zhì))被稱為精神活性物質(zhì)，它們通常按照功能被分為興奮劑、鎮(zhèn)靜劑和幻覺劑。興奮劑主要起到加速或激活中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的作用，而鎮(zhèn)靜劑則減緩它的活動?；糜X劑主要影響人的知覺，通過多種方式扭曲或改變知覺，其中包括產(chǎn)生幻覺。這些物質(zhì)常被認(rèn)為能“引起幻覺”(psychedelic一詞源于希臘語，意為“心靈顯現(xiàn)”)，因為它們似乎能徹底改變?nèi)说囊庾R狀態(tài)
Text4 重點句
We live in a society in which the medical and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.
該句意義：
該句首先提出觀點，并運用分號“： ”，表明了后續(xù)內(nèi)容與其的總分關(guān)系。在后續(xù)內(nèi)容中，是對于此觀點的具體說明，該句中語法不為復(fù)雜，但是其可以為我們在寫作中所仿寫。如，針對2013年考研寫作真題“選擇”，可改寫出句子如下：
We live in a society in which the the choices of the future are too many for the college students to choose：finding a job , getting a master degree , or going abroad.
Text4 習(xí)題答案
答案:DAAB
1.“Substance abuse” (line 5, paragraph 1) is preferable to “drug abuse” in that .
1.“物質(zhì)濫用”(第一段第五行)比“藥物濫用”更為可取的原因是 。
[A] substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used
[A] 如果非法使用，物質(zhì)會改變我們的生理或心理機(jī)能
[B] “drug abuse” is only related to a limited number of drugtakers
[B] “藥物濫用”僅與少數(shù)吸毒者有關(guān)
[C] alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine
[C] 煙酒同海洛因和可卡因一樣致命
[D] many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous
[D] 除海洛因和可卡因外，許多其他物質(zhì)也可能有害
2.The word “pervasive” (line 1, paragraph 2) might mean
2.“pervasive”一詞(第二段第一行)的意思可能是 。
[A] widespread
[A] 分布廣泛的，普遍的
[B] overwhelming
[B] 壓倒一切的、占主流的
[C] piercing
[C] 尖的、穿透的
[D] fashionable
[D] 時髦的、流行的
3.Physical dependence on certain substances results from .
3.人們對某些物質(zhì)產(chǎn)生依賴性的原因是 。
[A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time
[A] 長時間無節(jié)制地嗜用它們
[B] exclusive use of them for social purposes
[B] 僅將它們用于社交目的
[C] quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases
[C] 定量地將它們用于治病
[D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms
[D] 由于不良癥狀而粗心地使用它們
4.From the last paragraph we can infer that .
4.從文章最后第一段我們可以推斷 。
[A] stimulants function positively on the mind
[A] 興奮劑對心智有積極影響
[B] hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health
[B] 幻覺劑本身就危害健康
[C] depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances
[C] 抑制劑是精神活性物質(zhì)中最壞的一種
[D] the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups
[D] 三種精神活性物質(zhì)經(jīng)常被一起使用
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