很多學(xué)生覺得英語難學(xué)，但事實(shí)上，英語和其他學(xué)科區(qū)別不大，知識(shí)點(diǎn)都完全出在書中。只要肯下工夫，一定會(huì)把英語學(xué)好，至少英語成績不會(huì)被別人落下太多。通過今年的初三期末考試可以看出來，學(xué)生們存在的最主要的問題還是對(duì)教材不夠熟悉。比如，今年的完形填空題出自教科書中的原文，但是5個(gè)填空部分很多學(xué)生都沒有完全答對(duì)。其實(shí)，現(xiàn)在考試的趨勢(shì)越來越回歸教材，所以學(xué)生們一定要對(duì)教材非常熟悉。英語考試中的作文雖然不像語文作文那樣占分比例很大，但這仍是一個(gè)重點(diǎn)。此次考試，學(xué)生們的作文情況也不是很理想。原因是學(xué)生們平時(shí)不愿意動(dòng)筆。其實(shí)，只要對(duì)教材熟悉，寫作的問題就不大。教材中的每個(gè)模塊的第二、三單元都是一個(gè)主題，這個(gè)主題會(huì)告知寫作內(nèi)容。中考時(shí)的寫作范圍也不會(huì)脫離這些主題，肯定會(huì)是書中提到過的，所以，學(xué)生們要根據(jù)這些主題主動(dòng)練習(xí)寫作。
寒假期間的復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)可根據(jù)個(gè)人情況而定，但以下兩方面不得忽視：1、完形填空和閱讀每天要做四五篇。英語考試中完形填空和閱讀所占分?jǐn)?shù)非常大，這是一個(gè)容易得分的部分。所以，學(xué)生們?cè)诩倨诿刻於家ＷC閱讀數(shù)量。英語語感很重要，如果長時(shí)間不做閱讀，再次復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)會(huì)費(fèi)很多力氣。2、初一到初三教材“過”一遍。復(fù)習(xí)英語的最好方式就是熟讀教材，因?yàn)橛⒄Z教材中幾乎涵蓋了所有知識(shí)點(diǎn)。寒假期間，初一到初三年級(jí)的全部英語單詞要復(fù)習(xí)一遍，課文要通讀一遍，要保證英譯漢和漢譯英都沒有問題，這樣會(huì)給開學(xué)后進(jìn)入總復(fù)習(xí)提供很多幫助。
定語從句
(一)、定義：在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句。定語從句是指在一個(gè)句子中作定語的句子，定語從句要放在所修飾的詞后。
如：1) The man who lives next to us is a policeman.
2) You must do everything that I do.
上面兩句中的man和everything是定語從句所修飾的詞，叫先行詞，定語從句放在先行詞的后面。
引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞有關(guān)系代詞that, which, who(賓格who, 所有格whose)和關(guān)系副詞where, when、why
關(guān)系詞常有三個(gè)作用：1、引導(dǎo)定語從句 2、代替先行詞 3、在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分
(二)、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 1.who指人，在從句中做主語
(1)The boys are from Class One. (2)Yesterday I helped an old man . 2. whom指人，在定語從句中充當(dāng)賓語，常可省略。 (1) Mr. Liu is the person .
注意：關(guān)系代詞whom在口語和非正式語體中常用who代替，可省略。 (2) The man is my friend.
3. which指物，在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，做賓語時(shí)可省略
(1) Football is a game . ( which 在句子中做主語) (2) This is the pen . ( which 在句子中做賓語) 4. that指人時(shí)，相當(dāng)于who或者whom;指物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于which。
在賓語從句中做主語或者賓語，做賓語時(shí)可省略。
(5) The people are all here. (在句子中做主語) (6) Where is the man ? (在句子中做賓語) 5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定語從句中做定語 (1) He has a friend . (2) I lived in a house .
whose指物時(shí)，常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)來代替
(3)The classroom will soon be repaired.
=The classroom will soon be repaired. (4)Do you like the book ?
=Do you like the book ? 注：that 用法
(1)不用that的情況
(a) 在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時(shí)。
(錯(cuò))The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. (b) 介詞后不能用。
We depend on the land We depend on the land . (2) 只能用that作為定語從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況 (a) 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
(b) 在不定代詞，如：anything, nothing, the one, all等作先行詞時(shí)，只用that，不用which。
(c) 先行詞有the only, the very,the same,the last,just修飾時(shí)，只用that。 (d) 先行詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí)，只用that,不能用which。. (e) 先行詞既有人，又有物時(shí)。
(f) 先行詞指物，在主句中作表語時(shí). (g) 為了避免重復(fù).
