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that/ who/ which
Ⅰ. 引導定語從句的關系代詞有:who, whom, whose(一般指人),which(一般指物),that ( 指人或物)等。關系副詞有:where(地點)when(時間), why(原因)等。
Ⅱ. that 在從句中指物,也可指人,可作主語和賓語。如:
① Water that is polluted often causes serous illness. 受污染的水常會引起重病。(that 在句中指物,用作主語)
② Do you have everything that you need? (that在從句中指物,用作賓語) 你所需要的東西都有了嗎?
③ He is the man that they talked about just now. (that 在從句中指人,用作賓語) 他時剛才他們談論的那個人。
④ Do you know the man that / who spoke just now? 你認識剛才講話的人嗎?
Ⅲ. who 和whom 在句中指人,分別作主語和賓語。如:
① A doctor is a person who looks after people’s health. ( who 在從句中用作主語) 醫(yī)生是保護人們健康的人。
② I have just met a lady whom I saw last week. (whom在從句中用作賓語) 我剛遇上一位我上星期見過的人。
Ⅳ.which 在從句中指物,可作主語和賓語。如:
① My aunt was not on the train which arrived just now. (which
不在剛才到達的那列火車上。 在從句中作主語) 我阿姨
② This is the coat which you wanted.(which 用作賓語)這就是你要的那件外套。
Ⅴ. whose 在從句中多指人,也可指物,用作定語。如:
① You are the only one whose advice he might listen to. (whose 作advice的的定語) 只有你的話他可能聽。
② I’d like a room whose window looks out over the sea. 我想要一個窗戶面臨大海的房間。
[注意]:在下述情況下,定語從句中關連詞只能用 that. :
Ⅰ. 先行詞是 all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much 等不定代詞時,如: ① Only a scientist could understand all that this pursuit meant.只有科學家知道這追求意味著什么。
② I am sure she has something that you can borrow. 我相信她有你能借到的東西。
③ Everything that we saw was of great interest to us. 我們對見到的一切都感興趣。 ④ There is little that I can use. 我能用的東西幾乎沒有。
⑤ He saw much that was bad. 他見了很多壞東西。
[注]:① 先行詞是 something 時,關系代詞用 that 或 which 都可以。
② 先行詞是:someone, anyone, everyone, somebody, anybody, nobody,everybody 時,關系代詞用 that 或 who 都可以。
Ⅱ. 先行詞被 all, every, very no, some, any, little, much 等修飾時,如:
① I have read all the books that you gave me. 我把你給我的書全都看了。
② He is the very man that came here yesterday. 他就是昨天來的人。
Ⅲ. 先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級 修飾時。如:
① This is the first composition thathe has written in English. 這是第一篇他用英語寫的作文。 ② The smallest living things that can be seen under a microscope are bateria. 在顯微鏡下我們能看見的最小的東西是細菌。
③ ?This is the best novel that I have ever read.
Ⅳ.
①
②
③ 這是我讀過的最好的小說。 先行詞被 the only, the very, the same, the last 等修飾時。 That white flower is the only one that I really like.白花是我唯一真正喜歡的花。 This is the very book that I want to find. 這正是我想要的書。 The last place that we visited was the chemical works. 我們最后參觀的是化工廠。
Ⅴ. 當有兩個或兩個以上分別表示人和物的先行詞時,定語從句只能用that 與主句連接,而不能用who / whom / which引導。如:
① He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited .
師和學校的情況。
whom / which. 如:
① Who is the person that is standing at the gate?站在門口的那人是誰。
② Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this?我們當中哪一個懂物理的人不知道這個?
[注]:在使用一些固定搭配的短語動詞時,that 與其它關系詞有時可以互用,其介詞不能提前,而必須放在動詞之后,這時指物用that, which 均可,指人時用who, whom, that 均可. ① This is the key which / that you are looking for.
② He is a man (whom / that ) you can safely depend on. 他是你能依賴的人。
③ The person whom / that / who he looks after is his mother.
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