-ever詞用法完全歸納
■本站特約作者 陳根花
(本文發(fā)表于《第二課堂》2008年第3期)
本文所說(shuō)的-ever詞主要包括whatever, whoever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however等。由于它們?cè)诮鼛啄甑母呖加⒄Z(yǔ)中一直比較熱，再加上它用法難度大，所以許多同學(xué)對(duì)它們的用法一直比較頭痛。為此，本文擬對(duì)其具體用法作一歸納，以幫助同學(xué)們正確把握這些詞的用法。
一、用于引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句
它們都可用來(lái)引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句(讓步狀語(yǔ)從句)，其大意為“無(wú)論什么(是誰(shuí)、哪一個(gè)、什么時(shí)候、什么地方、如何)”等，相當(dāng)于英語(yǔ)中的 no matter what (who, which, when, where, how)。如：
whatever [No matter what] you say, I believe you. 無(wú)論你說(shuō)什么，我都相信你。
Whoever [No matter who] telephones, tell them I’m out. 不管是誰(shuí)打電話，都說(shuō)我出去了。
Whichever [No matter which] day you come, I’ll be pleased to see you. 無(wú)論你哪天來(lái)，我都?xì)g迎。
Whenever [No matter when] you come, you are welcome. 你什么時(shí)候來(lái)，我們都?xì)g迎。
We found the people friendly wherever [no matter where] we went. 無(wú)論我們走到哪里，我們都發(fā)現(xiàn)人們很友好。
However [No matter how] much he eats, he never gets fat. 無(wú)論他吃多少，他都不發(fā)胖。
Phone me when you arrive, however late it is. 你到達(dá)之后就給我打電話，不論多么晚也要打。
【三點(diǎn)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明】
1. 有時(shí)從句謂語(yǔ)可用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。如：
無(wú)論他在哪里，我都要找到他。
正：I’ll find him, wherever he is.
正：I’ll find him, wherever he may be.
無(wú)論發(fā)生什么事都要保持冷靜。
正：Keep calm, whatever happens.
正：Keep calm, whatever may happen.
2. whoever 的賓格也是 whoever, 而不是 whomever, 后者在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)已基本不用，有的詞典已不收錄此詞。如：
Whoever you marry, make sure he can cook. 不管你跟誰(shuí)結(jié)婚，他一定要會(huì)做飯才行。
3.有時(shí)可省略從句中的動(dòng)詞be。如：
The building must be saved, whatever the cost (is). 一定要挽救這座建筑，不管花多大代價(jià)。
whatever your argument (is), I shall hold to my decision. 不管你有什么理由，我都堅(jiān)持我的決定。
I refuse, however favorable the conditions (are). 不管條件如何有利，我都不干。
4. 有時(shí)可省略從句中的動(dòng)詞be及其相應(yīng)的主語(yǔ)。如：
I’d rather have a room of my own, however small (it is), than share a room. 無(wú)論房間多么小，我寧愿一個(gè)人住一間，也不愿意與別人合住一個(gè)房間。
A grammar rule, however true (it is), is useless unless it can be understood. 一條語(yǔ)法規(guī)則，不管如何正確，除非能懂，否則毫無(wú)用處。
二、引導(dǎo)名詞性從句
除引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句外，whatever, whoever, whichever等還可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句(主語(yǔ)從句或賓語(yǔ)從句)。如：
He does whatever she asks him to do. 她要他做什么，他就做什么。
I will just say whatever comes into my mind. 我想到什么就說(shuō)什么。
Whoever breaks the rules will be punished. 誰(shuí)違反這些規(guī)則都將受到處罰。
I’ll give the ticket to whoever wants it. 請(qǐng)想要這票，我就把它給誰(shuí)。
Whichever team gains the most points wins. 哪個(gè)隊(duì)得分最多，哪個(gè)隊(duì)就贏。
Whichever of us gets home first starts cooking. 我們當(dāng)中無(wú)論哪個(gè)先到家，哪個(gè)就先開(kāi)始做飯。
三、用于加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣
有時(shí)這些詞可用于加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，含有“究竟”“到底”之義。如：
whatever [What ever] do you mean? 你到底是什么意思?
Whenever [When ever] did you find time to do it? 你什么時(shí)候有空做這事?
Wherever [Where ever] can the children be? 孩子們究竟會(huì)在哪里呢?
Whoever [Who ever] told you that? 到底是誰(shuí)告訴你的呢?