(h)先行詞是the way或the reason時(shí)，that可作關(guān)系副詞，也可省略 (i) 主句的主語是疑問詞who /which時(shí) 舉例：
Is this the book ? 這是你在圖書館借的那本書嗎?
Who should be punished. 誰打碎了窗戶都要受到懲罰.
All is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油問題。
Finally, the thief handed everything. 那賊最終把偷的全部東西交給了警察。 (三)、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語從句
關(guān)系副詞 關(guān)系副詞：在句中作狀語 關(guān)系副詞=介詞+關(guān)系代詞 why=for which
where=in/ at/ on/ ... which (介詞同先行詞搭配) when=during/ on/ in/ ... which (介詞同先行詞搭配)
1. where指地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語用來表示地點(diǎn)的定語從句。 (1) Shanghai is the city .
(2) The house has been pulled down.
2. when引導(dǎo)定語從句表示時(shí)間。在定語從句中做時(shí)間狀語也可做連接詞用 (1) I still remember the day . (2) The time finally came.
[注]表示時(shí)間“time"一詞的定語從句只用when引導(dǎo)，有時(shí)不用任何關(guān)系代詞，當(dāng)然也不用that引導(dǎo)。
By the time you arrived in London, we had stayed there for two weeks. 到你到達(dá)倫敦的時(shí)候，我們?cè)谀抢镆呀?jīng)待了兩個(gè)星期。
I still remember the first time I met her. 我仍然記得我第一次見到她。
Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc。
每一次他去出差，他帶來了生活必需品，如毛巾，肥皂，牙刷等，很多。 3. why指原因 在定語從句中做原因狀語
(1) Please tell me the reason . (2) I don’t know the reason .
注意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句可以由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的從句替換 (1) The reason is not clear,
(2) From the year he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
注：1)介詞后面的關(guān)系代詞不能省略。 2)that前不能有介詞。
3) 某些在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)或原因狀語的"介詞+關(guān)系詞"結(jié)構(gòu)可以同
1. 關(guān)系詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)賓語成分，可以省了;充當(dāng)主語或狀語則不能省略。 2. 定語從句的時(shí)態(tài)與主句無關(guān)，如：
The park is a beautiful place which was built about 300years ago. 3. 定語從句謂語單復(fù)數(shù)由先行詞決定，如：
The women who are speaking at the meeting are famous scientists. 特別注意：one of the +pl.和only one of the pl.的區(qū)別，如： He is one of the students who are good at math.
He is the only one of the students who is good at math.
4. 非限制性定語從句在初中不做要求，但需要知道其特點(diǎn)，如： Jim passed the driving test, which shocked everybody in the office. 【語法過關(guān)】
( )1. This is the bag _____ my mother bought yesterday. A. that B. who C. whom D. this ( )2. The man _____ lives next to us is my English teacher. A. whom B. which C. who D. / ( )3. The girl _____ you saw in the street is Mary. A. that B. whose C. which D. as ( )4. Is this the factory _____ a lot of students visited yesterday? A. the one B. which C. who D. whom ( )5. Is this factory _____ a lot of students visited yesterday? A. the one B. that C. which D. / ( )6. The only language _____ is easy to learn is the mother tongue. A. which B. that C. / D. it ( )7. The girl handed everything _____ she had picked up in the street to the police. A. which B. in which C. that D. all ( )8. _____ cleans the blackboard should be praised. A. That B. Who C. The one who D. The students who ( )9. Please show me the book _____ you bought yesterday. A. which B. whom C. whose D. this ( )10. This is the best book _____ I have been looking for all this year. A. who B. whom C. which D. / ( )11. This is the only article of these that _____ written by him. A. was B. were C. is D. are ( )12. The man _____ was here just now is a doctor. A. whom B. who C. / D. he ( )13. The boy _____ has two lovely dogs. A. who live next door B. which lives next door C. whom lives next door D. that lives next door ( )14. Those _____ made no mistakes in today’s exercises please raise your hands. A. which B. whom C. that D. who ( )15. Don’t go in, this is the shop _____ we have just been _____.
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A. /, to B. that, / C. where, to there
( )16. He is the most careful boy _____ I know. A. what B. which C. as D. ./ ( )17. This is the school _____ Mr. Smith once taught. A. in that B. when C. where ( )18. Have you visited the house _____ the famous scientist was born? A. where B. in that C. that ( )19. The factory _____ Mr. Li used to work was closed last week. A. when B. where C. that ( )20. Do you still remember the day _____ we first met? A. that B. when C. what ( )21. The time _____ we studied together is not easily forgotten.
A. that B. when C. where
( )22. October 1,1949 is the day _____ we’ll never forget. A. when B. that C. where ( )23. October 1,1949 was the day _____ the People’s Republic of China was founded. A. which B. when C. where ( )24. Is this the shop _____ sells children’s clothing? A. which B. where C. in which ( )25. Is this museum _____ they visited last month? A. that B. which C. where
( )26. I still remember the sitting-room _____ my mother and I used to sit in the evening. A. what B. which C. that
D. which,
D. there D. which D. which D. on that D. in which D. in which D. in which D. what D. the one D. where
【能力提高】
1.I've read all the books __________you gave me.
A.which B.them C.what D.that 2.There isn't much _________I can do.
A.what B.which C.that D.how
3.He keeps a record of everything______________he had seen there. A.he B.that C.which D.what
4.Tell us about the people and the places _____________are different from ours. A.that B.who C.which D.whom
5.Mr John said that Suzhou was the first city_____________he had visited in China. A.that B.where C.which D.what
6.The TV play I watched last night is the best one __________I have watched this year. A.which B.what C.whose D.that
7.Last Sunday they reached Qingdao, ________a conference was to be held. A.which B.that C.when D.where 8.Is this the museum_________you visited the other day?
A.that B.where C.in which D.the one
9.I began to work in Beijing in the year_________New China was founded. A.when B.that C.which D.where 10.This is the very film_________I've long wished to see. A.which B.that C.who D.whom
11.There is no difficulty __________can't be overcome in the world. A.that B.which C.who D.what
12.Who is the person _________is standing at the gate of Beijing Tourism Tower?
A.who B.that C.which D.whom
13.This was the supermarket___________I bought this kind of tin. A.where B.that C.who D.which
14.The house __________the capitalist used to live in is now a nursery. A.that B.where C.what D.when
15.This is the last time__________I shall come here to help you. A.that B.which C.when D.what 16.The house_________we live is not big.
A.in that B.which C.in which D.that
17.My neighburs used to give me a hand in time of trouble, __________was very kind of them. A.who B.that C.which D.whom 18.All _________glitters is not gold.
A.that B.which C./ D.what
19.I now know why Mao impresses everyone who meets him the way_____ he does. A.which B.what C./ D.now
20.Beijing, ___________is the capital of China,is a beautiful city. A.that B.it C.which D./
21.She was no longer the woman ____________she was. A.that B.which C.what D.who 22.That's the hotel __________last year.
A.which we stayed B.at that we stayed C.Where we stayed at D.where we stayed
23.The doctor did all _________to save the wounded boy.
A.what he could B.he could C.everything which he could D.for which he could do 24.Anyone ________this opinion may speak out.
A.that againsts B.that against C.who is against D.who are against 25.The place __________you are standing used to be an old church. A.which B.where C.that D.when
26.You've made the same mistake_________you made last time. A.as B.like C.which D.that
27.It is not such an interesting magazine__________I thought. A.as B.that C.which D./ 28._________you know,he is a famous musician. A.As B.which C.That D./
29.Mr Zhou , _______native language was Chinese,could read and write several foreign languages. A.whose B.his C.which D.that
30.Do you know the actor___________you saw playing Hamlet is now doing King Lear? A.who B.whom C.whose D.which 31.I took my friend to the Summer Palace,____________we had some photos taken. A.where B.which C.that D./
32.Do you remember the day ___________your sister was graduated as a Master of Arts? A.which B.on which C.about which D./
33.The bus,___________was already full,was surrounded by an angry crowd.
A.which of most B.most of which C.which of the most D.most of that 34.We all remember the days __________we studied together at school. A.which B.that C.when D./ 35.Do you know the reason_____________he didn't come? A.that B.which C.for D.why
36.I showed the doctor the place ____________I felt the pain.
A.that B.which C.where D.when 37.He is the only one of the three_______got the new idea.
A.who have B.whom have C.who has D.whose had 38.I'm one of the students _________well in English in my class.
A.who does B.who do C.which does D.who did 39.This is the baby____________tomorrow.
A.after whom I shall look B.whom I shall look after
C.whose I shall look after D.after whom I shall look after 40.This is the fastest train ____________is going to Nanjing. A.that B.what C.where D./
Ⅰ.1.D 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.A 6.D 7.D 8.A 9.A 10.B 11.A 12.B 13.A 14.A 15.A 16.C 17.C 18.A 19.C 20.C 21.A 22.D 23.B 24.C 25.B 26.A 27.A 28.A 29.A 30.B 31.A 32.B 33.B 34.C 35.D 36.C 37.C 38.B 39.B 40.A
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