Whichever [Which ever] did you choose? 你到底選了哪個(gè)?
However [How ever] did you escape? 你到底是怎樣逃出來(lái)的?
四、用于固定搭配中
1. or whatever 諸如此類，類似的東西
You plug it into a computer or whatever and it does the rest. 把它插入計(jì)算機(jī)之類的東西，其他的工作就由它來(lái)完成了。
Anyone seen carrying bags, boxes, or whatever, was stopped by the police. 警察看見(jiàn)誰(shuí)拿著袋子、箱子或別的什么東西，就叫住誰(shuí)。
2. or whenever 或其他什么時(shí)候，或隨便什么時(shí)候
He might come on Monday, or Tuesday, or whenever. 他也許星期一來(lái)，也許星期二來(lái)，或者其他隨便哪個(gè)時(shí)候來(lái)。
3. or wherever 或其他類似地方，或隨便什么地方
You may hear the song at home, at school, or wherever. 在家，在學(xué)?；螂S便在哪里，你都可以聽(tīng)到這首歌。
4. or whoever 或者其他什么人，或者隨便誰(shuí)
When you’re done with the book, just give it to Mary or Shelley or whoever. 當(dāng)你看完這本書的時(shí)候，就把它交給瑪麗，或謝莉，或其他什么人。
5. whatever you do 要緊的是，無(wú)論如何
Don’t miss the train, whatever you do. 千萬(wàn)不要誤了火車。
whatever you do, don’t mention my name. 無(wú)論如何，不要提起我的名字。
【現(xiàn)學(xué)現(xiàn)用】
1. You can contact us by telephone or e-mail, ______ you prefer.
A. whenever B. however C. whichever D. whatever
2. _____ rich one may be there is always something one wants.
A. whatever B. Whenever C. However D. Wherever
3. We should report any incident, _____.
A. however serious or minor it is B. how serious or minor is it
C. it is how serious or minor D. it is however serious or minor
4. _____ I say, he always disagrees.
A. However B. whatever C. Whichever D. Whoever
5. _____ she goes, there are crowds of people waiting to see her.
A. Wherever B. However C. Whichever D. Whoever
6.—What do you want to do next? We have half an hour until the basketball game.
—It’s up to you. ______ you want to do is fine with me.
A. whatever B. However C. Whichever D. Whoever
7. You can find _______ you need at the shopping centre, which is always busy at the weekend.
A. whichever B. wherever C. whoever D. whatever
8. Don’t, ______ you do, tell Patrick or the world will know!
A. however B. whenever C. whatever D. wherever
9. ______ he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer carelessly, always the same thing.
A. However B. Whenever C. whatever D. Whichever
10. This is a very interesting book. I’ll buy it, _______.
A. how much may it cost B. no matter how it may cost
C. however much it may cost D. how may it cost
11. ______ you choose to live there are always going to be disadvantages.
A. Whenever B. Wherever C. However D. whatever
12. In peace, too, the Red Cross is expected to send help ______ there is human suffering.
A. whoever B. however C. whatever D. wherever
13. ______ makes this shop different is that it offers more personal services.
A. What B. Who C. whatever D. Whoever
14. _______ team wins on Saturday will go through to the national championships.
A. No matter what B. No matter which C. whatever D. whichever
15. Can ______ leaves last please lock up?
A. whoever B. whenever C. whatever D. whichever
16. Everyone is equal before the law, and ______ breaks the law should be punished.
A. whichever B. whatever C. whoever D. however
17. ______ player scores the highest number of points will be the winner.
A. whatever B. Whichever C. However D. Whenever
18. We can go to the seven o’clock performance or the eight—_____ suits you best.
A. whichever B. wherever C. whoever D. however
19. ______ team wins on Saturday will go on to the national championships.
A. Whenever B. However C. whatever D. Whichever
20. ______ hungry I am, I never seem to be able to finish off a whole pizza.
A. However B. How C. whatever D. What
21. If Emma likes something she’ll buy it ______ much it costs.(www.nmet168.com)
A. however B. how C. whatever D. what
22. If you take money from the fund, ______ small the amount, you must record it in this book.
A. how B. however C. no matter D. whatever
23. “What shall we do tonight then?” “It’s up to you—______ you want.”
A. however B. whenever C. whatever D. whomever
【參考答案】
1—5 CCABA 6—10 ADCBA 11—15 BDADA 16—20 CBADA 21—23 ACC
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